Human Nutrition Finals Flashcards
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What is Yohimbe?

Yohimbe

Match the scenarios with their effects on basal metabolism:

More fat = Decreased basal metabolism More lean body mass = Increased basal metabolism Being female = Decreased basal metabolism Being male = Increased basal metabolism Being 5'3" tall and weighing 142 pounds = Decreased basal metabolism Being 5'10" and weighing 242 pounds = Increased basal metabolism Being pregnant = Increased basal metabolism Not pregnant = Decreased basal metabolism Having a fever = Increased basal metabolism Being well = Decreased basal metabolism

Using bioelectrical impedance to estimate body fat relies on the principle that lean tissues have less water and electrolytes than fat tissue.

False

Lawrence can expect to gain weight when his ________. (Choose the best answer)

<p>caloric intake exceeds his energy expenditure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Orlistat has been approved by the FDA for weight loss.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

A fad diet is popular for a period of time and then loses its appeal.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

An underweight classification corresponds to _______.

<p>5'8&quot; (68 inches) tall and 120 pounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

A healthy weight classification corresponds to _______.

<p>5'8&quot; (68 inches) tall and 140 pounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

An obese classification corresponds to _______.

<p>5'8&quot; (68 inches) tall and 200 pounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

An overweight classification corresponds to _______.

<p>5'2&quot; (62 inches) tall and 140 pounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the energy components with 'Energy input' or 'Energy output':

<p>Drinking a glass of wine = Energy input Eating dinner = Energy input Shivering in response to cold = Energy output Digesting a meal = Energy output Walking with a friend = Energy output</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should Anthony consume during his run if he runs for more than an hour?

<p>A sports drink</p> Signup and view all the answers

Determine whether each body structure, physiological condition, or physiological process increases or decreases with aging:

<p>Heartburn = Increases Constipation = Increases Hardening of the arteries = Increases Saliva production = Decreases Activity of bone-forming cells = Decreases Brain weight = Decreases Cardiac output = Decreases Thyroid hormone production = Decreases Kidney cell function = Decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements concerning pesticides are true? (Select all that apply)

<p>Washing produce often reduces pesticide residues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unpasteurized or raw milk should not be fed to children as it may be contaminated with ______.

<p>bacteria and viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Avoid the introduction of honey until age one because honey may contain ______.

<p>clostridium botulinum spores</p> Signup and view all the answers

Candies, whole nuts, coarsely cut meats, raw carrots, popcorn, and a spoonful of peanut butter should be avoided because they can cause ______.

<p>choking</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infants should not be fed semisolid foods in a bottle because this practice can lead to ______.

<p>overfeeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

Serving excessive amounts of juice should be avoided because the fructose and sugar alcohol in juice can lead to ______.

<p>diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

What steps can help solve problems created by conventional farming?

<p>Relying more on growing pest-resistant crops and using integrated pest management techniques.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Plumpy'nut contains micronutrients and ______.

<p>peanuts, powdered milk, oil, and sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which environmental condition is most important for influencing bacterial growth?

<p>temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

Abby needs to increase her intake of ______ during her first trimester.

<p>iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

A suckling infant sends a signal to the ______ in the mother's brain to stimulate the release of ______ and ______.

<p>pituitary gland, prolactin, oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

The let-down reflex allows breast milk to travel through ______ to the nipple.

<p>ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why shouldn't Loraine want her baby to eat honey?

<p>Honey can contain botulism spores that can cause botulism in babies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the first 8 weeks, the developing human being is called an ______.

<p>embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

From 8 weeks after conception until birth, the developing human being is referred to as a ______.

<p>fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is the organ responsible for nutrient and oxygen transfer from the mother to the developing human.

<p>placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

A fetus born before the 37th week is considered ______.

<p>premature</p> Signup and view all the answers

An infant weighing less than 5 1/2 pounds is considered ______.

<p>low-birth-weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a new mother fails to release oxytocin while she breastfeeds, the let-down reflex won't occur.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statements about cow's milk and human milk are true? (Select all that apply)

<p>If consumed during infancy, cow's milk can contribute to intestinal bleeding and iron deficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the United States, the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program provides nutrient-dense hot meals to low-income pregnant women and their children.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Franny is a full-term infant who weighs 5.25 pounds at birth. Her birth weight is within the healthy range for a newborn female.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended practice for infant feeding in developing countries?

