Human Factors and The Dirty Dozen

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Questions and Answers

Which factor does NOT belong to the PEAR model?

Communication (correct)

Resources

Environment

Actions

What does the 'Lack of Knowledge' aspect of the Dirty Dozen mainly refer to?

Absence of teamwork

Shortage of tools and equipment

Inadequate training or information (correct)

Insufficient time to complete tasks

Which of the following best describes 'Fatigue' in the context of the Dirty Dozen?

Pressure from peers to perform better

Physical or mental exhaustion affecting job performance (correct)

Lack of assertiveness in voicing concerns

Overconfidence leading to mistakes

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of 'Distraction' as outlined in the Dirty Dozen?

Enhanced focus on work Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Lack of Teamwork' in the Dirty Dozen indicate?

Inability to achieve a shared objective Signup and view all the answers

What does a fuel flow meter specifically measure?

Rate of fuel consumption Signup and view all the answers

Which component of an airfoil refers to the front part?

Leading edge Signup and view all the answers

What does Bernoulli's principle explain in relation to flight?

How lift is generated through pressure differences Signup and view all the answers

Which factor affects an aircraft's lift according to Newton's third law?

The deflection of air downward by the wing Signup and view all the answers

What is an airfoil primarily designed to do?

Produce lift Signup and view all the answers

What does the aspect ratio of a wing represent?

Ratio of wing span to wing chord Signup and view all the answers

What does exhaust gas temperature (EGT) help indicate?

Engine performance and efficiency Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the angle between the chord line and the relative airflow?

Angle of attack Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using floats for landing gear?

They allow for water landings. Signup and view all the answers

Which control surface is primarily responsible for rotation around the longitudinal axis?

Ailerons Signup and view all the answers

What type of landing gear is specifically designed for operations on snow or ice?

Skis Signup and view all the answers

Which navigation system is primarily used in tactical air navigation?

TACAN Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a gyroscope in an aircraft?

Stability and orientation Signup and view all the answers

What does IFR stand for in aviation terms?

Instrument Flight Rules Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a component of the avionics system?

Missile guidance Signup and view all the answers

Which type of landing gear would be most effective for a helicopter in rugged terrain?

Skids Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a navigation aid that provides distance measurements?

DME Signup and view all the answers

What functions must be controlled by ATC during an IFR flight?

Flight altitude and direction Signup and view all the answers

What does the turn coordinator display?

The initial roll rate and stabilized rate of turn Signup and view all the answers

Which instrument helps a pilot to determine the current heading of the aircraft?

Heading indicator Signup and view all the answers

How does the vertical speed indicator show the aircraft's climbing or descending rate?

Using an internal pressure differential Signup and view all the answers

What does the tachometer measure in an aircraft?

Number of revolutions per minute (RPM) of the engine Signup and view all the answers

What does the oil pressure gauge indicate?

The oil pressure is within operating limits Signup and view all the answers

What information does the oil temperature gauge provide?

The maximum allowable temperature and normal operating range Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the instruments listed?

Fuel efficiency monitoring Signup and view all the answers

Which instrument provides a visual indication of how fast the aircraft is climbing or descending?

Vertical speed indicator Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a Fault Isolation Manual?

To isolate problems by replacing parts individually until the faulty part is found Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the purpose of a Service Bulletin?

To inform owners about modifications that can enhance safety and maintenance Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a Minimum Equipment List (MEL) from a Master Minimum Equipment List (MMEL)?

MEL is more restrictive and must be approved by the national aviation authority Signup and view all the answers

Which document provides guidance on dealing with a safety deficiency in an aircraft?

Airworthiness Directives Signup and view all the answers

What does a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) inform users about?

The precautions and procedures for handling hazardous substances Signup and view all the answers

What is included in a Configuration Deviation List?

A listing of external parts that may be absent while maintaining airworthiness Signup and view all the answers

Which manual is specifically designed to aid in checking, repairing, and testing units or assemblies?

Component Maintenance Manual Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of an Advisory Circular?

It describes acceptable methods for demonstrating compliance with aviation regulations Signup and view all the answers

What type of load tends to stretch a structural member?

Tension Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to thin sheet materials when subjected to compressive forces?

Buckling Signup and view all the answers

Which aircraft structure is primarily responsible for maintaining the shape of the fuselage?

Frames Signup and view all the answers

What construction method involves taking loads by the outer skin of the aircraft?

Monocoque Signup and view all the answers

Which material is most widely used for aircraft structures due to its favorable strength-to-weight ratio?

Aluminum Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment method is typically used where high shear or tensile loads are experienced?

Bolting Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the aircraft is primarily responsible for providing longitudinal stability?

Tailplane Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of dynamic loads on an aircraft structure?

They build up rapidly with changes in flight conditions. Signup and view all the answers

In flight control surfaces, which construction method uses a honeycomb core?

Sandwich Construction Signup and view all the answers

What does shear force do to a structural member?

Slides one face over another Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the firewall in an aircraft?

Separates the engine from the cabin Signup and view all the answers

What type of stress occurs due to compression loads in an aircraft structure?

Compressive Stress Signup and view all the answers

Which structural component runs lengthwise along the fuselage and carries bending loads?

