Human Factors Review PDF

**HUMAN FACTORS** - **PEAR MODEL** - **P-PEOPLE** -- people who perform the work and it focus on physical, physiological, psychological, and psychosocial factors - **E**-**ENVIRONMENT** -- physical workplace on the ramp, in the hangar or shop - **A**-**ACTIONS...

**HUMAN FACTORS** - **PEAR MODEL** - **P-PEOPLE** -- people who perform the work and it focus on physical, physiological, psychological, and psychosocial factors - **E**-**ENVIRONMENT** -- physical workplace on the ramp, in the hangar or shop - **A**-**ACTIONS** - **R**-**RESOURCES --** collective asset that can be tangible or intangible II. **THE DIRTY DOZEN** 1. **LACK OF COMMUNCATION --** failure to provide and receive information for the maintenance task 2. **COMPLACENCY --** overconfidence from a repeated experience in performing a task 3. **LACK OF KNOWLEDGE --** shortage of the training, information of ability to successfully perform 4. **DISTRACTION --** anything that draws your attention away from the task at hand 5. **LACK OF TEAMWORK --** failure to work together to complete a shared goal 6. **FATIGUE --** physical or mental exhaustion threatening work performance 7. **LACK OF RESOURCES --** not having enough people, equipment, documentation, time, parts to finish the task 8. **PRESSURE --** real or perceived forces demanding high-level job performance 9. **LACK OF ASSERTIVENESS --** failure to speak up or document concerns about instructions, orders, or the actions of others 10. **STRESS --** physical, chemical, or emotional factor that causes physical or mental tension 11. **LACK OF AWARENESS --** failure to recognize a situation, understand what it is, and predict the possible results 12. **NORMS --** one of the expected, yet unwritten rules of behavior III. **AIRCRAFT AIRFRAME SYSTEMS** - **LOAD APPLIED TO AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES** - **TENSIONS --** tensile load is one of which tends to stretch a structural member (ties) - **COMPRESSION --** opposite of tensile loads and tend to shorten structural members (struts) - **SHEAR --** force which tends to slide one face of the material over adjacent face (riveted joints) - **BENDING --** tension as the outer edge stretches, compression as inner, shear across the structures as the forces try to split it - **TORSION --** twisting forces produces tension at the outer edge compression in the center and shear across the structure - **STRESS --** internal force per unit area inside a structural part because of external loads and therefore a tensile load or force will set up a tensile tress, compression loads will set up compressive stress - **STRAIN --** external force of a sufficient magnitude acts on a structure, the structural dimensions change (deformation) - **BUCKLING --** occurs to thin sheet materials when they are subjected to end loads and to ties if subjected to compressive forces - **DYNAMIC LOADS --** tend to build up quickly due to changes in flight conditions - **STATIC LOADS --** constant and build slowly, aircraft on the ground will experience static loads - **FORCES ACTING ON THE AIRCRAFT STRUCTURE** - **AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES** - **FUSELAGE --** main structure or body of the aircraft **FUSELAGE CONSTRUCTION:** - **TRUSS OR FRAMEWORK --** used for light, non-pressurized aircraft **-** consists of light gauge steel tubes welded together **-** covered by a lightweight aluminum alloy or fabric skin - **MONOCOQUE --** used for light aircraft **-** all the loads are taken by the skin with just light internal frames or formers to give the required shape - **SEMI-**MONOCOQUE -- stressed skins **-** additional structural members known as stringers and longeron were added to run lengthwise along the fuselage joining the frames together - **LONGERONS --** beams in the fuselage that are fitted longitudinally from nose to tail **-** often placed below the floor and take the main bending loads - **FRAMES --** vertical structures that are open in their center **-** designed to take the major loads and give the aircraft its shape - **BULKHEADS --** similar to frames but are usually solid but may have access doors **-** designed to give the fuselage its shape and take some of the main loads - **FIREWALLS --** separating the flight deck and cabin from the engine **-** required to protect the flight crew and passengers in the event of an engine fire - **WINGS --** support the weight of the aircraft in the air and so must have sufficient strength and stiffness **WINGS CONSCTRUCTION:** - **BIPLANE --** wing spars, interplane struts and bracing wires form a lattice girder of great rigidity which is highly resistant to bending and twisting - **BRACED MONOPLANE --** used on low-speed aircraft - **CANTILEVER MONOPLANE --** one or more strong beams, called spars, run along the span of the wing - **SPARS --** single spar twin spar or multi-spar - **SKIN --** takes the loads due to differences in air pressure and the mass and inertia of the fuel in the wing tanks - **STRINGERS --** spanwise members giving the wing rigidity by stiffening the skin in compression - **RIBS --** maintain the aero foil shape of the wings, support the spars, stringers and skin against buckling - **STABILIZING SURFACES (EMPENNAGE)** - **TAILPLANE OR HORIZONTAL STABILIZER --** provide longitudinal stability by generating upwards or downwards forces as required (controlled by elevator) - **FIN OR VERTICAL STABILIZER --** generate sideways forces (directional control provided by the rudder) **MATERIALS USED** - **ALUMINUM --** and its alloys are the most widely used metals for structural use due to a good strength to weight ratio with duralumin type alloys predominating due to their good fatigue resistance - **STEEL --** and its alloys are only used where strength is vital and weight penalties can be ignored - **TITANIUM --** much lighter than steel and can be used where fire protection is required - **MAGNESIUM ALLOY --**principal advantage being their weight **COMPOSITE MATERIALS --** made of at least two elements to produce a material with properties that are different to those of the original elements - **SANDWICH CONSTRUCTION --** used typically for flight control surfaces, flooring, fuselage panels, empennage skin and sound proofing for engines **-** laminar construction that uses honeycomb core with skins of composite material or aluminum alloy **ATTACHMENT METHODS:** - **RIVETING** - **WELDING** - **BOLTING --** employed where high shear or tensile loads are experienced (locking wire, split pins, nuts) - **PINNING --** use of pins - **BONDING --** sheet of adhesive is placed between the two materials **AIRCRAFT HYDRAULIC SYSTEM --** complex system essential for operating various a/c components - It is commonly used for controlling flight surfaces, managing landing gear, operating thrust reversers, controlling brakes **HYDRAULIC SYSTEM SCHEMATIC --** Reservoir has a Hydrostatic pressure (low pressure) but it is pre pressurized to convert the hydrostatic pressure to hydrodynamic pressure and helped by additional pressure given by the Ambient Conditions (temp).= \"High pressure\" is necessary to satisfy the demands of the users. Excess pressure will circulate back to the storage (reservoir) - FUNCTION OF **HYDRAULIC SYSTEM** IN AN AIRCRAFT \- The **hydraulic system** in an aircraft provides the necessary force to operate key components such as: 1. **FLIGHT CONTROLS**: Powers ailerons, elevators, rudders, and flaps for smooth control. 2. **LANDING GEAR**: Extends and retracts the landing gear during takeoff and landing. 3. **BRAKING**: Enables strong, reliable braking and anti-skid functions after landing. 4. **THRUST REVERSERS**: Assists in slowing the aircraft by redirecting engine thrust. 5. **NOSE WHEEL STEERING**: Controls ground maneuvering during taxiing. 6. **SPOILERS AND SPEED BRAKES**: Manages drag and lift to aid in slowing the aircraft. - **FUNCTION OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM IN AN AIRCRAFT** **-** The **electrical system** in an aircraft is critical for powering various systems and components. Its primary functions include: 1. **POWERING AVIONICS**: Supplies electricity to navigation, communication, and flight control instruments. 2. **LIGHTING**: Provides power to interior and exterior lights, including cockpit, cabin, and landing lights. 3. **ENGINE STARTING**: Powers the starter motor to initiate engine operation. 4. **FUEL PUMPS**: Operates pumps that transfer and pressurize fuel for the engines. 5. **ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS**: Powers air conditioning, heating, and pressurization systems. 6. **LANDING GEAR AND FLAP SYSTEMS**: Powers electrical components involved in controlling landing gear and flaps (in some aircraft). 7. **AUXILIARY POWER UNIT (APU)**: Provides backup electrical power when the main engines are off. - **FUNCTION OF PNEUMATIC SYSTEM IN AN AIRCRAFT** 1. **ENGINE STARTING**: Provides the air pressure needed to start the engines, especially in turbine-powered aircraft. 2. **CABIN PRESSURIZATION**: Supplies compressed air to maintain proper cabin pressure at high altitudes. 