COPY: Clinical Physiology Quiz

What is the main function of neurons?

Support other neurons

Receive and integrate stimuli (correct)

Secrete hormones

Generate blood

Which type of cell 'insulates' axons with myelin in the central nervous system?

Microglial cells

Schwann cells

Oligodendrocytes (correct)

Astrocytes

Where do most neuronal cell bodies reside?

In the enteric ganglia

In the central nervous system (correct)

In the Schwann cells

In the autonomic ganglia

What are some functions of epithelial tissue?

Protection, transport, secretion, and optimizing diffusion Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of microglial cells in the nervous system?

Detect microbial invaders/injury Signup and view all the answers

Which cells regulate the activities of the autonomic nervous system?

Autonomic ganglia Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells secrete mucous, glandular secretions, and hormones?

Epithelial cells Signup and view all the answers

In which regions of the body can smooth muscle be found?

Almost every region of the body Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of astrocytes in the central nervous system?

Support neurons Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a neuron receives stimuli from other neurons or receptors?

Dendrites Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes epithelial membranes in the body?

Epithelium faces a cavity, tube, or the outside world Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue covers an organ or lines a joint without an epithelial lining?

Connective tissue membranes Signup and view all the answers

'Organs are built from multiple types of tissues' is an example of which level of organization?

Tissue level Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of connective tissue membranes?

Support and nourishment Signup and view all the answers

'Nerves in the peripheral system' and 'Tracts in the central nervous system' are primarily composed of what?

Neurons Signup and view all the answers

Which tissues are found in almost every region of the body?

Smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary functions of epithelial tissue with regard to transport?

Absorption and secretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

Transporting nutrients and oxygen to tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an additional function of the cardiovascular system?

Acid-base balance Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the endocrine system?

Secretes hormones that impact metabolism and growth Signup and view all the answers

Which organ system is responsible for protecting the body from microbes?

Immune system Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the respiratory system?

Oxygenating blood Signup and view all the answers

Which organ system processes food and removes undigested wastes?

Digestive system Signup and view all the answers

What is an additional function of the urinary system?

Waste removal Signup and view all the answers

What does the reproductive system primarily do?

Produces gametes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the nervous system?

Detection and processing sensory information with appropriate responses Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to think at the tissue or cellular level during a physical exam?

To explain and often predict findings at the macroscopic level Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the physical exam, why may an increased heart rate be observed in a patient with anemia?

Need for increased blood flow due to less RBCs Signup and view all the answers

What may cause jaundice or scleral icterus in a patient with anemia?

Hemoglobin breakdown products Signup and view all the answers

Which is the correct explanation for pallor of the conjunctiva in a patient with anemia?

Decreased tissue oxygenation Signup and view all the answers

How can findings at the molecular, cellular, or tissue level aid in establishing a diagnosis during a physical exam?

By suggesting further confirmatory tests Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of understanding molecular, cellular, or tissue-level dysfunction in physical exam findings?

To explain findings across systems when consistent Signup and view all the answers

Why does anemia lead to a rapid respiratory rate in some patients?

Decreased tissue oxygenation Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of systemic veins in the cardiovascular system?

To store 60% of the blood volume Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptors detect changes in CO2 levels, O2, and pH within the body?

Chemoreceptors Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the pressure drops in major blood vessels like carotid arteries and the arch of the aorta?

The brainstem sends signals to release epinephrine and norepinephrine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of baroreceptors in the cardiovascular system?

To detect changes in blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which structures store a significant portion of blood volume in the body?

Veins Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system in response to pressure drops in major blood vessels?

To increase blood vessel constriction Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of elastic arteries in maintaining overall arterial blood pressure?

Storing potential energy during ventricular diastole Signup and view all the answers

Where are the major baroreceptors located that monitor changes in pressure within blood vessels?

In the brainstem Signup and view all the answers

In which vessels do arterioles dynamically constrict or dilate based on tissue needs and metabolic factors?

Arteries Signup and view all the answers

Why do arterioles constrict in many beds when overall blood pressure is low?

To increase overall arterial blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of capillaries in the cardiovascular system?

Allowing exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues Signup and view all the answers

In which type of vessels does the exchange of substances occur between blood and tissues?

