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Questions and Answers
A researcher is studying the development of language skills in children from ages 2 to 10. If they want to examine changes in the same individuals over time, which research design is most appropriate?
A researcher is studying the development of language skills in children from ages 2 to 10. If they want to examine changes in the same individuals over time, which research design is most appropriate?
- Experimental design
- Cross-sectional design
- Correlational design
- Longitudinal design (correct)
Which data collection procedure is most susceptible to observer bias, where the researcher's expectations can influence the interpretation of behaviors?
Which data collection procedure is most susceptible to observer bias, where the researcher's expectations can influence the interpretation of behaviors?
- Parental report
- Laboratory observation
- Standardized test
- Naturalistic observation (correct)
Researchers find a strong positive correlation between the amount of time children spend reading and their vocabulary size. What can be concluded from this correlation?
Researchers find a strong positive correlation between the amount of time children spend reading and their vocabulary size. What can be concluded from this correlation?
- There is a relationship between reading time and vocabulary size. (correct)
- Reading more causes children to have larger vocabularies.
- There is no relationship between reading time and vocabulary size.
- Children with larger vocabularies are more likely to spend time reading.
In an experimental study examining the effect of a new teaching method on student test scores, what is the independent variable?
In an experimental study examining the effect of a new teaching method on student test scores, what is the independent variable?
During prenatal development, which period is characterized by the most rapid structural development and differentiation of major organ systems?
During prenatal development, which period is characterized by the most rapid structural development and differentiation of major organ systems?
The ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm are three primary germ layers that differentiate during prenatal development. Which of the following structures develops from the ectoderm?
The ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm are three primary germ layers that differentiate during prenatal development. Which of the following structures develops from the ectoderm?
Fetal activity typically decreases in the last few months of prenatal development. What is the primary reason for this reduction in movement?
Fetal activity typically decreases in the last few months of prenatal development. What is the primary reason for this reduction in movement?
In the context of developmental psychology, what does the concept of "the active child" emphasize?
In the context of developmental psychology, what does the concept of "the active child" emphasize?
A pregnant woman is exposed to a teratogen during the embryonic period. Which of the following outcomes is MOST likely?
A pregnant woman is exposed to a teratogen during the embryonic period. Which of the following outcomes is MOST likely?
Which statement BEST describes the interaction between genes and environment in the context of the nature vs. nurture debate?
Which statement BEST describes the interaction between genes and environment in the context of the nature vs. nurture debate?
A behavior geneticist is conducting a twin study to assess the heritability of a specific personality trait. If monozygotic twins raised together show a higher correlation in the trait compared to dizygotic twins raised together, what can the researcher MOST likely conclude?
A behavior geneticist is conducting a twin study to assess the heritability of a specific personality trait. If monozygotic twins raised together show a higher correlation in the trait compared to dizygotic twins raised together, what can the researcher MOST likely conclude?
During synaptic pruning, what determines which synapses are strengthened and retained?
During synaptic pruning, what determines which synapses are strengthened and retained?
Which of the following is the BEST example of experience-expectant plasticity?
Which of the following is the BEST example of experience-expectant plasticity?
Which of the following newborn reflexes is MOST indicative of healthy neurological function and survival?
Which of the following newborn reflexes is MOST indicative of healthy neurological function and survival?
Which BEST describes infant-directed speech and its purpose?
Which BEST describes infant-directed speech and its purpose?
What is the MOST significant difference between a phone and a phoneme?
What is the MOST significant difference between a phone and a phoneme?
Flashcards
Human Development
Human Development
Seeks to describe and explain changes in individuals over time.
Definition of Development
Definition of Development
Systematic changes and continuities in an individual that occur between conception and death.
Three domains of development
Three domains of development
Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial.
Nature vs. Nurture
Nature vs. Nurture
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Continuous Change
Continuous Change
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Discontinuous Change
Discontinuous Change
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Naturalistic Observation
Naturalistic Observation
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Correlational Design
Correlational Design
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Teratogens
Teratogens
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Genotype
Genotype
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Phenotype
Phenotype
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Range of Reaction
Range of Reaction
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Neurons
Neurons
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Myelin
Myelin
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Synaptic Pruning
Synaptic Pruning
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Study Notes
- Human development studies seek to explain what humans do and how they develop.