<p>New mothers should breastfeed exclusively for the first 6 months, and then continue breastfeeding while adding solid foods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which foods had an internal temperature in the danger zone during Loraine's potluck lunch? (Select all that apply)

<p>A rotisserie chicken at 130°F</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which food is a good source of dietary iron for an 8-month-old child?

<p>Iron-fortified cereal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Determine whether each child-feeding practice is recommended or not recommended:

<p>Offering a variety of fruits, vegetables, and other nutrient-dense foods = Recommended Avoid introducing honey to children until they are at least 1 year old = Recommended Letting children skip breakfast if they are not hungry = Not recommended Encouraging children to eat everything on their plate = Not recommended Offering dessert to picky eaters for eating foods they usually avoid = Not recommended</p> Signup and view all the answers

What's the safest way to store fresh whole eggs?

<p>Refrigerate them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an emulsifier?

<p>An emulsifier is a substance that helps fat-soluble and water-soluble compounds mix with each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adults should limit their saturated fat intake to fewer than about _____ grams of saturated fat per day if consuming 3000 kcal.

<p>33</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fatty acids has only one double bond in its chain of carbons?

<p>Oleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name a cardiovascular disease risk factor.

<p>Elevated C-reactive protein levels; smoking; inactivity; consistent blood pressure over 130/80 mm Hg; HDL cholesterol = 31 mg/dL.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example of a non-cardiovascular disease risk factor.

<p>Total blood cholesterol = 176 mg/dL; LDL cholesterol = 89; blood triglyceride levels of 130 mg/dL.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Regina should avoid eating ______ while pregnant due to potential harmful amounts of methylmercury.

<p>swordfish</p> Signup and view all the answers

Indicate which of the following conditions are signs of an essential fatty acid deficiency. (Check all that apply.)

<p>Poor growth during infancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is a fatty acid that has no double bonds in its carbon chain? (Check all that apply.)

<p>Stearic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you consume 2500 kcal per day, you should limit your saturated fat intake to fewer than ______ kcal per day.

<p>250</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chylomicrons store fatty acids in the liver.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Atherosclerosis contributes to cardiovascular disease by ______. (Check all that apply.)

<p>Allowing clots to form</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which food is an excellent source of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)?

<p>Tuna casserole</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify Regina's father's non-modifiable cardiovascular disease risk factors. (Check all that apply.)

<p>Family history of cardiovascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Put the fats in order from the one that contains the greatest percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (1) to the one that contains the lowest percentage (5).

<p>1 = Safflower oil (high linoleic) 2 = Corn oil 3 = Peanut oil 4 = Lard (pork fat) 5 = Beef fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

If your total caloric intake is 2100 kcal per day, your range of fat intake (kcal) would be _____ kcal per day.

<p>420 to 735</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many grams of protein should a healthy 25-year-old woman consume to meet the RDA for protein?

<p>55.6</p> Signup and view all the answers

A vegetarian diet generally ______ than a 'Western diet.'

<p>supplies more dietary fiber</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the ammonia formed when amino acids are metabolized for energy?

<p>The ammonia is converted to urea and excreted in the urine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Select all the terms that apply to legumes.

<p>Legumes are plants that produce pods with a single row of seeds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

There are __ different _____ that cells can use to make proteins.

<p>20; amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a wrong amino acid is added to a protein while it's being made, a ___ has occurred.

<p>mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

When you add up the costs involved, it's actually less expensive for people to buy coffee drinks from coffee shops than to make their own coffee.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Determine whether each meal would be appropriate for a vegan, lactovegetarian, or lacto-ovovegetarian.

<p>Vegan = Oatmeal made of soy milk and blueberries Lactovegetarian = Whole-wheat toast with melted cheese and a glass of orange juice Lacto-ovovegetarian = Omelet made of two eggs, shredded cheese, and peppers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Jack is an ovovegetarian. Based on this information, he will eat ______. (Check all that apply.)

