Human Obsolescence and Automation
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Questions and Answers

Which philosopher emphasized natural rights to ownership and freedom as part of the concept of moral equality?

  • Kant
  • Hobbes
  • Locke (correct)
  • Rousseau

    • What historical document is associated with the belief in equal dignity and rights during the French Revolution?

  • The Declaration of the Rights of Man (correct)
  • The United States Constitution
  • The Emancipation Proclamation
  • The Magna Carta

    • According to the principle of presumption of equality, when can goods and resources be distributed unequally?

  • If there is a justified reason for it (correct)
  • If the distribution is random
  • If it benefits the majority
  • If it aligns with historical precedents

    • What concept did Kant advocate that underpins modern human rights?

    <p>Universal human worth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a common justification for unequal distribution of resources?

    <p>Performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of moral equality, what is NOT a factor that justifies unequal distribution?

    <p>Preference for a particular group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ideas did Hobbes contribute to the notion of moral equality?

    <p>Equal rights in the state of nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Rousseau argue about social inequality?

    <p>It emerged from the decline of natural equality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has technology impacted income inequality in the short term?

    <p>It benefits highly skilled workers and capital owners, but negatively impacts low-skilled workers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of total economic growth has the bottom 50% of income earners captured globally?

    <p>12%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage accuracy did deep neural networks achieve for detecting sexual orientation in men according to the 2018 study?

    <p>81%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant implication of the study conducted by Y. Wang and M. Kosinski regarding deep learning?

    <p>AI might detect subtle signals that humans cannot perceive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the estimated amount hidden in tax havens according to the Tax Justice Network in 2012?

    <p>$21 trillion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country is mentioned as experiencing a widening wealth gap among its citizens?

    <p>Italy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the accuracy of human judges compare to that of the deep learning model in detecting sexual orientation?

    <p>Human judges had a lower accuracy than AI.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trend in income inequality does the Gini index indicate since the 1980s?

    <p>Income inequality has begun to rise again.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What philosophical concept describes the idea that all events are determined by prior causes?

    <p>Determinism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one area where deep learning systems are used that raises ethical concerns?

    <p>Assessing credit risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a US survey, what did respondents underestimate about the wealth held by the top 20%?

    <p>They believed they held about 59% of the wealth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of respondents in Italy prioritized policies aimed at reducing inequality?

    <p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do deep learning systems often lack despite their effectiveness?

    <p>Clear explanations for their operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about public perception of income inequality?

    <p>Public perception often underestimates the actual level of inequality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the nature of deep learning systems?

    <p>They display a level of effectiveness that can be decoupled from explanation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of deep learning and determinism, which outcome can be predicted using such systems?

    <p>If a person will commit a crime after being released on bail.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of distributive justice in modern societies?

    <p>Allocation of economic benefits and burdens among people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which question is NOT typically addressed by theories of distributive justice?

    <p>What is the impact of globalization on culture?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does sufficiency theory argue with regard to distributive justice?

    <p>The primary concern should be to ensure everyone has enough for a decent life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did distributive justice become an essential issue in modern societies?

    <p>Governments have the power to shape economic distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the essence of justice in the context of distributive justice?

    <p>Every individual is responsible for their own actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential criticism of classical utilitarianism regarding preference satisfaction?

    <p>It treats all preferences equally, even harmful ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major concern arises regarding equality on a group level in distributive justice?

    <p>If group-based inequalities are inherently unjust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best reflects Harry Frankfurt's view on equality?

    <p>Once everyone has enough, disparities in wealth become irrelevant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one fundamental question regarding the application of equality in distributive justice?

    <p>What types of benefits should be prioritized in distribution?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant challenge to sufficientarianism known as?

    <p>Indifference Objection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Strict egalitarianism advocates for which of the following?

    <p>Equal distribution of material goods and resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best reflects the modern understanding of the scope of distributive justice?

    <p>Universal principles of equality suggest global considerations of justice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the phrase 'the principles of distributive justice' refer to regarding global versus national application?

    <p>They are universally applicable to all people regardless of nation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach to distributive justice allows for inequalities as long as everyone has enough?

    <p>Sufficientarianism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key concern regarding the treatment of preferences in utilitarian theories?

    <p>Harmful or discriminatory preferences can be justified.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect does sufficientarianism primarily emphasize?

    <p>Ensuring a minimum standard for everyone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Rawls' Difference Principle allow for within a society?

    <p>Inequalities that benefit the least advantaged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which criticism did Marx voice regarding strict economic equality?

    <p>It neglects individual needs and efforts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'veil of ignorance' concept in Rawls' theory?

    <p>To allow people to design fair principles of justice without bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does enforcing strict equality threaten pluralism and democracy?

    <p>By reducing diversity and imposing uniformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the two key principles of justice proposed by Rawls?

    <p>Approval of all economic inequalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What rationale does Rawls provide for individuals in the original position regarding the Difference Principle?

    <p>It protects them from the worst possible outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle emphasizes that inequalities must be linked to positions available to everyone fairly?

    <p>Difference Principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main concerns regarding strict economic equality according to critics?

    <p>It may lead to wasteful inefficiencies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Summary of the Text

    • The text discusses the concept of human obsolescence in the context of automation and technological advancements.
    • Automation, particularly through robotics and artificial intelligence, is rapidly replacing human tasks. This trend is leading to a shift from the Anthropocene (human-dominated era) to the Robocene (machine-dominated era).
    • The agricultural sector has been significantly impacted by automation. Machines have replaced human and animal labor, boosting productivity. However, some tasks, like fruit picking, remain challenging to automate.
    • Automation is also transforming manufacturing, impacting jobs in the service sector, such as retail, via ATMs, self-service checkouts, and digital customer service. Online retailers have disrupted the traditional brick-and-mortar stores.
    • Automation is also impacting the medical sector, with algorithms enabling faster and more accurate diagnoses. Carebots are also assisting in patient care, particularly relevant for the aging population.
    • There are differing views on the integration of humans and technology in the future. Some envision a utopian future where humans and technology merge, while others raise concerns about dystopian possibilities, such as AI surpassing human intelligence.
    • The text explores the complex ethical and political implications of automation and the rise of artificial intelligence.
    • The debate focuses on who should be considered as equal in society, when equality should be applied, and how goods should be distributed.

    Distributive Justice

    • Distributive justice focuses on how resources should be shared among individuals in society.
    • Philosophical discussions about it have existed for centuries and continue today.
    • The question of what to consider equal is a key focus. Different perspectives advocate for equality in areas like income, opportunities, or well-being.
    • Different theories address various concerns about equality, such as the concept of equality as a starting point in life or considering what inequalities are permissible.
    • There are competing views on the role of equality, some suggesting that equality is intrinsically good, and others viewing it as a tool to achieve other goals, such as improving societal well-being.

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