Capillaries Signup and view all the answers

What determines whether arterioles constrict or dilate in different organs or tissue beds?

Metabolic needs of the tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the substance that flows through the components of the pulmonary system?

Atmospheric air Signup and view all the answers

In the pulmonary system, what is the goal of exchanging molecules through diffusion?

Between atmospheric air and blood Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the atmosphere in terms of oxygen and carbon dioxide levels compared to metabolically active tissue?

High O2, low CO2 Signup and view all the answers

In the pulmonary system, what does diffusion optimize the exchange of?

Gas molecules between blood and atmosphere Signup and view all the answers

What is the major muscle involved in ventilation within the pulmonary system?

Diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

True or False: The pulmonary system operates similarly to the cardiovascular system in terms of flow optimization.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of ventricles in the cardiovascular system?

Apply pressure which is converted to kinetic energy for forward blood movement Signup and view all the answers

In the context of fluid movement through tubular structures, what does pressure gradient refer to?

The difference in pressure between two areas in space Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when there is a pressure gradient across two points of a tube?

Fluid flows from areas of high pressure to low pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of left atrial systole occurring almost simultaneously with right atrial systole?

Generate pressure to move blood into the ventricles Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the 'bulging' of the walls of large (elastic) arteries?

To aid in regulating blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

How does flow occur through tubular structures when there is a pressure gradient in place?

From areas of high pressure to low pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using superficial anatomical landmarks during a physical exam?

To locate deep anatomical structures Signup and view all the answers

Which tip is given for palpating the thoracic cage?

Locate the 2nd intercostal space Signup and view all the answers

Where is the right border of the heart located?

Laterally Signup and view all the answers

What emerges from the base of the heart?

Great arteries Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical structure forms the left border of the heart?

Left lung Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of correlating a sound with a deep anatomical structure during a physical exam?

To identify underlying conditions Signup and view all the answers

Why is finding the 'bump' between the manubrium and body of the sternum helpful in palpating the thoracic cage?

It helps in counting ribs accurately Signup and view all the answers

Where is the Point of Maximal Impulse (PMI) located?

Superior-lateral side of the left ventricle Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the heart is easier to auscultate and palpate according to the text?

Anterior surface Signup and view all the answers

What structures are somewhat anterior to the atrioventricular (AV) valves?

Semi-lunar valves Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical view provides an easier way to palpate the cardiac impulse?

Superior aspect Signup and view all the answers

Where is the PMI located on the heart?

Superior-lateral side of the left ventricle Signup and view all the answers

"Easy to auscultate and palpate" refers to which surface of the heart?

Anterior surface Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the heart anatomy provides a better location for feeling the cardiac impulse?

"Tip" of the left ventricle Signup and view all the answers

Where is the best place to hear sounds from the left ventricle and right AV valve?

4th/5th intercostal space, right sternal border Signup and view all the answers

Where is the best place to hear the left AV valve and left ventricular sounds?

5th intercostal space, midclavicular line Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of auscultation in the context of heart examination?

Listening to heart sounds for abnormalities Signup and view all the answers

What does palpating the PMI help in determining in a person with a 'normal' left ventricle?

Left ventricular size and strength Signup and view all the answers

In a heart examination, what does the 2nd intercostal space on the left sternal border correspond to?

Pulmonic valve Signup and view all the answers

Which location would be most suitable for palpating the PMI in a patient?

4th/5th intercostal space, right sternal border Signup and view all the answers

Which spot corresponds to the aortic valve during palpation?

2nd intercostal space, right sternal border Signup and view all the answers

What are the colored spots on the heart diagram indicating?

Valve locations Signup and view all the answers

In the pressure tracing shown, which pressure is represented by the color yellow?

Left atrial pressures Signup and view all the answers

Which event causes the first heart sound (Lub) in the cardiac cycle?

Opening of the left AV valve Signup and view all the answers

Where should the apex (PMI) of the heart ideally be located?

5th ICS, MCL Signup and view all the answers

What causes the opening of the left AV valve in the cardiac cycle?

Decreased left ventricular pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which structure helps fill the left ventricle during atrial systole?

Left atrium Signup and view all the answers

In the cardiovascular system, what triggers the closing of the aortic valve?

Closing of the semilunar valves Signup and view all the answers

Why are the heart's anatomical features not very accurate in the provided image?