3. **AIR CONDITIONING**: Powers the environmental control system to regulate cabin temperature and ventilation. 4. **ANTI-ICE AND DE-ICING**: Delivers hot compressed air to prevent or remove ice buildup on critical surfaces such as wings and engine inlets. 5. **HYDRAULIC SYSTEM PRESSURIZATION**: In some aircraft, the pneumatic system helps pressurize the hydraulic system by providing air to hydraulic reservoirs. - **FUNCTION OF FUEL SYSTEM IN AN AIRCRAFT** 1. **FUEL STORAGE**: Safely stores fuel in multiple tanks, typically located in the wings and fuselage. 2. **FUEL DELIVERY**: Pumps and controls fuel flow from the tanks to the engines, ensuring a steady and regulated supply. 3. **FUEL DISTRIBUTION**: Balances fuel between tanks to maintain the aircraft\'s weight and balance during flight. 4. **FUEL MONITORING**: Provides information on fuel quantity, temperature, and pressure to the pilot through cockpit gauges. 5. **CROSSFEED AND TRANSFER**: Allows fuel to be transferred between tanks to manage the fuel load and ensure even consumption. 6. **EMERGENCY SHUTOFF**: Includes safety mechanisms to stop fuel flow in the event of a fire or system malfunction. - **TYPES OF LANDING GEAR** 1. **Tricycle Landing Gear** - Description: Consists of two main wheels and a smaller nose wheel. - Advantages: Provides stability during takeoff and landing, allows better forward visibility, and reduces the risk of tipping forward. - Usage: Common in most modern aircraft, including commercial airliners and general aviation aircraft. 2. **Tailwheel (Conventional) Landing Gear** - Description: Two main wheels are located ahead of the center of gravity, with a smaller tailwheel at the rear. - Advantages: Suitable for rough terrain, allows for shorter and simpler landing gear designs. - Usage: Often used in older aircraft, bush planes, and aerobatic aircraft. 3. **Tandem Landing Gear** - Description: Consists of two sets of main wheels arranged in a straight line along the fuselage. - Advantages: Reduces the need for wing-mounted gear and allows for more flexible wing designs. - Usage: Found in certain military aircraft and gliders. 4. **Multi-Bogie Landing Gear** - Description: Uses multiple wheels on each main landing gear strut, often arranged in bogies (multi-wheel assemblies). - Advantages: Distributes weight more evenly, allows for heavy aircraft to operate on soft or rough surfaces. - Usage: Common on large commercial aircraft and heavy cargo planes. **5. Fixed Landing Gear** - Description: Landing gear that remains extended and exposed during flight. - Advantages: Simple, lightweight, and low-maintenance, typically more affordable. - Usage: Found on small general aviation aircraft and ultralights. **6. Retractable Landing Gear** - Description: Can be retracted into the fuselage or wings during flight to reduce drag. - Advantages: Improves aerodynamics, reduces drag, and allows for higher speeds. - Usage: Common on commercial, military, and high-performance aircraft. **7. Floats, Skis, and Amphibious Landing Gear** - Floats: Used for water landings; replaces wheels with floats. - Skis: Allow landing on snow or ice surfaces. - Amphibious Gear: Combines floats with retractable wheels, enabling operation on both water and land. - Usage: Found on seaplanes, bush planes, and specialized aircraft for winter operations. **8. Skid Landing Gear** - Description: Skids are used instead of wheels, common in helicopters. - Advantages: Provides stability for takeoff and landing in rugged or uneven terrain. - Usage: Mostly used on helicopters, particularly small and utility models. **MOMENTS AROUND THE AXES** **LONGITUDINAL AXIS** -- Rotation around the longitudinal axis is ***rolling and is controlled by the ailerons***, or for some aircraft, spoilers, or by a combination of the two. **LATERAL AXIS** -- Rotation around the lateral axis is ***pitching and is controlled by the elevators***, or by a moving tailplane. **NORMAL AXIS** -- Rotation around the normal axis is ***yawing and is controlled by the rudder.