CTAP Midterm PDF

1. myeloid stem cells: matures within marrow > granulocyte, myeloblast(monocyte), megakaryocytes, erythrocytes 2. Megakaryocytes: platelet production 3. lymphoid stem cells: mature outside marrow > T cell and B cell 4. synaptic communication: synapse where nerve impulse is transmitted from 1 neuron...

1. myeloid stem cells: matures within marrow > granulocyte, myeloblast(monocyte), megakaryocytes, erythrocytes 2. Megakaryocytes: platelet production 3. lymphoid stem cells: mature outside marrow > T cell and B cell 4. synaptic communication: synapse where nerve impulse is transmitted from 1 neuron to another 5. myelinated vs. unmyelinated nerve fibers ○ Myelinated fibers: schwanna cell membrane wraps axon, insulates and maintains ionic env. ○ Unmyelinated fibers: even distribution of voltage-gate ion channels and impulse conduction not saltatory but slower than myelinated axon 6. white vs. grey matter ○ White: myelinates axons ○ Grey: cell bodies, astrocytes, microglial cells 7. Function of T-tubules: spread impulses 8. Function of sarcoplasmic reticulum: store Ca+ as muscles depolarizes 9. Smooth muscle tumors: leiomyomas benign smooth muscle tumor, uterine fibroids 10. Optic disc: where optic nerve leaves eye, lacks photoreceptors (blind spot) 11. Sclera: part of fibrous layer, opaque posterior, protects/shapes eyeball, anchors extrinsic eye muscles 12. mitosis vs. meiosis ○ Mitosis: cell replication > 2 diploid daughter (2n) 46 ○ Meiosis: cell division of gametes > 4 haploid daughter (n) 23 13. Sebaceous glands: opens up to hair follicle, holocrine, everywhere except palms/soles, produces oil material that coats hair shafts and epidermal surface 14. intramembranous vs. endochondrial ossification ○ Intramembranous: mesenchyme differentiates > osteoblasts and secrete osteoid, flat bones form ○ Endochondral: preexisting hyaline matrix erodes and invaded by osteoblasts > osteoid production, long bones form 15. Perichondrium: blood suppply, neural component, cartilage > bone ○ Outer: collagen type I and fibroblast ○ Inner: mesenchymal stem cells (new chondroblasts) 16. Depolarization: decrease in membrane potential, inside of membrane becomes less negative, probability of impulse increases 17. resting membrane potential: voltage, generated by differences in ionic composition of ICF and ECF, and differences in plasma membrane permeability 18. smooth vs. skeletal muscle: smooth is stronger, skeletal is faster 19. Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy ○ inherited X-linked recessive disorder of skeletal muscle → progressive muscles weakness ○ Delayed sitting, standing, walking or learning to speak ○ Defect in dystrophin gene ○ Die at 25-30 years 20. Multiple Sclerosis ○ AI demyelinating disease of CNS ○ T-cell react to oligodendrocytes > myelin proteins ○ Brain, spinal cord, optic tract 21. Glial Cells: support neurons ○ glial cells of the CNS: oligodendrocyte (myelin production for 2+), astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia (remove effet synapses, cytokines) ○ glial cells of the PNS: schwann (myelin production for 1 axon), satelllite 22. Fovea centralis: tiny pit in center of macula lutea, contains all cones 23. Retina: inner layer containing photoreceptors, neurons, glial cells ○ Outer pigmented layer: single cell thick lining choroid, absorb light and stores vitamin A ○ Inner nueral layer: transparent, contains photorecepots, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic disc ○ Rods: more numerous/sensitive to light than cones, no color or sharp images ○ Cones: high-res color vision 24. Lens of the eye: separates internal cavity into anterior and posterior segments 25. Blood plasma proteins: albumins 58%, globulins 37% , clotting proteins, fibrinogen 4% 26. Erythropoietin: hormone, produced by RBC 27. vaso vasorum: supply walls of larger vessels, vessels of vessels, 28. where does vasoconstriction and dilation occur in blood vessels 29. Granulocytes: neutrophil, eosinphil, basophil ○ Neutrophil: 3-5 lobar nucleus, light pink, 50-70%, 1-4day lifespan, kill and phagocytose bacteria ○ Eosinophil: bilobed nucleus, red/dark pink, 1-4%, 1-2wk lifespan, kill parasites, modulate local inflammation ○ Basophil: bilopes of S-shapes, dark/blue or purple,.5-1%, several month lifespan, modulate inflammation, release histamine during allergy 30. Agranulocytes: lymphocyte, monoctye ○ Lymphocytes: spherical, 20-40%, hours-many years lifespan, effector and regulatory cells for adaptive immunity ○ Monocyte: indented or C-shaped, 2-8%, hours-years lifespan, before marophage and other mononuclear phagotcytic cells 31. 3 layers of centrifuged blood: plasma, (Buffy)WBC/platelets, RBC 32. Epidermis vs dermis of the skin ○ Epidermis: stratified squamous epithelium ○ Dermis: deeper layer of dense irregular connective 33. Layers of the epidermis: ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ stratum corneum: dead keratin-filled keratinocytes stratum lucidum: thick skin stratum granulosum stratum spinosum (living) stratum basale: cuboidal, low columnar cells contacting basement membrane, mitosis, melanoctyes, langerhans cells, merkel cells 34. saltatory conduction 35. Sarcomere ○ I-band (isotropic): light actin bound to the Z-line, makes striation ○ A-band (anisotropic): dark myosin and actin overlap ○ H-zone: myosin, anchors to M-line ○ M-line: midline ○ Z-line to Z-line = sacromere, functional unit of myofibril ○ Sliding Theory: Z-lines approzimate each other, H-zone disappears 36. Endomysium: surrounds muscles belly 37. Perimysium: surrounds fascicles 38. Epimysium: surronds muscle fiber (myofibril) 39. Cardiac muscle tissue: branching striations, intercalated discs, glycogen covered nuclei 40. Smooth muscle tissue: stronger, NO striations or intercalated disc, calmodulin 41. Skeletal muscles tissue: faster, striations, multinucleiated, 42. muscle tissue 43. osteoblasts vs. osteoclasts ○ Osteoblast: ○ Osteoclast: breakdown down, in lacuna, derived from monocytes 44. osteon anatomy and cells within 45. Middle ear ossicles: malleus (secured to eardrum), incus, stapes (covers oval window) 46. inner ear anatomy: picture 47. membranes of inner ear: picture 48. 49. Reticulocyte: immature rbc in bone marrow Hematocrit: (RBC population/Total blood volume) x 100