'The apex is incorrectly positioned' Signup and view all the answers

What is the main driving force for gas movement in the conducting zone during ventilation?

Pressure gradients Signup and view all the answers

Which respiratory structure does not contain cartilage but is surrounded by smooth muscle?

Bronchioles Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the skeletal muscles in respiration?

Change thoracic cavity volume Signup and view all the answers

Where in the respiratory system are delicate balloon-like structures found that are the main sites of gas exchange?

Alveoli Signup and view all the answers

What is the volume of the conducting airways from the nasopharynx to the terminal bronchiole?

$150$ mL Signup and view all the answers

Which structure leads to the larynx and contains the vocal folds?

$Larynx$ Signup and view all the answers

In what region of the respiratory system is diffusion not the major driving force for gas movement?

$Conducting$ $zone$ Signup and view all the answers

$Ventilation$ is mainly driven by which factor?

$Pressure$ $gradients$ Signup and view all the answers

$Auscultation$ in a respiratory physical exam involves primarily listening to:

$Breath$ $sounds$ Signup and view all the answers

What drives the movement of gas in the respiratory zone?

Pressure changes Signup and view all the answers

Which structures occupy the majority of the lung volume?

Alveoli Signup and view all the answers

During inspiration, what leads to a decrease in intrathoracic pressure?

Contraction of diaphragm and external intercostals Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are responsible for changing the volume of the chest wall/thoracic space during breathing?

Intercostals and scalenes Signup and view all the answers

Where are the alveoli closely associated with?

Pulmonary microvasculature Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the pleural fluid in connecting the chest wall to the delicate alveoli?

Transmitting pressure changes from the chest wall to the alveoli Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of fluid accumulation in the pleural space, known as pleural effusion?

Decreased ability to expand lung airspaces Signup and view all the answers

How does relaxation of the diaphragm affect the thoracic cavity volume?

Decreases thoracic cavity volume Signup and view all the answers

What does an increase in intrathoracic pressure result in during normal breathing?

Movement of air out of the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature divides the superior lobe from the middle lobe of the lung anteriorly?

Fissure at the 4th rib Signup and view all the answers

Where is the tracheal bifurcation located relative to anatomical landmarks?

Close to the joint of the 3rd rib Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by red color in surface anatomy images of the lungs?

"Inflated" lung after inspiration Signup and view all the answers

"What structures descend from the 10th rib posteriorly to the 12th on deep inspiration?"

"Inferior lobe airspaces" Signup and view all the answers

"How are warming and moistening of air accomplished within the respiratory system?"

"Nasal cavity functions" Signup and view all the answers

"What role does pleural fluid play in connecting chest structures to lung components?"

"Linking chest wall movements to alveolar pressure" Signup and view all the answers

Which pulmonary condition is characterized by 'gunk' in the airways and alveoli leading to better sound transmission?

Consolidation Signup and view all the answers

What type of pulmonary disease is commonly associated with coarse crackles due to the collection of 'gunk' in large airways?

Consolidation Signup and view all the answers

Fine crackles in the lungs are most likely to be heard when:

Small airways snap open in COPD Signup and view all the answers

Which pulmonary condition is characterized by a high-pitched, musical sound on expiration due to narrowed airways?

Wheeze Signup and view all the answers

What auscultation finding is associated with stridor in patients presenting with upper airway obstruction?

Harsher sound on inspiration Signup and view all the answers

In pulmonary diseases with fluid collection in small airways, which sound is commonly heard upon auscultation?

'Snap' sound similar to fine crackles Signup and view all the answers

'Bronchophony,' where the patient's voice is clearer upon auscultation, is most associated with which pulmonary condition?

'Gunk' in large airways (Consolidation) Signup and view all the answers

'Snap' open of small airways leading to fine crackles can be observed in patients with which condition?

'Gunk' in small airways (Fine crackles) Signup and view all the answers

'Coarse crackles' in the lungs are typically indicative of:

'Gunk' collection in large airways (Consolidation) Signup and view all the answers

'Wheeze,' a high-pitched musical sound on expiration, is most commonly associated with which condition?

'Snap' open of small airways causing fine crackles Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of epithelial tissue?

