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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of the pleural fluid?
What is the main function of the pleural fluid?
Reduce friction between membranes during breathing
Where is the apex of the lungs located?
Where is the apex of the lungs located?
The left lung is approximately the same size as the right lung.
The left lung is approximately the same size as the right lung.
False
The _ fissure separates the superior lobe from the middle lobe in the right lung.
The _ fissure separates the superior lobe from the middle lobe in the right lung.
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Match the following types of alveolar cells with their descriptions:
Match the following types of alveolar cells with their descriptions:
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Which of the following structures divides the thoracic cavity into two anatomically distinct chambers?
Which of the following structures divides the thoracic cavity into two anatomically distinct chambers?
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What is the main function of the parietal pleura?
What is the main function of the parietal pleura?
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What is the term for the concave base of the lungs?
What is the term for the concave base of the lungs?
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Which of the following structures is NOT part of the hilum?
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the hilum?
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What is the term for the medial concavity on the left lung?
What is the term for the medial concavity on the left lung?
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How many lobes does each lung receive from the 2º bronchus?
How many lobes does each lung receive from the 2º bronchus?
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What is the function of the fissures in the lungs?
What is the function of the fissures in the lungs?
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What is the relationship between the right and left lungs in terms of size?
What is the relationship between the right and left lungs in terms of size?
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What is the unique feature of pulmonary arteries?
What is the unique feature of pulmonary arteries?
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Where do bronchial arteries branch from?
Where do bronchial arteries branch from?
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What type of epithelium is found in the alveoli?
What type of epithelium is found in the alveoli?
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What is the function of alveolar fluid secreted by type II alveolar cells?
What is the function of alveolar fluid secreted by type II alveolar cells?
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What is the purpose of ventilation-perfusion coupling?
What is the purpose of ventilation-perfusion coupling?
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What is the term for the subdivisions of a lobe in the lung?
What is the term for the subdivisions of a lobe in the lung?
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What is the structure that wraps around a lobule?
What is the structure that wraps around a lobule?
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What is the term for the airways that terminate in alveoli?
What is the term for the airways that terminate in alveoli?
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What is the primary function of the respiratory membrane?
What is the primary function of the respiratory membrane?
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What is the shape of Type I alveolar cells?
What is the shape of Type I alveolar cells?
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What is the function of alveolar macrophages?
What is the function of alveolar macrophages?
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What is found in each bronchopulmonary segment?
What is found in each bronchopulmonary segment?
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What is the function of surfactant in alveolar fluid?
What is the function of surfactant in alveolar fluid?
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What type of epithelial cells form the alveolar sac?
What type of epithelial cells form the alveolar sac?
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Study Notes
Lungs Structure
- Paired, cone-shaped organs in thoracic cavity, separated by heart and other structures in mediastinum
- Divided into two anatomically distinct chambers by mediastinum
Pleural Membrane
- Double layer of serous membrane that encloses lungs
- Parietal pleura lines wall of thoracic cavity, visceral pleura lines lungs
- Pleural cavity space between parietal and visceral pleura contains lubricating fluid secreted by membranes
- Pleural fluid reduces friction between membranes during breathing and adheres to membrane surface tension
Position and Hilum
- Concave base of lungs sits on convex area of diaphragm
- Anterior, lateral, and posterior surface of lungs lie against ribs, costal surface matches rounded curvature of ribs
- Hilum is at mediastinal surface where bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and exit
- Held by pleura and connective tissue root
Cardiac Notch and Fissures