<p>Hard-cooked eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gerald saved several dollars on his weekly food costs by avoiding fast-food restaurants and eating meatless dinners that he prepared at home at least twice a week.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the approximate unit prices of a 16-ounce package of frozen green beans that sells for $3.25?

<p>$0.20/oz</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the approximate unit prices of a 28-ounce package of frozen green beans that sells for $4.29?

<p>$0.15/oz</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following foods is a source of high-quality protein? (Check all that apply.)

<p>Roast turkey</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many grams of protein should a healthy 25-year-old man who weighs 85 kg consume?

<p>68.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the approximate unit prices of a 15-ounce can of crushed tomatoes that sells for $2.25?

<p>$0.15/oz</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the approximate unit prices of a 32-ounce can of crushed tomatoes that sells for $3.99?

<p>$0.12/oz</p> Signup and view all the answers

Approximately how many grams of protein should a healthy 21-year-old woman who weighs 132 pounds consume?

<p>48.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

Determine whether each label describes an essential or a nonessential amino acid.

<p>Nonessential amino acid - the body can make these amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which amino acids should be included in an infant formula? (Check all that apply.)

<p>Methionine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Some protein digestion occurs in the stomach.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the vitamin or vitamin precursor to its major food source.

<p>Vitamin E = Sunflower seeds and vegetable oils Vitamin K = Kale, spinach, beet greens, turnip greens Vitamin D = Fortified milk Beta-carotene = Cantaloupe</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following practices should be avoided to preserve vitamin content in fresh fruits and vegetables?

<p>Storing fresh produce in a warm place or dark cupboard.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cancer is a single disease characterized by cells that can't divide so they die early.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary changes should Wilson make to reduce his risk of cancer? (Check all that apply.)

<p>Eat a variety of fruits and vegetables</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the person's description with the vitamin that would most likely need to be supplemented.

<p>Vitamin D = An adult woman with osteomalacia Vitamin A = A child diagnosed with night blindness Vitamin K = A newborn baby with difficulty clotting Vitamin E = A premature infant exhibiting signs of hemolysis Vitamin B-12 = An older adult with insufficient stomach acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

To reduce the risk of delivering infants with spina bifida, women of childbearing age should focus on consuming adequate amounts of ______.

<p>folate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a free radical?

<p>A free radical is a chemically unstable substance that can remove electrons from more stable compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with their definitions.

<p>Condition associated with folate deficiency during pregnancy = Neural tube defects Symptom of early vitamin A deficiency = Night blindness The adult form of rickets characterized by soft bones = Osteomalacia Condition characterized by large, immature red blood cells = Macrocytic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substances are known to have antioxidant activity? (Check all that apply.)

<p>Beta-carotene</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the substance to its function in the body.

<p>Vitamin D = Absorption of calcium and phosphorus, maintenance of bone structure Vitamin A = Normal vision and immune function Vitamin E = Antioxidant function Vitamin K = Assists with blood clotting Carotenoids = Pigments in fruits and vegetables</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about vitamins is true? (Check all that apply.)

<p>Vitamin deficiencies can be cured by food or supplements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

To reduce your risk of cancer, you should ______.

<p>Include a variety of fruits, vegetables, and whole-grain foods in your diet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Many vitamin deficiencies have named diseases. Match the diseases with the specific vitamin deficiency.

<p>Ariboflavinosis = Riboflavin Pellagra = Niacin Pernicious anemia = Vitamin B-12 Scurvy = Vitamin C Beriberi = Thiamin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What steps can Ellie take to reduce her chances of giving birth to a baby with neural tube defects? (Check all that apply.)

<p>Take a dietary supplement with 400 mcg of folic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substances are known to have antioxidant activity? (Check all that apply.)

<p>Beta-carotene</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to most scientific studies, taking dietary supplements containing vitamins E, A, and C significantly reduces the risk of colorectal and skin cancers.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most B vitamins are similar in that ______.

<p>They function as part of coenzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

An agent that is cancer-causing is said to be ___.

<p>carcinogenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cancerous cells that divide repeatedly and frequently and do not die are called ____ cells.

