30 Questions
What percentage of human DNA is shared by everyone?
99.9%
What are the genes that are free to vary called?
Segregating genes
What percentage of their genes do full siblings actually differ in?
0.05%
What does natural selection favor?
Organisms that can adapt
What can change the fine structure and chemistry of the brain permanently?
Experience
What is culture according to the text?
A group's shared pattern of values, beliefs, institutions, and behaviors
What type of reinforcement may be used in special education classrooms according to the text?
Token economies
What is the controlled application of behaviorist principles to experimentally alter behavior called?
Applied Behavior Analysis
Which age group is mentioned as having increased self-control allowing reinforcement to be more effective even after delay?
Middle Childhood (6 to 12 Years)
In which age group can newborn infants be conditioned according to the text?
Infancy and Toddlerhood (Prenatal to 2 Years)
What is the didactic form of instruction largely based on operant conditioning mentioned in the text?
Direct Instruction
What age group has access to their own sources of reinforcement which limit adults' control over their behavior?
Adolescents (13 to 19 Years)
What age group typically uses out loud private speech the most?
Toddlers
At what age do individuals in Vygotsky's theory often resort to talking out loud to themselves when faced with a very difficult task?
Adolescence
Which age range is associated with private speech being 'underground' or silent according to Vygotsky's theory?
Adulthood
According to Vygotsky, in which age group does private speech become more internal and silent while also becoming more task relevant?
Toddlers
During which stage of development does adult speech support the regulation of children’s behavior?
Infants
What age range is associated with the use of cultural tools for thinking, building, recording, problem-solving, and communicating according to Vygotsky's theory?
6-12 years
What is the definition of learning according to behaviorists?
A relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs because of experience
Which of the following is NOT a prominent figure associated with behaviorism?
Jean Piaget
What is the term used by behaviorists to refer to creating situations that result in learning?
Conditioning
In classical conditioning, what is the process called when the conditioned stimulus no longer elicits the conditioned response?
Extinction
What type of conditioning is associated with learning voluntary behavior through consequences?
Operant conditioning
Who is the Russian physiologist credited with the discovery of classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
What is the primary difference between children's memory abilities during middle childhood and adolescence?
Adolescents are better at using elaboration strategies than middle childhood children.
What is a key factor that contributes to higher academic achievement in students?
Having a larger web of knowledge and better long-term memory.
What is the primary purpose of a schema?
To organize and represent knowledge in a structured way.
Which of the following statements about prior knowledge is true, according to the text?
Low-ability students with prior knowledge may learn more effectively than high-ability students without prior knowledge.
What is the primary difference between a schema and a script?
A schema is for representing knowledge, while a script is for representing how to do something or an event.
Which of the following memory strategies is most effective for middle childhood children, according to the text?
Rehearsal
Explore the concept of human genetic diversity and the percentage of genes shared among individuals. Learn about segregating genes and the genetic difference between full siblings. Understand how natural selection preserves successful phenotypes.
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