- Medial concavity at left lung due to heart, making left lung ~10% smaller than right lung
- Fissures divide lungs into lobes
- Oblique fissure separates superior lobe from inferior lobe (left lung), and superior lobe from inferior lobe and inferior lobe from middle lobe (right lung)
- Horizontal fissure separates superior lobe from middle lobe (right lung)
Lobes and Bronchopulmonary Segments
- Each lobe receives a 2º bronchus
- Bronchopulmonary segment receives a 3º bronchus and contains many lobules
Lobules and Alveoli
- Lobules contain a lymphatic vessel, an arteriole, a venule, and a branch from terminal bronchiole
- Alveoli are cup-shaped outpouchings lined by simple squamous epithelium and supported by a thin elastic basement membrane
- Alveoli are the main site for gas exchange
Alveolar Cells and Macrophages
- Type I alveolar cells are simple squamous epithelium and the main site for gas exchange
- Type II alveolar cells (septal cells) are rounded or cuboidal epithelium with microvilli, secrete alveolar fluid, and contain surfactant
- Alveolar macrophages remove fine dust particles and other debris from alveolar spaces
Respiratory Membrane
- Exchange of O2 and CO2 between alveolar air space and blood by diffusion
- Consists of alveolar wall (type I, II, and macrophages), basement membrane of alveolar wall, capillary endothelium, and basement membrane of capillary endothelium
Blood Supply
- Pulmonary arteries come from right ventricle and pulmonary trunk, and branch into right and left pulmonary arteries
- Pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood to left atrium
- Unique feature: constriction in response to localized hypoxia, diverting pulmonary blood from poorly ventilated area to well-ventilated area
- Bronchial arteries branch from aorta and perfuse muscular walls of bronchi and bronchioles, delivering oxygenated blood to lungs
Bronchial Tree
- Trachea divides into 1˚ bronchi, 2˚ bronchi, 3˚ bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, and alveolar ducts
Epithelial Changes
- Epithelial changes occur along the bronchial tree, from pseudostratified ciliated columnar (trachea, 1˚, 2˚, 3˚) to simple squamous (alveoli)
Lungs Structure
- Paired, cone-shaped organs in thoracic cavity, separated by heart and other structures in mediastinum
- Divided into two anatomically distinct chambers by mediastinum
Pleural Membrane
- Double layer of serous membrane that encloses lungs
- Parietal pleura lines wall of thoracic cavity, visceral pleura lines lungs
- Pleural cavity space between parietal and visceral pleura contains lubricating fluid secreted by membranes
- Pleural fluid reduces friction between membranes during breathing and adheres to membrane surface tension
Position and Hilum
- Concave base of lungs sits on convex area of diaphragm
- Anterior, lateral, and posterior surface of lungs lie against ribs, costal surface matches rounded curvature of ribs
- Hilum is at mediastinal surface where bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and exit
- Held by pleura and connective tissue root
Cardiac Notch and Fissures
- Medial concavity at left lung due to heart, making left lung ~10% smaller than right lung
- Fissures divide lungs into lobes
- Oblique fissure separates superior lobe from inferior lobe (left lung), and superior lobe from inferior lobe and inferior lobe from middle lobe (right lung)
- Horizontal fissure separates superior lobe from middle lobe (right lung)
Lobes and Bronchopulmonary Segments
- Each lobe receives a 2º bronchus
- Bronchopulmonary segment receives a 3º bronchus and contains many lobules
Lobules and Alveoli
- Lobules contain a lymphatic vessel, an arteriole, a venule, and a branch from terminal bronchiole
- Alveoli are cup-shaped outpouchings lined by simple squamous epithelium and supported by a thin elastic basement membrane
- Alveoli are the main site for gas exchange
Alveolar Cells and Macrophages
- Type I alveolar cells are simple squamous epithelium and the main site for gas exchange
- Type II alveolar cells (septal cells) are rounded or cuboidal epithelium with microvilli, secrete alveolar fluid, and contain surfactant
- Alveolar macrophages remove fine dust particles and other debris from alveolar spaces
Respiratory Membrane
- Exchange of O2 and CO2 between alveolar air space and blood by diffusion
- Consists of alveolar wall (type I, II, and macrophages), basement membrane of alveolar wall, capillary endothelium, and basement membrane of capillary endothelium
Blood Supply
- Pulmonary arteries come from right ventricle and pulmonary trunk, and branch into right and left pulmonary arteries
- Pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood to left atrium
- Unique feature: constriction in response to localized hypoxia, diverting pulmonary blood from poorly ventilated area to well-ventilated area
- Bronchial arteries branch from aorta and perfuse muscular walls of bronchi and bronchioles, delivering oxygenated blood to lungs
Bronchial Tree
- Trachea divides into 1˚ bronchi, 2˚ bronchi, 3˚ bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, and alveolar ducts
Epithelial Changes
- Epithelial changes occur along the bronchial tree, from pseudostratified ciliated columnar (trachea, 1˚, 2˚, 3˚) to simple squamous (alveoli)
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Description
This quiz covers the structure and function of human lungs, including the thoracic cavity, pleural membrane, and pleural cavity.