*** IV. **AIRCRAFT AVIONICS SYSTEM** **AVIONICS --** aviation electronics - **NAVIGATION --** field of study that focuses on the process of monitoring and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another - **COMMUNICATION --** act of conveying meanings from one entity or group to another using mutually understood signs, symbols, and semiotic rules - **SURVEILLANCE --** monitoring or close observation of behavior, activities, or information for the purpose of influencing, managing, or directing - **NDB --** non-directional beacons - **VOR --** Very High Frequency (VFR) Omni-Directional Range - **DME --** Distance Measuring Equipment - **TACAN --** Tactical Air Navigation System - **LORAN-**C - **ILS** - **MLS** - **GPS** - **AUTOPILOT** - **GYROSCOPE** - **ALTIMETER RADAR** - **DOPPLER** - **VFR -- VISUAL FLIGHT RULE --** based on flying by visually looking out of the cockpit **-** visually navigate with reference to ground landmarks \- aircraft altitude control may be based solely on the natural horizon visible through the windscreen of the aircraft \- looking out to avoid collisions with another a/c \- VFR flights usually involve small aircraft operated for personal purpose - **IFR -- INTRUMENT FLIGHT RULE --** based on flying using airborne instruments **-** must be equipped with gyroscope, navigational equipment, radio communications, transponder **-** operators are fully controlled by ATC system **-** ATC operators on the ground gives directions for each aircraft's flight plan **AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENT** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 12. **AIRSPEED INDICATOR --** uses the pressure differential in the | | pitot-static system to measure and display the aircraft's speed | | | | - ASI displays speed in knots or miles per hour | | | | - Device for measuring the forward speed of the aircraft | +=======================================================================+ | 1. **ATTITUDE INDICATOR --** aka artificial horizon | | | | - Uses a rigidly-mounted internal gyro to display the | | aircraft's attitude relative to the horizon | | | | - Display consists of a miniature a/c aligned to the horizon in | | straight-and-level flight, with a blue sky above and brown | | ground below | | | | - Pitch and roll | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 2. **ALTIMETER --** uses barometric pressure obtained from the | | static port to display the a/c approximate altitude or height | | above mean sea level (MSL) in feet | | | | - Measures the height of an aircraft above a fixed level | | | | - Measures the altitude of the aircraft | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 3. **TURN COORDINATOR --** uses a canted internal gyro to display | | both initial roll rate and stabilized rate of turn | | | | - Around the longitudinal (roll) axis | | | | - Rate of turn | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 4. **HEADING INDICATOR --** uses a rotating gyro to display the | | current compass rose direction (heading) that the a/c is flying | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 5. **VERTICAL SPEED INDICATOR --** uses an internal pressure | | differential to provide a visual indication of how fast the a/c | | is climbing or descending | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **ENGINE INSTRUMENT** | | | | 6. **TACHOMETER --** device for counting | | | | - Used to show the number of revolutions per minute (RPM) of | | the engine | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 7. **OIL PRESSURE GAUGE --** tells the pilot that the oil pressure | | is within operating limits, ensuring the engine is getting the | | lubrication it needs | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 8. **OIL TEMPERATURE GAUGE --** measures the temperature of oil | | | | - Green area shows the normal operating range | | | | - Red line indicates the maximum and allowable temperature | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 9. **FUEL GAUGE --** accurately monitors and measures the quantity | | of on-aircraft fuel, which is a critical function necessary for | | the safe and efficient operation of any aircraft | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 10. **FUEL FLOW METER --** shows the rate of fuel consumption, | | helping pilots manage fuel efficiency and reserves | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 11. **EXHAUST GAS TEMPERATURE (EGT) --** measures the temperature of | | the exhaust gases, which can indicate engine performance and | | efficiency | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ V. **AERODYANMICS** a. **THEORY OF FLIGHT** - **AIRFOIL --** a structure curved to produce lift - **LEADING EDGE --** front of airfoil - **TRAILING EDGE --** end of the airfoil - **CHORD LINE --** imaginary line between the leading edge and the trailing edge of the wing - **CAMBER --** curvature of an airfoil - **WING SPAN --** distance measured from wing tip to wing tip - **WING AREA --** average length X width - **PLANFORM --** shape of the wing from above - **ASPECT RATIO --** ratio of wing span: wing chord - **ANGLE OF INCIDENCE --** angle between chord line and longitudinal axis - **RELATIVE AIRFLOW --** airflow with respect to wing; opposite of aircraft motion - **ANGLE OF ATTACK --** angle between chord line and relative airflow - **PRINCIPLES OF LIFT** - **BERNOULLI'S PRINCIPLE** -- Faster airflow over the curved upper surface of the wing creates lower pressure, while slower airflow under the wing creates higher pressure. This pressure difference generates lift. - **NEWTON'S THIRD LAW** -- The wing deflects air downward, and the reactive force pushes the wing upward, contributing to lift. b. **FOUR FORCES OF FLIGHT** 1. **LIFT --** wing is shaped like an airfoil. In normal forward flight wind passing over the wing called relative wind is what helps the airfoil generate lift **-** when air is moving across the airfoil it is forced to move faster across the top than it is along the bottom \- the slower moving air across the bottom puts more pressure upwards on the wing than the faster moving air across the top, this in turn creates lift (***Bernoulli's principle)*** \- while the wings are creating the force of lift which is pulling the aircraft up, we also have the force thrust pulling the aircraft forward **THRUST -** we also have the force thrust pulling the aircraft forward, created by the propeller 2. **WEIGHT --** counteracts the two forces above **-** gross weight along with gravity all act as weight pulling down on the aircraft **-** in order for an airplane to fly, the lift generated by the wings must be equal to or greater than the weight of the aircraft 3. **DRAG --** opposite of life **-** created simply by the aircraft's existence **-** object's natural desire to resist moving through a fluid such as air or water **-** thrust must be equal or greater than drag VI. **POWERPLANT -- JET TURBINE** - Internal combustion engine that uses air as its working fluid - Extracts chemical energy from fuel and converts it into mechanical energy by utilizing the gaseous energy of the working fluid (air) to drive the engine and propeller, propelling the airplane - **TYPES OF JET ENGINE** 1. **TURBO JET --** jet engine which produces all its thrust by ejecting a high energy gas stream from the engine exhaust nozzle 2. **TURBO FAN --** modern variation of the basic gas turbine engine - Consists of a core engine surrounded by a fan at the front and an additional turbine at the rear - The fan and fan turbine, like the core compressor and core turbine, have many blades and are connected to an additional shaft 3. **TURBO PROP --** optimized to drive an aircraft propeller through reduction gearing - Aircraft equipped with turboprop engines are highly efficient at lower flight speeds, consuming less fuel per seat mile and requiring shorter runways for takeoff and landing 4. **TURBO SHAFT --** variant of gas turbine engine optimized to produce shaft power to drive machinery instead of generating thrust - **INTAKE SECTION --** designed to guide incoming air to the compressor with minimal energy loss due to drag or ram pressure - This ensures that the airflow into the compressor is free of turbulence, maximizing operating efficiency - Intake sits upstream of the compressor, and its main parts include the inlet cowl and fan cowl doors - **COMPRESSOR SECTION --** responsible for providing enough compressed air to meet the needs of combustion - It increases the pressure of the incoming air mass received at the inlet and supplies it to the combustion section at the required pressure - It supplies bleed air for various purposes in the engine and aircraft - Located between the air inlet duct and the combustion chamber - Mainly composed of rotor and stator blades - **COMBUSTION SECTION --** houses the combustion process, which elevates the temperature of the air passing through the engine - Primary function is to burn the fuel/air mixture efficiently - Located between the compressor and turbine section - Consists of parts such as the case, diffuser, liner, snout, dome/swirler, fuel injector, and igniter - **Types: can, annular, can-annular** - **TURBINE SECTION --** converts a portion of the kinetic energy from the exhaust gasses into mechanical energy to power the compressor and accessories - Primary function is to absorb about 60-70% of the total pressure energy from the exhaust gasses - Located downstream of the combustion chamber - Main parts include inlet guide vanes, turbine blades, turbine case, and turbine shaft - **Types