53 Questions
Which type of nerve fibers have a schwann cell membrane wrapping around the axon?
Myelinated fibers
Where does platelet production primarily occur?
Megakaryocytes
What is the primary function of T-tubules?
Spread impulses
Where do leiomyomas, benign smooth muscle tumors, primarily occur?
Uterus
Which part of the eye lacks photoreceptors and is known as the blind spot?
Optic disc
What is the primary function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells?
Store calcium ions & transmits electrical impulses
Which type of cells produce oil material that coats hair shafts and the epidermal surface?
Sebaceous glands
In which type of cell division do you get 4 haploid daughter cells?
Meiosis
What is the main difference between white and grey matter in the nervous system?
White matter contains myelinates axons, grey matter contains cell bodies.
What is the function of the outer pigmented layer of the retina?
Absorb light and store vitamin A
Which type of cells are more numerous and sensitive to light in the retina?
Rods
What is the main function of neutrophils in the blood?
Kill and phagocytose bacteria
Which type of blood cells have a several-month lifespan and release histamine during allergies?
Basophils
What is the function of the stratum corneum in the epidermis?
Containing dead keratin-filled keratinocytes
What is the main function of monocytes in the blood?
Differentiate into macrophages
Which type of blood cells have a bilobed nucleus and are light pink in color?
Neutrophils
Which muscle tissue type is characterized by branching striations and intercalated discs?
Cardiac muscle tissue
What is the main component of the dermis layer of the skin?
Dense irregular connective tissue
What is the function of osteoclasts in bone tissue?
Break down bone tissue
Where does vasoconstriction and dilation occur in blood vessels?
Vasa vasorum
Which of the following surrounds muscle belly?
Endomysium
What is the primary function of cones in the retina?
Detect color and provide high-resolution vision
Which part of the sarcomere contains dark myosin and actin overlap?
H-zone
What is a characteristic feature of smooth muscle tissue?
Utilizes calmodulin
In skeletal muscle tissue, what makes up the functional unit of myofibril?
Sarcomere
Which structure is secured to the eardrum among the middle ear ossicles?
Malleus
Where is the fovea centralis located?
Tiny pit in the macula lutea
What happens during depolarization of a cell?
Inside of membrane becomes less negative
Which disease is characterized by progressive muscle weakness and is an inherited X-linked recessive disorder?
Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
What is the function of glial cells in the CNS?
Support neurons
What type of bones form through intramembranous ossification?
Flat bones
Which type of muscle is characterized as being stronger but slower compared to skeletal muscle?
Smooth muscle
What is the major defect associated with Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy?
Defect in dystrophin gene
In which part of the body does Multiple Sclerosis primarily affect?
Central Nervous System
What is the main role of perichondrium in cartilage?
Supply blood and nerves to cartilage
Where does the nerve impulse transmission occur from one neuron to another?
Synapse
Which type of nerve fibers have an even distribution of voltage-gated ion channels and slower impulse conduction?
Unmyelinated fibers
What is the Epidermis layer made of?
Stratified squamous epithelium
What is the difference between smooth muscle and skeletal muscle?
Skeletal muscle is striated; smooth muscle is not
Scarolemma is another name for?
Plasma membrane in a muscle cell
Where does the optic nerve leave the eye, creating a location lacking photoreceptors known as the blind spot?
Optic disc
An action potential starts when?
Sodium channels open
Which type of muscle tissue is characterized by faster contraction and multinucleated cells?
Skeletal muscle tissue
What is the function of osteoclasts in bone remodeling?
Breaking down and resorbing bone tissue
What Sacs house equilibrium receptors that respond to gravity and changes in position of head?
Vestibule
What is the primary function of langerhans cells in the epidermis?
Acting as immune cells to protect against pathogens
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of smooth muscle tissue?
Presence of calmodulin for muscle contractions
What is the primary factor generating resting membrane potential in a cell?
Differences in ionic composition of ICF and ECF
In resting membrane potential, what contributes to the voltage difference observed in cells?
Different ionic compositions inside and outside the cell
What happens during depolarization of a cell?
Probability of impulse increases
Which type of muscle is known to have a stronger contraction but slower speed compared to skeletal muscle?
Smooth muscle
When Z lines approximate each, H zone disappears?
Sliding theory
Which part of the eye contains all cones and is responsible for detailed central vision?
Fovea centralis
Study Notes
Blood Cells and Stem Cells
- Myeloid stem cells mature within the marrow to produce granulocytes, monocytes, megakaryocytes, and erythrocytes
- Lymphoid stem cells mature outside the marrow to produce T cells and B cells
- Megakaryocytes produce platelets
Nerve Cells and Communication
- Synaptic communication occurs at the synapse, where nerve impulses are transmitted from one neuron to another
- Myelinated nerve fibers have a schwann cell membrane that wraps around the axon, insulating and maintaining the ionic environment
- Unmyelinated nerve fibers have an even distribution of voltage-gate ion channels, with impulse conduction that is not saltatory but slower than myelinated axons
- White matter consists of myelinated axons, while grey matter consists of cell bodies, astrocytes, and microglial cells
- T-tubules spread impulses, while sarcoplasmic reticulum stores Ca+ as muscles depolarize
Muscle and Muscle Tissues
- Smooth muscle tumors include leiomyomas, which are benign smooth muscle tumors, and uterine fibroids
- Smooth muscle is stronger than skeletal muscle, but skeletal muscle is faster
- Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy is an inherited X-linked recessive disorder that causes progressive muscle weakness, with a defect in the dystrophin gene
Eye and Vision
- The optic disc is where the optic nerve leaves the eye, and lacks photoreceptors, creating a blind spot
- The sclera is part of the fibrous layer, is opaque and posterior, and protects and shapes the eyeball, anchoring extrinsic eye muscles
- The fovea centralis is a tiny pit in the center of the macula lutea, containing all cones
- The retina consists of an outer pigmented layer, an inner neural layer, and photoreceptors, neurons, and glial cells
Bone and Cartilage
- Intramembranous ossification occurs when mesenchyme differentiates into osteoblasts, which secrete osteoid, forming flat bones
- Endochondral ossification occurs when preexisting hyaline matrix erodes and is invaded by osteoblasts, producing osteoid and forming long bones
- Perichondrium provides blood supply, neural component, and cartilage to bone, with an outer layer of collagen type I and fibroblasts, and an inner layer of mesenchymal stem cells
Skin and Integumentary System
- The epidermis is a stratified squamous epithelium, while the dermis is a deeper layer of dense irregular connective tissue
- Layers of the epidermis include the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale
- Sebaceous glands open up to hair follicles, are holocrine, and produce oil material that coats hair shafts and epidermal surface, except in palms and soles
Muscle and Muscle Tissues (continued)
- Sarcomere is the functional unit of myofibril, consisting of I-band, A-band, H-zone, and M-line
- Endomysium surrounds muscle belly, perimysium surrounds fascicles, and epimysium surrounds muscle fibers
- Cardiac muscle tissue has branching striations, intercalated discs, and glycogen-covered nuclei
- Skeletal muscle tissue is faster, has striations, and is multinucleated
- Osteoblasts produce bone, while osteoclasts break down bone, derived from monocytes
Ear and Hearing
- Middle ear ossicles include the malleus, incus, and stapes, which cover the oval window
- Inner ear anatomy includes the cochlea and auditory nerve
- Membranes of the inner ear include the basilar membrane and Reissner's membrane
This quiz covers the structure of the human eye including the retina, outer pigmented layer, inner neural layer, rods, cones, and lens. It also includes information about blood plasma proteins such as albumins and globulins.
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