Contraction and movement Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissues are found in almost every region of the body according to the text?

Epithelial tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which membranes in the body are predominantly epithelial membranes?

Epithelial tissue membranes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of connective tissue membranes?

Anchoring and nourishing epithelium Signup and view all the answers

In which organs or systems are epithelial membranes important components according to the text?

Gastrointestinal system Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissues have no epithelial lining according to the text?

Connective tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of epithelium within the body?

Forming a protective barrier and absorbing nutrients Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue faces a cavity, tube, or the outside world?

Epithelial tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of adipocytes in the body?

Thermoregulation Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue component is responsible for providing strength to the tissue?

Collagen fibres Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between bone and connective tissue proper?

Specialized matrix Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are abundant in cartilage?

Chondroblasts Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of Type IV collagen in connective tissues?

Links epithelial tissue to connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

In terms of structure, how do bone and cartilage differ from connective tissue proper?

Specialized matrices Signup and view all the answers

Which component is unique to ground substance in connective tissues?

Glycoproteins Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes collagen Type I from Type IV in terms of function?

Links epithelial tissue to connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

Supports embryo/fetus Signup and view all the answers

Which organ system is responsible for producing gametes?

Reproductive system Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary functions of the urinary system?

Water balance, Waste removal Signup and view all the answers

Which system is responsible for oxygenating blood and removing carbon dioxide?

Respiratory system Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the endocrine system?

Growth, Blood sugar regulation Signup and view all the answers

Which organ system is responsible for protection and sensation?

Integumentary system Signup and view all the answers

What is an additional function of the nervous system besides detecting sensory information?

$Control$ of the endocrine system Signup and view all the answers

Which organ system is involved in supporting movement?

$Skeletal$ system Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle tissue has a less orderly cytoskeleton and lower ATP expenditure?

Smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are responsible for producing the matrix in connective tissue proper?

Fibroblasts Signup and view all the answers

Which type of protein aggregates can be huge 'brush-like' structures made of proteins and large polysaccharides?

Proteoglycans Signup and view all the answers

In which type of muscle tissue are the fibres striated with a very orderly cytoskeletal arrangement?

Skeletal muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of macrophages in connective tissue proper?

Have immune functions Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells are responsible for storing large fat vacuoles?

Adipocytes Signup and view all the answers

What allows skeletal muscle cells to shorten and exert pulling force with variable ATP expenditure?

'Specialized cytoskeleton' Signup and view all the answers

During ventricular diastole, the potential energy stored in the elastic arteries' stretch primarily __.

Drives blood forwards Signup and view all the answers

What determines whether arterioles constrict or dilate in different organs or tissue beds?

Overall blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Why do arterioles constrict in many beds when overall blood pressure is low?

To maintain high blood pressure in larger arteries Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of ventricles in the cardiovascular system?

Convert potential energy to kinetic energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of capillaries in the cardiovascular system?

Exchanging gases and nutrients with tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence arteriole constriction or dilation?

Tissue temperature Signup and view all the answers

Which force drives fluid flow in a tube when there is a pressure gradient?

Potential energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental difference in capillary exchange between pulmonary and systemic capillaries?

Composition of exchanged substances Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between left atrial systole and right atrial systole?

They occur simultaneously Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of venules in the circulatory system?

Allowing exchange of substances between blood and tissues Signup and view all the answers

In the context of fluid movement, what does pressure represent?

Force exerted by fluid on container walls Signup and view all the answers

"Where do you need to divert oxygen-rich blood?" - Legs are mentioned as a part of this question. Why do you need to divert oxygen-rich blood to the legs?

"To supply oxygen for muscle activity" Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a pressure gradient in fluid movement through tubular structures?

Facilitates flow from high to low pressure areas Signup and view all the answers

What is the main substance that flows through the components of the pulmonary system?

Gas Signup and view all the answers

"Arteries Your large elastic arteries are full of elastic fibres". What is the primary function of these elastic fibers?

"To allow for expansion and recoil with each heartbeat" Signup and view all the answers

What happens when there is no pressure gradient across two points of a tube?

Fluid stops flowing Signup and view all the answers

What is the major goal of molecule exchange in the pulmonary system?