of turbine blades: impulse, reaction, and impulse-reaction turbine blades** - **EXHAUST SECTION --** comprises several components with distinct purposes - Located directly behind the turbine section, the exhaust section extends until the gasses are ejected at the rear as high-velocity exhaust gasses - Main parts include exhaust cone, tailpipe, and exhaust nozzle - **ACCESSORY SECTION --** provide space for mounting accessories necessary for engine operation and control - Secondary functions include serving as an oil reservoir or sump and housing accessory drive gears and reduction gears - **TURBINE ENGINE PROPULSION PRINCIPLE** - To summarize, the principle used by a gas turbine engine to propel an airplane is based on Newton's third law of motion, which states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction 1. **INLET --** air enters through the inlet 2. **COMPRESSOR --** the compressor increases the air pressure before it enters the combustion chamber 3. **COMBUSTION CHAMBER --** in the combustion chamber, the compressed air mixes with fuel and is ignited, creating expanding hot gasses 4. **TURBINE --** these hot gasses drive the turbine 5. **EXHAUST --** the gasses exit through the exit - Therefore, when the engine accelerates a mass of air (action), it applies a force to the aircraft (reaction) VII. **PHILIPPINE CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS** - **PCAR PART 1 -- GENERAL POLICIES, PROCEDURES, AND DEFINITIONS** \- Establishes the foundational rules, general procedures, and definitions that apply to Philippine civil aviation. \- Provides guidelines for regulatory enforcement and interpretation of key terms used in aviation. - **PCAR PART 2 -- PERSONNEL LICENSING** \- Defines the requirements for licensing aviation personnel (pilots, maintenance engineers, etc.). \- Covers qualifications, training, experience, and medical fitness necessary for obtaining and renewing licenses - **PCAR PART 3 -- APPROVED TRAINING ORGANIZATIONS (ATO)** \- Regulates the certification and oversight of training institutions for aviation professionals. \- Ensures compliance with standards for instructors, facilities, courses, and safety practices. - **PCAR PART 4 -- AIRCRAFT REGISTRATION AND MARKING** \- Details the procedures for aircraft registration and issuance of registration certificates. \- Establishes rules for displaying aircraft identification and marking requirements for Philippine-registered aircraft. - **PCAR PART 5 -- AIRWORTHINESS** **-** Outlines standards for maintaining aircraft airworthiness, including inspections and certification. \- Governs aircraft maintenance, modification, and mandatory checks to ensure safe operations. - **PCAR PART 6 -- APPROVED MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATIONS (AMO)** **-** Regulates maintenance organizations, requiring certification and oversight. **-** Specifies staffing, facility, and documentation requirements for performing aircraft maintenance and repairs. - **PCAR PART 7 -- INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT** \- Lists mandatory instruments and equipment for aircraft to ensure safe flight, including communication, navigation, and emergency gear. \- Ensures compliance with equipment standards for operational and safety purposes. - **PCAR PART 8 -- OPERATIONS OF AIRCRAFT** **-** Governs rules for flight operations, including commercial, private, and general aviation. \- Specifies responsibilities of pilots, flight crew, operational planning, and air traffic regulations for safe **aircraft operation.** - **PART 9 - AIR OPERATOR CERTIFICATION AND ADMINISTRATION:** **-** Sets requirements for obtaining an AOC, including an operations manual, safety management system, and necessary resources, with compliance overseen through audits and inspections. - **PART 10 - COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT BY FOREIGN AIR CARRIERS:** \- Regulates foreign carriers in Philippine airspace, requiring operational permission, safety documentation, and adherence to operational guidelines. - **PART 11 - AERIAL WORK:** **-** Regulates specialized operations (e.g., aerial survey, crop dusting), requiring specific training, certification, and tailored safety protocols. - **PART 13 - ACCIDENT AND INCIDENT REPORTING:** **-** Requires timely reporting of accidents/incidents to CAAP, outlines investigation protocols, and mandates record-keeping and cooperation. - **PART 18 - DANGEROUS GOODS:** **-** Governs safe handling and transport of hazardous materials per ICAO standards, with strict