Longerons Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Human Factors

Pear Model: Focuses on physical, physiological, psychological, and psychosocial factors affecting work performance.
Environment: Physical workplace (ramp, hangar, shop)
Actions: Work tasks performed
Resources: Tangible or intangible assets

The Dirty Dozen

Lack of communication: Failure to exchange information for a task.
Complacency: Overconfidence from repeated tasks.
Lack of knowledge: Inadequate training and information.
Distraction: Anything drawing attention away from the task.
Lack of teamwork: Failure to cooperate on a shared goal.
Fatigue: Physical or mental exhaustion.
Lack of resources: Inadequate people, equipment, documentation, etc.
Pressure: High-level job demands, real or perceived.
Lack of assertiveness: Failing to express concerns about instructions or actions.
Stress: Physical, chemical, or emotional tension.
Lack of awareness: Failure to recognize a situation and its consequences.
Norms: Unwritten rules of behavior.

Aircraft Airframe Systems

Load Applied to Aircraft Structures:
- Tensile: Stretches structural members.
- Compression: Shortens structural members.
- Shear: Moves one surface of material over an adjacent one.
- Bending: Tension/compression stress for example across structures.
- Torsion: Twisting forces.
Stress: Internal forces per unit area.
Strain: Change in structural dimensions due to stress.
Buckling: Thin sheet materials collapse under compressional forces.
Dynamic Loads: Changes in flight conditions cause quick load increases.

Static Loads

Constant, slow increase
Aircraft on the ground.
Forces on aircraft due to lift

Aircraft Structures

Fuselage: The main body of the aircraft.
- Truss/Framework: Lightweight steel used in aircraft construction
- Monocoque: Light Aircraft: Loads taken by the Skin.
- Semi-monocoque: Combined stressed skin with internal supports.
- Longerons: Long beams for the fuselage.
- Frames: Vertical structural beams
- Bulkheads: Solid supports for strength
- Firewalls: Separation to contain fire.
Wings: Lift planes, provide support
- Biplane, Braced Monoplane, Cantilever Monoplane: Types of wing construction
- Spars: Beams to stabilize and withstand stress.
- Skin: Covers and supports the wing
- Ribs, Stingers: Support and shape.
Stabilizing Surfaces:
- Tailplane/Horizontal Stabilizer: Longitudinal balance.
- Fin/Vertical Stabilizer: Directional balance

Materials Used

Aluminum and its alloys most widely used.
Steel: Strength is very important
Titanium: Light material, useful for fire protection.
Magnesium alloy: Lightweight.
Composite Materials: Various elements for different properties.
Sandwich construction: Combining honeycomb core with skins.

Aircraft Hydraulic System

Function: Operate key components.
Flight controls, Landing Gear, Braking, Thrust reversers, Nose wheel steering, Spoilers, Speed Brakes.
Hydraulic system components, pressure, and forces.

Function of Electrical Systems

Powering avionics systems.
Providing lighting for interior and exterior needs.
Operate engine parts.
Powers fuel pumps
Environments systems (climate control)
Landing gear and flaps systems (operation).
APU (Auxiliary Power Unit): Backup power source.

Function of Pneumatic System

Engine starting.
Cabin pressurization.
Air conditioning/ventilation.
Anti-ice/de-icing.
Hydraulic system pressurization.

Function of Fuel Systems

Fuel storage.
Fuel delivery.
Fuel distribution.
Fuel monitoring.
Crossfeed/transfer.
Emergency shutoff.

Landing Gear Types

Tricycle, Tailwheel (Conventional), Tandem, Multi-bogie, Fixed, Retractable, Floats, Skis, Amphibious.

Aircraft Avionics

Navigation, Communication, Surveillance.
Visual Flight Rules (VFR), Instrument Flight Rules (IFR)
Instruments, Autopilot, Gyroscope, Altimeter Radar, Doppler

Aerodynamics

Theory of Flight: Airfoil shapes, leading and trailing edges, chord line, camber, wing span, wing area, aspect ratio, angle of incidence, relative airflow.
Four Forces: Lift, Weight, Drag, Thrust

Powerplant - Jet Turbine

Types: Turbojet, Turbofan, Turboprop, Turboshaft.
Intake section, Compressor section, Combustion section, Turbine section Exhaust section.

Philippine Civil Aviation Regulations

PCAR Part 1 (General policies, procedures, and definitions).
PCAR Part 2 (Personnel licensing).
PCAR Part 3 (Approved training organizations).
PCAR Part 4 (Aircraft registration and marking).
PCAR Part 5 (Airworthiness).
PCAR Part 6 (Approved maintenance organizations).
PCAR Part 7 (Instruments and equipment).
PCAR Part 8 (Operations of aircraft).
PCAR Part 9 (Air operator).
PCAR Part 10 (Commercial transport).
PCAR Part 11 (Aerial work).
PCAR Part 13 (Accident and incident reporting).
PCAR Part 18 (Dangerous goods).

Aircraft Maintenance Manual

Illustrated parts catalog.
Structural repair manuals.
Wiring diagrams.
System schematic manuals.
Component maintenance manuals.
Material safety data sheets (MSDS).
Fault isolation manuals.
Master minimum equipment list (MMEL).
Configuration deviation list.

Additional ATA Chapters

Leveling / weighing (ATA 08)
Servicing / routine maintenance (ATA 12).
Electrical power (ATA 24).

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Description

Explore the critical aspects of human factors in workplace performance with a focus on the Pear Model and the Dirty Dozen. This quiz covers communication, teamwork, stress, and more, highlighting how these elements affect job safety and efficacy. Test your knowledge of these fundamental concepts in occupational health and safety.