Questions and Answers
What are the three main parts of the brain?
The brainstem helps coordinate breathing and heart rate.
True
Rod and cone cells are classified as ________ in the retina.
photoreceptors
What is the main purpose of an Electroencephalogram (EEG)?
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Match the eye lens material with its description:
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What is the purpose of a bionic eye?
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What parts are included in a bionic eye system?
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The human heart is capable of pumping blood up to 30 feet.
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What does a stent help to keep open? The _____ vessels.
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Match the device with its purpose:
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Study Notes
Human Organ Systems
- The human body is made up of 11 organ systems that work together to perform vital functions.
- Skeletal system
- Muscular system
- Cardiovascular system
- Respiratory system
- Nervous system
- Digestive system
- Urinary system
- Endocrine system
- Lymphatic system
- Reproductive system
- Integumentary (Exocrine) system
Biodesign
- Biodesign is the use of living organisms in design.
- It involves the creation of fashion, textiles, furniture, and architecture.
- Biodesign is emerging as a new frontier in design with nature.
Brain as a CPU System
- The brain uses electrical and chemical signals to send and receive information.
- The brain's memory capacity is equivalent to 2.5 million gigabytes.
- The brain has three main parts: cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem.
- Cerebrum: responsible for higher functions like touch, vision, hearing, and speech.
- Cerebellum: responsible for fine-tuning muscle movements.
- Brainstem: connects the brain to the spinal cord and helps with involuntary actions.
Nervous System
- The nervous system helps the body's parts communicate with each other.
- The nervous system has two main parts: central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).
- CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.
- PNS consists of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body.
Signal Transmission
- A neuron sending a signal releases a neurotransmitter, which binds to a receptor on the receiving neuron.
- Electroencephalogram (EEG) measures electrical activity in the brain.
- EEG is used to diagnose brain disorders, especially epilepsy.
Robotic Arms for Prosthetics
- Robotic prosthetic limbs are designed to replace missing limbs and restore lost functions.
- They use advanced mechatronics, intelligent sensing, and control systems.
Deep Brain Stimulation
- Deep brain stimulation (DBS) involves surgically implanting a neurotransmitter that sends electrical impulses to specific areas of the brain.
- DBS has helped people with Parkinson's disease reduce symptoms.
Eye as a Camera System
- The human eye is similar to a camera, with a diaphragm, lens, and image sensing system.
- The eye has a refractive system that bends light to form an image.
- The retina has two types of photoreceptors: rods and cones.
Optical Corrections
- Refractive errors occur when light bends incorrectly as it enters the eye.
- Eyeglasses and contact lenses are used to correct refractive errors.
- Cataracts are a clouding of the lens of the eye that can be treated with surgery.
Bionic Eyes
- Bionic eyes are electrical prostheses that are surgically implanted into the eye.
- They allow people with severe vision loss to perceive light.
Heart as a Pump System
- The heart is a dual-pump system that receives blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs and vice versa.
- The heart beats around 70-80 times per minute.
- The heart can pump blood up to 30 feet.
Electrical Signaling
- The sinus node generates an electrical stimulus that triggers the heart to beat.
- The electrical stimulus travels through the conduction pathways and causes the heart's ventricles to contract.
ECG Monitoring
- Electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring systems are used to monitor the heart's rhythm.
- ECG monitoring systems are used in hospitals, homes, and outpatient ambulatory settings.
Reasons for Blockages of Blood Vessels
- Coronary artery disease is a common heart condition that occurs when the heart's arteries struggle to supply enough blood.
- Cholesterol deposits and inflammation can cause coronary artery disease.
Design of Stents
- Stents are tiny tubes that are used to keep arteries open.
- They are used to treat coronary artery disease.
Pacemakers
- Pacemakers are small devices that are implanted in the chest to control the heartbeat.
- They are used to prevent the heart from beating too slowly.
- Pacemakers have two parts: a pulse generator and leads (electrodes).
Defibrillators
- Defibrillators are devices that send an electric shock to the heart to restore a normal heartbeat.
- They are used to prevent or correct an arrhythmia.
- There are three types of defibrillators: automated external defibrillators (AEDs), implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), and wearable cardioverter-defibrillators (WCDs).
Lungs as a Purification System
- The respiratory system's main job is to move fresh air into the body and remove waste gases.
- The lungs are responsible for gas exchange, where oxygen is moved into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is removed.
- The respiratory system also performs other roles, including bringing air to the proper body temperature and moisturizing it, protecting the body from harmful substances, and supporting the sense of smell.### Lung Architecture
- Lung parenchyma is composed of air-containing passages, alveolar ductal lumens, alveoli, alveolar septa, and small pulmonary vessels, occupying 10% of total parenchymal volume.
- The primary function of the lungs is gas exchange.
- Lungs also perform non-respiratory functions, vital for normal physiology, including acting as a reservoir of blood, fine-tuning preload to the left heart, and optimizing cardiac output.
Non-Respiratory Functions
- Lungs act as a filter against endogenous and exogenous emboli, preventing them from accessing systemic circulation.
- Pulmonary epithelium forms the first line of defense against inhaled particles.
- Pulmonary endothelial cells are responsible for the uptake, metabolism, and biotransformation of several exogenous and endogenous substances.
Gas Exchange Mechanisms
- Air enters the body through the mouth or nose and passes through the pharynx, larynx, and trachea, which branches into left and right bronchus, further dividing into smaller bronchioles.
- Bronchioles end in tiny air sacs called alveoli, which inflate when a person inhales and deflate when a person exhales.
- During gas exchange, oxygen moves from the lungs to the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide passes from the blood to the lungs.
- Gas exchange occurs between the alveoli and a network of tiny blood vessels called capillaries, located in the walls of the alveoli.
Spirometry
- Spirometry uses a machine called a spirometer to measure lung function, specifically the amount and/or speed of air that can be inhaled and exhaled.
- Spirometry is used to diagnose conditions that affect breathing, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
- Requirements of an acceptable spirometer include accumulating volume for ≥15 s, measuring volume of ≥8 L, accuracy of reading at least ±3% (or ±0.05 L), and total resistance to airflow at 14 L per s.
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Description
This quiz covers the 11 organ systems of the human body and their functions, as well as the concept of biodesign and its applications.