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Questions and Answers
What is the approximate time period during which the reptiles dominated the world?
What is the approximate time period during which the reptiles dominated the world?
From which group of reptiles were the ancestral mammals derived during the Triassic period?
From which group of reptiles were the ancestral mammals derived during the Triassic period?
What is the name of the fossil that had both reptilian and avian characteristics, which appeared in the late Jurassic period?
What is the name of the fossil that had both reptilian and avian characteristics, which appeared in the late Jurassic period?
What is the era called, which started nearly 70 million years ago and is characterized by the diversification of mammals?
What is the era called, which started nearly 70 million years ago and is characterized by the diversification of mammals?
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How many orders of reptiles are represented by their fossil remains?
How many orders of reptiles are represented by their fossil remains?
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What is the characteristic of the body of lower vertebrates?
What is the characteristic of the body of lower vertebrates?
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What is the characteristic of higher vertebrates?
What is the characteristic of higher vertebrates?
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What is the group that includes the classes Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia?
What is the group that includes the classes Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia?
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What is the characteristic of appendages in higher vertebrates?
What is the characteristic of appendages in higher vertebrates?
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What is the current trend in the number of species of mammals?
What is the current trend in the number of species of mammals?
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Study Notes
Characteristics of Vertebrates
- Brain: enlarged and protected by skull, with 10 to 12 pairs of cranial nerves
- Spinal cord: surrounded and protected by vertebrae, remaining nerve cord from the dorsal nerve
- Nerve system: ventral nerve is efferent (motor) and carries nerve impulses from the central nervous system to effector organs, while dorsal nerve is mixed
- Special sensory organs: include a pair of eyes and auditory organs, derived from the brain
Endocrine System and Reproduction
- Endocrine system: consists of ductless glands scattered throughout the body, regulating body processes, growth, and reproduction
- Sexes: separate, with paired gonads that discharge sex cells through ducts opening into or near the anus
Development and Phylogeny
- Development: direct or indirect, with no typical invaginate gastrula
- Mesoderm: arises as paired longitudinal bands, which become segmented
- Phylogeny: the study of evolutionary history and relationships between organisms, used to place animal groups in proper evolutionary sequence
- Phylogenetic tree: represents relationships based on shared or divergent physical and genetic characteristics, with vertical dimension representing geological time and branches representing diversification into groups
Phylum Chordata
- Definition: largest of the deuterostome phyla, comprising a vast variety of living and extinct animals, including humans
- Characteristics: three fundamental chordate characters, including a dorsal hollow or tubular nerve cord, a longitudinal supporting rod-like notochord, and a series of pharyngeal gill slits
- Distribution: found in the sea, freshwater, in the air, and on all parts of land, from poles to the equator
Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord
- Definition: central nervous system of chordates, present dorsally in the body, serving for integration and coordination of body activities
- Development: anterior region of nerve cord becomes the cerebral vesicle or brain, enclosed by a protective or cartilaginous cranium, while posterior part becomes the spinal cord
Notochord
- Definition: an elongated rod-like flexible structure extending the length of the body, supporting the body
- Evolution: notochord gave rise to the vertebral column in vertebrates
Phylogeny or Evolutionary History of Vertebrates
- Cambrian and Ordovician periods: first fossils of vertebrates found in the rocks of the Ordovician period
- Ostracoderms: first vertebrates, found in the Ordovician period
- Evolution: fishes came before reptiles, reptiles before birds and mammals, with a phylogenetic tree representing relationships and geological time
- Cenozoic era: birds and mammals flourished, with mammals becoming the most diversified of all animals during the Age of Mammals, which started nearly 70 million years ago
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Description
This quiz covers the structure and function of the human nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, and sensory organs.
