Human Physiology: Body Fluids and Composition
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of body weight in male adults is made up of body fluids?

  • 70%
  • 60% (correct)
  • 45%
  • 50%

    • Which group of individuals tends to have a higher percentage of body fluid?

  • Obese individuals
  • Infants (correct)
  • Adult women
  • Older adults

    • What is the primary location of intracellular fluids (ICF) in the body?

  • Skin tissue
  • Fat cells
  • Blood plasma
  • Skeletal muscle mass (correct)

    • Which of the following factors does NOT affect total body water?

    <p>Dietary habits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of body weight do older adults typically consist of in terms of body fluids?

    <p>45-55%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body component has the highest water content?

    <p>Muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main functions of extracellular fluid (ECF)?

    <p>Maintaining blood volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary effects of catecholamines on potassium levels?

    <p>Increases potassium excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is most indicative of dehydration?

    <p>Specific gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about body fluid composition is correct?

    <p>Infants have a higher percentage of body fluid than older adults.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of hypokalemia?

    <p>Kidney dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does aldosterone play in potassium regulation?

    <p>Promotes potassium excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with hypocalcemia?

    <p>Diabetic ketoacidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What activates the protein channel that allows glucose to enter the cell?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process describes the movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the sodium-potassium pump is true?

    <p>It moves Na+ out of and K+ into the cell requiring ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?

    <p>The cell swells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the process of osmosis, which substance is typically moving?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the described oxidation reaction, how many molecules of water are produced?

    <p>16</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs at the neuromuscular junction when acetylcholine is released?

    <p>Muscles contract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of transport mechanism requires energy in the form of ATP?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an effect of Atrial Natriuretic Hormone?

    <p>Reduces sodium retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What electrolyte primarily exists as a cation in intracellular fluid?

    <p>Potassium (K+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test would indicate a fluid volume deficit?

    <p>Increased plasma concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom associated with fluid volume deficit?

    <p>Dry mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by elevated osmolality?

    <p>Fluid volume deficit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte imbalance is likely in a patient with ineffective tissue perfusion due to fluid loss?

    <p>Hyponatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of electrolytes in the body?

    <p>Maintain body fluid volume and osmolality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with fluid volume deficit?

    <p>Sudden weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary nursing diagnosis when dealing with fluid overload?

    <p>Fluid Volume Excess r/t fluid overload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which collaborative management strategy is essential for a patient with fluid overload?

    <p>Strict Fluid Restriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is likely to indicate fluid overload if increased BUN and creatinine levels are observed?

    <p>CVP measurements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of administering fluids, what does PLR refer to?

    <p>Progressive Liquid Replacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of excessive administration of hypotonic solutions?

    <p>Fluid overload and peripheral edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nursing intervention should be prioritized for a patient showing signs of activity intolerance?

    <p>Implement safety measures such as side rails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause an increase in production of ADH, leading to fluid retention?

    <p>Renal failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is least associated with fluid volume excess?

    <p>Dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to red blood cells in a hypotonic solution?

    <p>They swell due to fluid absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of an isotonic solution?

    <p>Equal solute concentration to blood plasma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of osmolality?

    <p>Concentration of particles per kilogram of solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrostatic pressure is best described as which of the following?

    <p>The pushing force from blood on vessel walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which solution would be classified as hypotonic?

    <p>0.45 NaCl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oncotic pressure primarily helps in which of the following?

    <p>Pulling fluids inward into the capillaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical range for serum osmolality?

    <p>270 – 300 mOsm/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a hypertonic solution have on red blood cells?

    <p>They shrink due to fluid loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nursing Care of At-Risk and Sick Adult Clients

    • Focuses on alterations/problems with fluid and electrolyte balance.

    Body Fluids and Electrolytes

    • Approximately 60% of an adult's weight is fluid.
    • Men have a higher percentage of body fluid than older people.
    • Obese individuals have more body fluid than correspondingly sized women and have less than those who are thin. Body fluid is less in skeletal than muscle, skin, and blood.
    • Body fluids are divided into intracellular (ICF) and extracellular (ECF) compartments.
    • ICF comprises 70% of body fluid.
    • ECF comprises 30% of body fluid and includes interstitial fluid (ISF) and intravascular fluid (IVF).
    • Transcellular fluid is the smallest division within ECF. examples are cerebrospinal fluid, serous fluids, synovial fluids, humors of the eyeball, and digestive juices.

    Body Water Distribution

    • Infants have 80% body weight as water.
    • Adult males have 60% body weight as water.
    • Adult females have 50% body weight as water.
    • Older adults have 45-55% body weight as water.

    Fluid Functions

    • Extracellular fluid (ECF) maintains blood volume and transports substances to and from cells.
    • Intracellular fluid (ICF) provides an aqueous medium for cellular chemical functions.
    • Maintains body temperature through processes like perspiration.
    • Eliminates waste products.

    Fluid Output

    • Sensible fluid loss (e.g., urine).
    • Insensible fluid loss (e.g., sweat, respiration).

    Organs for Fluid Loss

    • Kidneys: Produce urine (1-2 liters in adults).
    • Skin: Facilitates insensible fluid loss (sweat, approximately 600ml/day).

    Fluid Transport Mechanisms

    • Passive transport includes diffusion (movement of solutes from higher to lower concentration) and osmosis (movement of solvent from lower to higher solute concentration).
    • Active transport mechanisms (e.g., sodium-potassium pump) require energy to move substances against their concentration gradient.

    Hydrostatic Pressure

    • The force exerted by the blood against the vessel walls.

    Oncotic Pressure

    • The osmotic pressure exerted by proteins in the blood, pulling fluid back into the capillaries.

    Fluid Concentration

    • Osmolarity: The concentration of solute per liter of solution.
    • Osmolality: The concentration of solute per kilogram of water.

    Tonicity

    • Isotonic solutions have the same solute concentration as blood plasma.
    • Hypotonic solutions have a lower solute concentration than blood plasma.
    • Hypertonic solutions have a higher solute concentration than blood plasma.

    Fluid Imbalances

    • Fluid volume deficit (FVD)
    • Fluid volume excess (FVE)

    Electrolytes

    • Cations: Positively charged ions (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium)
    • Anions: Negatively charged ions (chloride, phosphate)
    • Key electrolytes affect osmolality, maintaining fluid balance, nerve impulse conduction and muscle contraction. Important for metabolic and chemical reactions.

    Electrolyte Imbalances

    • Hyponatremia, Hypokalemia, Hypocalcemia, Hypomagnesemia
    • Hypernatremia, Hyperkalemia, Hypercalcemia, Hypermagnesemia

    Management Strategies

    • Fluid replacement, monitoring, and safety precautions.

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    Related Documents

    Nursing Care of At Risk Adult Clients: Fluid & Electrolyte Balance (PDF)

    Description

    Test your knowledge on human body fluids and their composition with this quiz. Questions cover the percentage of body weight from fluids, the impact of age on body fluid composition, and the roles of various hormones. Challenge yourself to see how well you understand this essential aspect of human physiology.

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