30 Questions
How long does it take for energy balance related to caloric consumption to appear based on habitual caloric intake?
1 to 3 weeks prior
What happens when there are sudden dietary and activity changes in relation to adiposity stores?
No immediate effect on adiposity stores
What is the result of physiological systems being exposed to dramatically reduced caloric consumption?
Break down muscle tissue and prioritize fat storage
How long does it take for energy balance related to physical activity to exhibit a time-lagged effect based on habitual physical activity behaviors?
2 to 8 weeks prior
What happens when an individual becomes trapped and is unable to secure a source of food?
Calories consumed go to zero
What is a common observation related to failures in the implementation of the energy balance framework?
Too large of an energy imbalance was created
What happens to the metabolic rate if an individual does not exert physical activity when attempting to free themselves?
It will continue churning through stored energy sources until death.
Why is muscle breakdown advantageous during times of starvation?
It results in metabolic slowing, preserving fat stores.
How does the body allocate energy when in a state of starvation?
Preferentially towards fat storage.
What are some challenges associated with maintaining energy balance according to the text?
Physiological systems being hard-wired for survival.
Based on early research findings, when are survival mechanisms like metabolic slowing brought online?
When calories consumed fall below 1.2× basal metabolic rate.
What is one protective mechanism mentioned in the text related to additional fat stores?
Energy buffer.
What is a food calorie in scientific terms?
A kilocalorie
How is caloric content of food measured using a calorimeter?
By measuring the change in temperature in the water surrounding the food container after ignition
What unit reflects the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius?
Kilocalorie
Which system uses established energetic values for energy-containing nutrients rather than direct calorimetric measurements?
The Atwater indirect system
What term is typically used for a kilocalorie within the U.S.?
'Calorie'
How is a known quantity of food tested for its caloric content using a calorimeter?
By burning it in an oxygen-rich container and measuring the temperature change in the surrounding water
What is the impact of inaccurate reporting of caloric intake on energy balance?
Energy balance starts to suffer
How does muscle mass change affect metabolic rate?
Muscle mass decrease leads to increased metabolic rate
What is an issue if an individual uses an inaccurate metabolic rate estimate formula?
Poor fit for the individual
How do smartphone and smartwatch technologies contribute to estimating physical activity-related energy expenditure?
Increase accuracy compared to self-reporting practices
What can happen if energy balance approaches do not regularly revise metabolic contributions?
They suffer in their predictive capacity
How does inaccurate identification of activities by smartphones or smartwatches affect caloric expenditure reports?
Results in misreporting of caloric expenditure
What is the purpose of the Atwater indirect system of food labeling?
To assign a caloric value to food
Which term refers to how close measurements of the same item are to each other?
Precision
What is the main challenge with caloric reporting of dietary practices?
Obtaining accurate numbers
Why is there considerable variation in the caloric content of food, especially in less processed items?
Error in food composition
What does the energy balance equation require in order to work properly?
Accurate numbers
How does the Atwater indirect system help assign caloric values to food?
By knowing the mass and composition of food
Learn about how human physiology restricts sources of energy intake to focus on food consumption. Discover the scientific perspective on food calories being equivalent to kilocalories and joules, with a focus on the differences in terminology within and outside the U.S.
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