<p>Malignant</p> Signup and view all the answers

If cancerous cells grow together to form masses, the masses are called _____.

<p>malignant tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

When cancer spreads to other tissues, the disease has ______.

<p>metastasized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Low-carbohydrate, high-protein diets often promote rapid initial weight loss due to which factor? (Check all that apply.)

<p>Reduction in body glycogen results in a need for less water to store.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Check the weight-loss behaviors recommended by registered dietitian nutritionists.

<p>Eat half of the food at a restaurant and pack the rest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What strategies can underweight individuals use to gain weight safely? (Check all that apply.)

<p>Follow a regular meal and snack schedule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is glycogen loading?

<p>A physiological preparation strategy for endurance athletes to delay muscle fatigue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to NWCR participants, how do they maintain their weight loss? (Check all that apply.)

<p>Watch less than 10 hours of television per week.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Put the activities in order from greatest percentage of energy utilized by fat (1) to least (4).

<p>1 = Two-hour, 12-mile run 2 = Bench press weightlifting 3 = Playing professional basketball game 4 = 200-meter hurdles</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anthony wants 60% of his daily energy intake to be supplied by carbohydrates. Based on this, he should consume _______ grams of carbohydrate daily.

<p>375</p> Signup and view all the answers

Choose less costly ways to estimate body fat. (Check all that apply.)

<p>Skinsfold thickness measurements</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person who is overweight has too much body fat.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Put the steps of glucose utilization in the lactic acid energy system in order.

<p>1 = When oxygen is not present, muscle cells metabolize glucose to pyruvate. 2 = Pyruvate is converted to lactic acid. 3 = Lactic acid accumulates in muscles and converts to lactate. 4 = Liver can convert lactate to glucose. 5 = Liver releases glucose into the bloodstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is a medication that hasn't been approved by the FDA for weight loss?

<p>Answer not provided in the content.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Mayonnaise and Emulsifiers

  • Mayonnaise is composed of oil, salt, vinegar (or lemon juice), and egg yolks.
  • Lecithin in egg yolks serves as an emulsifier, allowing fat and water to mix.

Saturated Fat Intake

  • Adults should limit saturated fat to less than 10% of total daily calories.
  • For a 3000 kcal diet, saturated fat intake should be under 33 grams.
  • For a 2500 kcal diet, the limit is about 250 calories.

Fatty Acids

  • Oleic acid is a monounsaturated fatty acid with one double bond.
  • Stearic acid is a saturated fatty acid with no double bonds.

Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors

  • Elevated C-reactive protein (CRP), smoking, inactivity, and high blood pressure (≥130/80 mm Hg) are risk factors.
  • Low HDL cholesterol levels (31 mg/dL) also increase risk.

Fish Consumption during Pregnancy

  • Pregnant women should avoid fish high in methylmercury like swordfish.

Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency Signs

  • Signs include poor wound healing, poor growth in infancy, and hair loss.

Understanding Chylomicrons

  • Chylomicrons do not store fatty acids in the liver, but transport them from the intestines.

Atherosclerosis Impact

  • Contributes to cardiovascular disease by slowing blood flow and causing arterial plaque formation.

Sources of EPA and DHA

  • Tuna casserole is a rich source of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).

Non-Modifiable CVD Risk Factors

  • Non-modifiable risk factors include family history of cardiovascular disease and age.

Fats and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

  • Safflower oil (high in linoleic), corn oil, peanut oil, lard (pork fat), and beef fat are ranked by polyunsaturated fat content.

Macronutrient Distribution Range

  • A 2100 kcal diet should have fat intake between 420 to 735 kcal.

Protein RDA for Adults

  • A healthy 25-year-old woman (153 lbs) should consume approximately 55.6 grams of protein.
  • A healthy 25-year-old man (85 kg) needs around 68.0 grams.

Dietary Patterns

  • Vegetarian diets typically provide more dietary fiber compared to Western diets.

Amino Acid Metabolism

  • When amino acids are used for energy, ammonia forms and is converted to urea for urine excretion.

Legumes

  • Legumes include plants that produce pods with seeds, such as soybeans, peanuts, and lentils.

