Human Anatomy Nervous System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What are the two major divisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

  • Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems (correct)
  • Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
  • Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems
  • Sensory and Motor Nervous Systems

    • What is the primary function of the enteric nervous system?

  • Regulates the digestive system. (correct)
  • Coordinates the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
  • Controls voluntary muscle movement.
  • Transmits sensory information to the brain.

    • Which of the following is NOT a basic function of the nervous system?

  • Motor Output
  • Integration
  • Sensory Input
  • Hormonal Regulation (correct)

    • Which type of neuron transmits signals from the central nervous system (CNS) to muscles and glands?

    <p>Motor Neuron (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of synapse utilizes neurotransmitters?

    <p>Chemical Synapse (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of oligodendrocytes in the CNS?

    <p>Form the myelin sheath around axons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by the destruction of the myelin sheath in the CNS, leading to impaired nerve conduction?

    <p>Multiple Sclerosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the arrangement of gray and white matter in the spinal cord?

    <p>White matter surrounds gray matter. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these cranial nerves has its nucleus located in the pons?

    <p>CN VI (Abducens nerve) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pontine nuclei?

    <p>Controlling voluntary movement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pneumotaxic area and apneustic area are located in which part of the brainstem?

    <p>Pons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure directly connects to the spinal cord?

    <p>Medulla oblongata (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area in the pons is involved in controlling breathing?

    <p>Respiratory center (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following areas are responsible for language production and comprehension?

    <p>Wernicke's area (22,39,40) (C), Broca's area (44,45) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the corpus callosum?

    <p>Connecting the right and left hemispheres of the brain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of epilepsy?

    <p>Increased heart rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the primary somatosensory area (1,2,3)?

    <p>Receiving and processing sensory information from the body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the primary visual area (17)?

    <p>Processing visual information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following areas is NOT located in the posterior regions of the brain?

    <p>Primary motor area (4) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of aphasia?

    <p>Broca's and Wernicke's (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Wernicke's aphasia?

    <p>Inability to comprehend language (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the premotor area (6)?

    <p>Planning and sequencing complex movements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the somatosensory association area (5,7)?

    <p>Integrating sensory information from different parts of the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a generalized and a partial seizure?

    <p>Generalized seizures affect both hemispheres of the brain, while partial seizures affect only one hemisphere. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the primary auditory area (41,42)?

    <p>Processing auditory information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for epilepsy?

    <p>Lifestyle choices like diet and exercise (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a treatment for epilepsy?

    <p>Antiepileptic drugs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Broca's aphasia?

    <p>Difficulty finding the right words (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a part of the corpus callosum?

    <p>Thalamus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms are specifically associated with Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH) but not obstructive hydrocephalus?

    <p>Incontinence, gait apraxia, and dementia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a treatment option for hydrocephalus?

    <p>Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of obtaining cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) via lumbar puncture?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of untreated obstructive hydrocephalus?

    <p>Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) leading to brain damage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of obstructive hydrocephalus?

    <p>Incontinence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these are components of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

    <p>Brain (A), Spinal cord (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of a bundle of axons in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

    <p>Nerve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neuron transmits signals away from a synapse?

    <p>Postsynaptic neuron (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Somatic Nervous System (SNS)?

    <p>Control of voluntary movements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron carries signals from the body to the CNS?

    <p>Somatic afferent neurons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these structures is not part of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

    <p>Brain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nervous system?

    <p>To control and coordinate bodily functions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a collection of cell bodies in the CNS?

    <p>Nucleus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the enteric plexus?

    <p>Control of the digestive system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neuron carries signals from the CNS to the body?

    <p>Somatic efferent neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a component of the nervous system?

    <p>Bones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the protective structure that surrounds the spinal cord?

    <p>Vertebral column (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of neuroglia?

    <p>Supporting and protecting neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the enteric plexus?

    <p>It controls the movement of food through the digestive system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a tract and a nerve?

    <p>A tract is a bundle of axons in the CNS, while a nerve is a bundle of axons in the PNS. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a function of the nervous system?

    <p>Producing hormones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT located on the anterior aspect of the medulla?

    <p>Gracile fasciculus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the inferior olivary nucleus?

    <p>Controlling balance and coordination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is NOT involved in the medulla?

