Human Genetic Diversity

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Questions and Answers

What percentage of human DNA is shared by everyone?

  • 90%
  • 99.9% (correct)
  • 99.99%
  • 95%

What are the genes that are free to vary called?

  • Recessive genes
  • Dominant genes
  • Segregating genes (correct)
  • Genotypic genes

What percentage of their genes do full siblings actually differ in?

  • 0.1%
  • 1%
  • 0.01%
  • 0.05% (correct)

What does natural selection favor?

<p>Organisms that can adapt (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can change the fine structure and chemistry of the brain permanently?

<p>Experience (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is culture according to the text?

<p>A group's shared pattern of values, beliefs, institutions, and behaviors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reinforcement may be used in special education classrooms according to the text?

<p>Token economies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the controlled application of behaviorist principles to experimentally alter behavior called?

<p>Applied Behavior Analysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is mentioned as having increased self-control allowing reinforcement to be more effective even after delay?

<p>Middle Childhood (6 to 12 Years) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which age group can newborn infants be conditioned according to the text?

<p>Infancy and Toddlerhood (Prenatal to 2 Years) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the didactic form of instruction largely based on operant conditioning mentioned in the text?

<p>Direct Instruction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What age group has access to their own sources of reinforcement which limit adults' control over their behavior?

<p>Adolescents (13 to 19 Years) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What age group typically uses out loud private speech the most?

<p>Toddlers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do individuals in Vygotsky's theory often resort to talking out loud to themselves when faced with a very difficult task?

<p>Adolescence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age range is associated with private speech being 'underground' or silent according to Vygotsky's theory?

<p>Adulthood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Vygotsky, in which age group does private speech become more internal and silent while also becoming more task relevant?

<p>Toddlers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of development does adult speech support the regulation of children’s behavior?

<p>Infants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What age range is associated with the use of cultural tools for thinking, building, recording, problem-solving, and communicating according to Vygotsky's theory?

<p>6-12 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of learning according to behaviorists?

<p>A relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs because of experience (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a prominent figure associated with behaviorism?

<p>Jean Piaget (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used by behaviorists to refer to creating situations that result in learning?

<p>Conditioning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, what is the process called when the conditioned stimulus no longer elicits the conditioned response?

<p>Extinction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of conditioning is associated with learning voluntary behavior through consequences?

<p>Operant conditioning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is the Russian physiologist credited with the discovery of classical conditioning?

<p>Ivan Pavlov (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between children's memory abilities during middle childhood and adolescence?

<p>Adolescents are better at using elaboration strategies than middle childhood children. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor that contributes to higher academic achievement in students?

<p>Having a larger web of knowledge and better long-term memory. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a schema?

<p>To organize and represent knowledge in a structured way. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about prior knowledge is true, according to the text?

<p>Low-ability students with prior knowledge may learn more effectively than high-ability students without prior knowledge. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a schema and a script?

<p>A schema is for representing knowledge, while a script is for representing how to do something or an event. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following memory strategies is most effective for middle childhood children, according to the text?

<p>Rehearsal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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