- Development definition covered in class is important.
- Properties of change, including definition and examples, are important to know in development.
- The three domains of development, including examples of each, are important to understand.
- Periods of development should be known, including age ranges and developmental landmarks.
- Reasons to study development are important.
- Nature vs. Nurture debate: Knowing definitions and examples is important.
- Quantitative vs. Qualitative development and Continuous vs. Discontinuous change should be known, including definitions and examples.
- The idea of “the Active Child” should be understood, including definitions and examples.
- Factors involved in individual differences should be understood, including definitions and examples.
Data Collection Procedures
- Important data collection procedures to know:
- Parental Report
- Advantage
- Disadvantage
- Naturalistic Observation
- Advantage
- Disadvantage
- Laboratory observation
- Advantage
- Disadvantage
- Standardized Test
- Advantage
- Disadvantage
- Physiological assessments
- Advantage
- Disadvantage
- Parental Report
Correlational and Experimental Research
- Know correlational and experimental research designs, including examples.
- Correlation coefficient:
- Negative correlation
- Positive correlation
- Independent variable
- Dependent variable
- Cross-sectional and longitudinal designs and examples should be understood.
- Advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs should be known.
Key Terms
- Conception
- Gametes
- Zygote: Includes how many chromosomes in each.
- Blastocyst:
- embryoblast
- trophoblast
- What they give rise to
Prenatal Development
- Three periods of prenatal development:
- Beginning and end markers
- Major developments in each period
- Timing in weeks from conception.
- Cell grouping
- ectoderm
- endoderm
- mesoderm
- What each will become.
- Prenatal movement:
- When first evidence of movement appears.
- When all newborn movements can be done.
- Fetal activity decreases in the last few months.
- Developmental sequence in which senses develop prenatally
- Teratogens and their effect on prenatal development should be understood.
- Examples of teratogens discussed in lecture should be comprehended.
Nature vs. Nurture
- Connection of the Nature vs. Nurture debate to development should be understood.
- Gene definition is important.
- Definition of "environment" and examples should be known.
- Genotype and phenotype definition are important.
- Regulator Genes and their role in development should be understood.
- Range of Reaction (aka Norm of Reaction) definition and examples should be understood.
- Behavior Genetics definition:
- What it seeks to do and explain.
- Family Studies:
- What is is?
- Logic behind them
- Twin studies, separated twin studies and adoption studies examples should be able to be identified.
- Behavior Genetics and its relationship to IQ development should be understood.
- Environmentally determined aspects of development should be known.
- Genetically determined aspects of development should be known.
Brain Structure
- Know what these are and their functions:
- neurons
- cell body
- axons
- dendrites
- myelin
- synapses
- Factors of brain growth (in size) over childhood is important.
- Two cycles of overproduction in brain development:
- When each occurs
- Cause of neuronal death
- Cause of synaptic pruning
- The role experience plays in the development of the brain should be understood.
- Plasticity: what it refers to.
- Sensitive period:
- What it refers to
- How does it relate to brain development
- Experience-expectant plasticity versus experience-dependent plasticity: Understand the definitions and examples of each.
Reflexes
- Reflexes are important to understand:
- Examples discussed in class
- Sequence of voluntary action, and associated average ages should be understood.
Visual Abilities
- Visual acuity is important to note
- Contrast definition
- Spatial frequency definition
- How newborns' vision is similar and distinct from adults should be understood.
- Habituation definition
- Dishabituation definition
- Preferential looking task is important
- Understanding of how newborns' hearing is distinct and similar to adults
- Newborn auditory preferences should be identified and understood.
- Infant-directed speech:
- What it is
- What it promotes
- Phone definition
- Phoneme definition
- Difference between phone and phoneme should be understood.
- Universal phonetic sensitivity:
- What it refers to
- When and why it declines
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of human development studies. Learn about the definition of development, properties of change, and the three domains of development. Understand developmental periods, the nature vs. nurture debate, and factors influencing individual differences.