    <p>Olfactory nerve (CN I) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is TRUE about the gracile fasciculus?

    <p>It carries sensory information from the lower body. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the corticospinal tracts located in the pyramids?

    <p>Controlling voluntary movements of the limbs and trunk (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for relaying sensory information about fine touch, pressure, and vibration from the upper body?

    <p>Cuneate fasciculus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for the sense of hearing and balance?

    <p>Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the medulla considered a vital part of the brainstem?

    <p>It regulates basic life functions like breathing and heart rate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Anatomy & Physiology for the Health Sciences II

    • This is a course covering anatomy and physiology for health sciences students.
    • The lecture, Overview, Brain & Spinal Cord, introduces the nervous system.

    Objectives

    • The lecture covers the organization of the nervous system, including the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous systems, and the enteric nervous systems.
    • It describes the three basic functions of the nervous system (sensory, integrative, and motor), neuron classification, electrical and chemical synapses.
    • It describes the four types of neuroglia in the CNS, and the two types in the PNS.
    • It covers myelination, multiple sclerosis, and Guillain-Barre syndrome.
    • It describes ganglia and nerve tracts.
    • It describes the arrangement of gray and white matter in the CNS.
    • Identifying major parts of the brain, including the cortex, gyri, fissures, and sulci of the cerebrum, and the lobes of the cerebrum.
    • Identifying the functions of the corpus callosum.
    • Describing causes and symptoms of epilepsy.
    • Describing anatomy and function of sensory, association, and motor areas of the cerebral cortex (including primary somatosensory, visual, auditory, gustatory, and olfactory areas).
    • Describing aphasia, fluent and non-fluent.
    • Describing the anatomy and functions of the brainstem (Medulla, Pons, and Midbrain).
    • Identifying and describing the anatomy and functions of the cerebellum and basal ganglia.
    • Describing ataxia.
    • Describing the anatomy and functions of the Limbic System, thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland.
    • Describing the blood supply to the brain and the protective structures.
    • Discussing cerebrovascular accident (CVA) and transient ischemic attack (TIA), blood-brain barrier formation, and circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF).
    • Describing spinal tap procedures and hydrocephalus.
    • Describing the signs, symptoms and causes of Alzheimer's disease.
    • Describing the internal and external anatomy of the spinal cord and spinal nerves.
    • Describing the organization of gray and white matter in the spinal cord and the location of sensory and motor tracts, cell bodies of sensory, motor and interneurons.

    Terminology

    • Afferent - Sensory
    • Efferent - Motor
    • Somatic - Body wall (voluntary)
    • Visceral - Organs (involuntary)
    • Nuclei - Collection of cell bodies in the CNS
    • Ganglia - Collection of cell bodies in the PNS
    • Tract - Bundles of axons in the CNS
    • Nerve - Bundles of axons in the PNS
    • Presynaptic neuron - Transmits signals toward a synapse
    • Postsynaptic neuron - Transmits signals away from a synapse.

    The Nervous System

    • An intricate network of neurons and neuroglia.
    • One of the smallest but most complex body systems in human beings.
    • Protected by bony structures such as the skull and vertebral column.
    • Components include the brain, spinal cord, nerves, enteric plexuses, and sensory receptors.

    Organization of the Nervous System - Anatomical organization

    • Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord.
    • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses, and sensory receptors.

    Organization of the Nervous System - Functional organization

    • Somatic Nervous System (SNS): Voluntary, including somatic afferent (touch, pain, pressure), and efferent neurons (skeletal muscle contractions).
    • Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Involuntary; visceral afferent (pain, stretch), and efferent neurons (smooth and cardiac muscle, glandular secretions), including sympathetic (fight, flight, fright), and parasympathetic (rest and digest) divisions.
    • Enteric Nervous System (ENS): Involuntary; located in the gastrointestinal tract and controls numerous functions of the GI tract.