Protein Structure

  • There are 20 amino acids that make up proteins, with the sequence determining the protein's identity and function.

Nutritional Practices to Prevent Deficiencies

  • Aiming for a variety of fruits and vegetables can help with vitamin intake and cancer risk reduction.

Vitamin Requirements and Sources

  • Essential vitamins include vitamin D (for calcium absorption), vitamin A (for vision), and others with antioxidant properties like vitamin E and vitamin C.

Antioxidants and Cancer Risk

  • Vitamins E, C, and beta-carotene exhibit antioxidant properties, potentially reducing cancer risk.

Healthy Weight Management

  • Strategies for healthy weight include meal planning, limiting sedentary activities, and incorporating physical exercise.

Fad Diets

  • Fad diets gain popularity quickly and can lead to rapid weight changes, often not sustainable long-term.

Body Fat Measurement Methods

  • Bioelectrical impedance and skinfold thickness measurements are practical methods to estimate body fat.

Energy Balance

  • Achieving a healthy body weight relies on balancing caloric intake with energy expenditure through diet and physical activity.

Psychological Effects of Dieting

  • Long-term weight management requires understanding energy balance and nutritional needs while avoiding extreme diets.### Nutrition and Physiology
  • Sports drinks are critical for hydration during runs over an hour, supplying carbohydrates, electrolytes, and water to prevent dehydration and enhance performance.
  • Aging results in increased heartburn, constipation, and the hardening of arteries, while decreasing saliva production, bone-forming cell activity, brain weight, cardiac output, thyroid hormone levels, and kidney cell function.

Pesticides and Food Safety

  • Washing produce significantly reduces pesticide residues.
  • Pesticides are utilized to boost crop yields, enhancing agricultural productivity.

Infant Nutrition and Safety

  • Unpasteurized or raw milk may contain harmful bacteria and viruses, unsuitable for children.
  • Honey should be avoided in infants under one year due to the risk of botulism from clostridium botulinum spores.
  • Certain foods such as candy, whole nuts, coarsely cut meats, raw carrots, and popcorn pose choking hazards for infants over six months.
  • Semisolid foods should not be fed in a bottle due to the risk of overfeeding and potential for digestive issues.

Environmental and Health Considerations

  • Conventional farming poses environmental challenges; recommended solutions include adopting pest-resistant crops and integrated pest management strategies.
  • Plumpy'nut, a nutritional supplement for malnourished children, contains peanuts, powdered milk, oil, and sugar.

Pregnancy and Infant Development

  • Iron intake is crucial for pregnant women, especially during the first trimester, to address public health concerns.
  • The pituitary gland releases prolactin to stimulate milk production and oxytocin for the let-down reflex, allowing breast milk transfer through ducts to the nipple.

Infant Feeding Guidelines

  • Honey is hazardous for infants as it may contain botulism spores.
  • The development of a human being is categorized into an embryo for the first eight weeks and a fetus thereafter, with the placenta facilitating nutrient transfer from mother to fetus.
  • Full-term infants typically weigh between six and eight pounds; those below 5.5 pounds are classified as low-birth-weight.

Breastfeeding Insights

  • The absence of oxytocin during breastfeeding prevents the let-down reflex, hindering milk delivery.
  • Cow's milk is inappropriate for infants due to its high sodium and calcium levels, which can cause intestinal issues and iron deficiency.

Child Feeding Practices

  • Recommended practices include offering a variety of nutritious foods, introducing peanut butter safely, and avoiding honey until age one.
  • Discouraged practices involve forcing vegetable consumption for dessert rewards, encouraging children to finish their plates, and allowing breakfast omission.

Food Safety

  • Foods that fall within the danger zone for temperature (between 40°F and 140°F) can risk foodborne illnesses; examples include macaroni salad at 55°F and rotisserie chicken at 130°F.
  • Iron-fortified cereals are excellent sources of iron for infants around eight months old.

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Prepare for your human nutrition finals with this set of flashcards that cover essential concepts like emulsifiers and dietary guidelines. These cards will help reinforce your understanding of important nutrition principles and terms. Perfect for students looking to excel in their nutrition courses.

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