Exchange between blood and air Signup and view all the answers

"Arterioles dynamically constrict or dilate depending on tissue need for blood". Which factor primarily influences arteriole constriction or dilation according to the text?

"Metabolic needs of the tissue" Signup and view all the answers

What type of energy is converted to kinetic energy for the forward movement of blood by the ventricles?

Potential energy Signup and view all the answers

In the atmosphere, what is the relative concentration of oxygen (O2) compared to metabolically active tissue?

High O2, low CO2 Signup and view all the answers

How does fluid flow behave when there is a higher pressure at one end and a lower pressure at the other end of a tube?

Flows from high to low pressure Signup and view all the answers

What major muscle is responsible for ventilation in the pulmonary system?

Diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary substance being pumped in the Pulmonary System Pump?

Gas Signup and view all the answers

Which process optimizes the exchange of molecules in the capillaries of the pulmonary system?

Diffusion Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH level typically found in capillary blood in the pulmonary system?

Neutral (pH 7) Signup and view all the answers

Which substance diffuses out of blood in the pulmonary system?

$CO_2$ (Carbon Dioxide) Signup and view all the answers

What substance diffuses into blood in the pulmonary system?

Oxygen (O2) Signup and view all the answers

Which component optimizes flow in the muscular and elastic parts of the pulmonary system?

Air Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the left heart in the systemic circulation?

Applies high pressure to high-O2, low-CO2 blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pulmonary arteries and arterioles in the pulmonary circulation?

Deliver blood to the lung Signup and view all the answers

During which phase does the heart apply pressure to blood and eject a proportion of it into the arteries?

Systole Signup and view all the answers

Where does the right atrium receive blood from in the cardiac cycle?

Veins of the vena cavae Signup and view all the answers

Which vessels allow lung tissue to deliver O2 and extract CO2 from blood?

Pulmonary capillaries Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the heart during diastole in terms of pressure?

Pressure within the heart drops and draws blood from veins Signup and view all the answers

Which vessels return high-O2, low-CO2 blood to the left heart in the systemic circulation?

Pulmonary veins Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of pulmonary capillaries in the pulmonary circulation?

Allow tissues to extract O2 from and deliver CO2 to blood Signup and view all the answers

Which structure applies moderate pressure to low-O2, high-CO2 blood in the pulmonary circulation?

The heart Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of systemic arteries + arterioles in the systemic circulation?

Apply pressure to deliver this blood Signup and view all the answers

To which great vessel is the pulmonary trunk directly connected?

Left pulmonary artery Signup and view all the answers

Which chamber of the heart is directly connected to the superior vena cava?

Right atrium Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate connection of the aorta in relation to the heart chambers?

Left ventricle Signup and view all the answers

Which great vessel is directly connected to the inferior vena cava?

Aorta Signup and view all the answers

In the heart, which chamber is linked directly to the pulmonary veins?

Left atrium Signup and view all the answers

To which chamber of the heart is the interventricular septum directly related?

Left ventricle Signup and view all the answers

What is the direct connection point of the left pulmonary artery in the heart?

Left atrium Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cardiac cycle can heart murmurs be heard?

Ventricular diastole Signup and view all the answers

If a heart murmur is heard loudest at the 2nd intercostal space, left sternal border, which valve is most likely involved?

Pulmonic valve Signup and view all the answers

When a heart murmur is due to a valve that can't close, it is likely to be because of:

Valvular stenosis Signup and view all the answers

If a heart murmur is heard loudest during ventricular diastole at the 5th intercostal space, midclavicular line, which valve condition is most likely present?

Mitral stenosis Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about how the phase of the cardiac cycle helps deduce the involved valve?

Mitral valve issues are more pronounced during systole. Signup and view all the answers

What can be deduced about a heart murmur if it is heard loudest at the 5th intercostal space, left sternal border, during ventricular systole?

Mitral regurgitation Signup and view all the answers

If a heart murmur is due to a valve that can't fully open, what type of valvular defect is likely present?

Stenosis Signup and view all the answers

Where is the 'Point of Maximal Impulse' located in most people?

At the apex of the heart Signup and view all the answers

Which valves are somewhat anterior to the atrioventricular (AV) valves?

Aortic and pulmonary valves Signup and view all the answers

In surface anatomy, which part of the heart is easier to auscultate and palpate?