rules on personnel training, passenger restrictions, and cargo safety. VIII. **AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE PUBILICATIONS AND ATA 100 SPECIFICATIONS** 1. **AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE MANUAL --** formal document which details the way in which all maintenance tasks carried out on an aircraft shall be accomplished. - Lubrication system functional checks - Servicing excluding structural repairs and modifications 2. **ILLUSTRATED PARTS CATALOG** -- specific to a/c type -- published by manufacturers - Comprehensive detail - Illustrations - Part numbers - Use for identifying parts and illustrating assembly 3. **STRUCTURAL REPAIR MANUAL --** descriptive information for identification and repair of a/c primary and secondary structure - how to assess the damage - classify the damage - how to repair the damage 4. **WIRING DIAGRAM MANUAL --** how the a/c wires are connected and where they should be located 5. **SYSTEM SCHEMATIC MANUAL --** simple diagrams that illustrate the major components and function of a system such as hydraulic or fuel - Detailed information that will help the mechanic to diagnose a problem or repair 6. **COMPONENT MAINTENANCE MANUAL --** details how to accomplish off-a/c maintenance tasks on an a/c component 1. Information required to check, repair, adjust and test units or assemblies 2. Contain enough detail to return the component to a serviceable condition 7. **MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET --** provides information on the hazards of working with a chemical and procedures that should be used to ensure safety and proper storage 8. **FAULT ISOLATION MANUAL --** series of steps to be used when troubleshooting a problem - Replacing parts, one after another, until a faulty part is found and replaced 9. **MASTER MINIMUM EQUIPMENT LIST --** document prepared by the a/c manufacturer during a/c certification - lists items in an a/c that be deferred with little to no effect on the safety of the operation 10. **MINIMUM EQUIPMENT LIST --** prepared by an operator or an airline based on the MMEL - MEL is approved by the airline's national aviation authority - More restrictive than MMEL 11. **CONFIGURATION DEVIATION LIST --** listing of approved non-structural external parts that may be missing but the airplane remains airworthy 12. **SERVICE BULLETIN --** communicate details of modifications which can be embodied in a/c - Used to inform owners and operators about critical and useful information on a/c safety, maintenance or product improvement 13. **AIRWORTHINESS DIRECTIVES --** notification to owners and operators of certified a/c that a known safety deficiency/hazard with a particular model of a/c, engine, avionics or other system exists and must be corrected - **MANDATORY** 14. **ADVISORY CIRCULAR --** information and guidance by describing an acceptable means, but not the only means, of demonstrating compliance with aviation regulations and standards 15. **SUPPLEMENTAL TYPE CERTIFICATE --** certifies that a modification or improvement to an a/c, engine, or propeller has been approved and complies with the existing type certification standards\\ 16. **TYPE CERTIFICATE DATA SHEET (TCDS) --** provides vital information about the design, specifications, and the operational limitations of a specific a/c or engine model 17. **TASK CARD --** tailored description of a maintenance task prepared from original documentation by a technical support office to facilitate the correct completion of that task by those assigned to complete it 18. **SERVICE INFORMATION LETTER (SIL) --** information on part, product improvement or maintenance information designed to enhance the longevity of a part 19. **SERVICE INSTRUCTION --** describes modification, process, and other information pertinent to the maintenance, repair and overhaul 20. **ENGINEERING ORDER --** used to manage and plan maintenance to comply with the requirements that are identified by technical publications - Can either be date-based, meter-based or maintenance event-based IX. **ATA CHAPTER LIST** - **ATA 08 LEVELING AND WEIGHING. ** - **ATA 12 SERVICING - ROUTINE MAINTENANCE ** - **ATA 24 ELECTRICAL POWER ** - **ATA 27 FLIGHT CONTROLS ** - **ATA 28 FUEL ** - **ATA 29 HYDRAULIC POWER ** - **ATA 32 LANDING GEAR ** - **ATA 36 PNEUMATIC ** - **ATA 39 ELECTRICAL - ELECTRONIC PANELS AND MULTIPURPOSE COMPONENTS ** - **ATA 61 PROPELLERS ** - **ATA 71 POWER PLANT ** - **ATA 74 IGNITION ** - **ATA 79 OIL ** - **ATA 80 STARTING ** - **ATA 81 TURBINES (RECIPROCATING ENGINES) **