    Functions of the Nervous System

    • Sensory: Detects internal and external stimuli using sensory receptors. This input is relayed to the CNS.
    • Integrative: Processes and determines appropriate responses to sensory input. This involves relaying information within the brain and spinal cord via interneurons.
    • Motor: Motor responses are elicited, and motor output is relayed to effectors (muscles and glands) via efferent neurons

    Neurons

    • Cell body - contains the nucleus and organelles of the nerve cell, including Nissl bodies (prominent clusters of rough endoplasmic reticulum).
    • Dendrites - Branching processes that extend away from the cell body, receiving input from other neurons or receptors.
    • Axon - Elongated projection that transmits signals away from the cell body to other cells or effectors.
    • Axon terminals - Branching tips of the axon at the ending point that release neurotransmitters initiating signals to the postsynaptic cells or effectors.

    Classification of Neurons

    • Multipolar
    • Bipolar
    • Unipolar

    Neuronal Synapses

    • Electrical synapses - Action potentials conduct directly between adjacent cells through gap junctions allowing for rapid communication, coordinating impulses between pre and post synaptic neurons/cells.
    • Chemical synapses - Action potentials conduct indirectly across the synaptic cleft via the release of neurotransmitters, converting electrical signals into chemical signals at the presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic neuron converting chemical signals into electrical signals.

    Neuroglia

    • Neuroglia are support cells of the nervous system with diverse functions Characteristics: Small, numerous, non-conducting, regenerative
    • CNS neuroglia: Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia
    • PNS neuroglia: Satellite cells and Schwann cells

    Meninges

    • Protective coverings of the central nervous system (CNS) continuous with spinal meninges.
    • Layers include Dura mater, Arachnoid mater and Pia mater.

    Blood Supply

    • The brain is primarily supplied with blood by internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries
    • The circle of Willis is the major arterial structure that distributes blood throughout the brain. Blood vessel structures also return blood from the brain back to the heart via the internal jugular veins.

    Cranial Nerves

    • Different cranial nerves such as CN III (Oculomotor), CN IV (Trochlear), CN V (Trigeminal), CN VI (Abducens), CN VII (Facial), and CN VIII (Vestibulocochlear) have differing functions and have nuclei in the brain.

    Clinical Correlates

    • Multiple Sclerosis
    • Guillain-Barre syndrome
    • Aphasia
    • Epilepsy
    • Ataxia
    • Hydrocephalus
    • Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) or stroke
    • Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
    • Various other conditions

    Major Parts of the Brain

    • Cerebrum
    • Diencephalon
    • Cerebellum
    • Brainstem (Midbrain, Pons and Medulla oblongata)

    Cerebrum

    • The outer region of gray matter (the cerebral cortex) is involved in executive functioning.
    • Folds called gyri, separated by fissures and sulci, organize the cortex.
    • The cortex is divided into lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula).
    • Specific areas within the cortex are associated with sensory and motor functions.
    • Deep cerebral gray matter nuclei are found within structures of the white matter.

    Cerebellar Lobes

    • Vermis - divides the cerebellum into hemispheres.
    • Anterior lobe - governs subconscious movements.
    • Posterior lobe- governs subconscious movements.
    • Flocculonodular lobe - contributes to equilibrium and balance

    Cerebellar Functions

    • Evaluating motor output.
    • Coordinating complex contractions of skeletal muscles.
    • Regulating posture and balance.
    • Involved in cognition and speech.

    Basal Ganglia

    • Located deep within the cerebral hemispheres (major parts include caudate nuclei, lentiform nuclei, putamen, globus pallidus)
    • Involved in motor function, initiation and termination of movement, suppressing unwanted movement, regulation of muscle tone and cortical function

    Limbic System

    • The "emotional brain" with structures along the inner border of the cerebrum and the floor of the diencephalon.
    • Parts include limbic lobe, dentate gyrus, amygdala, mammillary bodies, thalamic nuclei and olfactory bulbs.
    • Functions include emotions (e.g., pleasure, pain, affection, fear, anger), olfaction, and memory.

    Spinal Cord

    • Located within the vertebral canal, extending from the foramen magnum to the 1st or 2nd lumbar vertebrae.
    • It exhibits cervical and lumbar enlargements
    • Tapered termination - Conus medullaris.
    • The continuation of the spinal cord below the conus medullaris is the cauda equina
    • Anchored to the coccyx by the filum terminale .

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    Test your knowledge on the complex structures and functions of the human nervous system. This quiz covers the divisions of the peripheral nervous system, neuron types, and brain functions. Perfect for students studying human anatomy or preparing for exams.

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