Anterior surface Signup and view all the answers

Which side of the heart is the 'Point of Maximal Impulse' located on?

Lateral side Signup and view all the answers

What structures are part of the superior aspect of the heart?

Left atrium and aortic valve Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 'auricle' in relation to heart auscultation?

It amplifies heart sounds for clearer auscultation Signup and view all the answers

What would be the consequence of the mitral valve failing to close fully after the left ventricle systole?

Backflow of blood when the chamber before it relaxes Signup and view all the answers

Why is the anterior surface of the heart considered an important location for palpating the cardiac impulse?

It is where the left ventricle 'tip' is easily felt Signup and view all the answers

When would you hear a murmur associated with aortic valve stenosis?

While blood is flowing across the valve Signup and view all the answers

What type of abnormality is indicated by a valve not opening widely enough?

Stenosis Signup and view all the answers

In cases of valvular regurgitation, what causes the turbulent flow leading to a murmur?

Backflow of blood through the valve Signup and view all the answers

How can physical stresses over time impact heart valves?

By causing scarring and narrowing Signup and view all the answers

What happens if the aortic valve cannot open widely enough?

Decreased blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta Signup and view all the answers

What would be a likely symptom of heart valves being unable to close fully?

Development of murmurs during specific heart functions Signup and view all the answers

What is the main driving force for gas movement in the conducting zone during ventilation?

Pressure gradients Signup and view all the answers

Which structures are the main sites of gas exchange in the respiratory system?

Alveoli Signup and view all the answers

What region of the respiratory system lacks cartilage but is surrounded by smooth muscle?

Bronchioles Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical structure contains the vocal folds?

Larynx Signup and view all the answers

How do skeletal muscles contribute to air movement in the conducting airways?

By changing thoracic cavity volume Signup and view all the answers

What is the volume of the conducting airways from the nasopharynx to the terminal bronchiole?

$150$ mL Signup and view all the answers

Which structures make up the back of the nose and throat and lead to the larynx?

Nasal cavity and nasopharynx Signup and view all the answers

Which respiratory structures contain variable amounts of cartilage?

Trachea Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of bronchioles in the respiratory system?

Airway branching Signup and view all the answers

What are the delicate, balloon-like structures that facilitate gas exchange in the lungs?

Alveoli Signup and view all the answers

What drives the movement of gas in the respiratory zone?

Pressure changes Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is NOT involved in the basic ventilatory mechanics of inspiration?

Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) Signup and view all the answers

What structure closely interacts with the pulmonary microvasculature in the lung?

Respiratory bronchioles Signup and view all the answers

During expiration, what happens to the intrathoracic pressure?

Increases Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the intercostal muscles during ventilation?

To facilitate breathing movements Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical structure does NOT play a role in the ventilatory apparatus?

Brainstem Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the pressure of airspaces in the lungs during quiet inspiration?

Pressure decreases Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle's relaxation leads to a decrease in thoracic cavity volume during expiration?

Diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding diffusion in gas movement within the lung?

Diffusion occurs due to pressure changes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between intrathoracic pressure and airflow direction during inspiration?

Intrathoracic pressure decreases and air moves into the lungs. Signup and view all the answers

When fluid or secretions are mostly found in small airways, which abnormal lung sound is most likely to be heard?

Stridor Signup and view all the answers

In the context of pulmonary diseases, which condition is characterized by 'gunk' in the larger airways and alveoli?

Consolidation Signup and view all the answers

Which pathologies are commonly associated with consolidation in the lungs?

Pneumonia and COPD Signup and view all the answers

What type of lung sound is likely to be heard when there is 'gunk' in the airspaces and alveoli causing better sound transmission?

Bronchophony Signup and view all the answers

When a small airway is narrowed or constricted, which high-pitched lung sound is commonly heard on expiration?

Wheeze Signup and view all the answers

'Fine crackles' in the lungs are most likely to be heard when:

Secretions are mostly found in small airways Signup and view all the answers

'Stridor' is commonly heard when there is narrowing or constriction of:

Large airways Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the fluid in the pleural space?

To connect the chest wall to the alveoli Signup and view all the answers

Where is the bifurcation of the trachea located?

Under the sternum close to the joint of the 2nd rib Signup and view all the answers