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Questions and Answers
Which theory suggests that emotion is our interpretation of a physiological response to stimuli?
Which theory suggests that emotion is our interpretation of a physiological response to stimuli?
What effect does positive affect have on problem-solving abilities?
What effect does positive affect have on problem-solving abilities?
How can stress influence user experience in interface design?
How can stress influence user experience in interface design?
Which of the following factors is NOT a long-term individual difference that may affect design decisions?
Which of the following factors is NOT a long-term individual difference that may affect design decisions?
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Why might blue not be used for important details in design?
Why might blue not be used for important details in design?
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What is the primary focus of problem solving according to problem space theory?
What is the primary focus of problem solving according to problem space theory?
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Which term describes the process of using knowledge from a similar problem in a different domain?
Which term describes the process of using knowledge from a similar problem in a different domain?
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What characteristic defines a slip in the context of errors in problem solving?
What characteristic defines a slip in the context of errors in problem solving?
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In the problem solving process, what is a disadvantage of solely relying on Gestalt theories?
In the problem solving process, what is a disadvantage of solely relying on Gestalt theories?
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What is the primary benefit of chunking in skill acquisition?
What is the primary benefit of chunking in skill acquisition?
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What are the two stages in vision?
What are the two stages in vision?
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What is primarily responsible for detecting pattern and movement in the visual system?
What is primarily responsible for detecting pattern and movement in the visual system?
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Which of the following factors does NOT influence the perception of brightness?
Which of the following factors does NOT influence the perception of brightness?
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What is the primary basis for color perception?
What is the primary basis for color perception?
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Which cue can help with the perception of size and depth?
Which cue can help with the perception of size and depth?
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What visual process occurs during fixations while reading?
What visual process occurs during fixations while reading?
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What common phenomenon occurs due to overcompensation in the visual system?
What common phenomenon occurs due to overcompensation in the visual system?
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Which aspect of visual processing is NOT related to reading?
Which aspect of visual processing is NOT related to reading?
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What is the primary function of the outer ear?
What is the primary function of the outer ear?
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What is the typical human hearing range?
What is the typical human hearing range?
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Which type of receptor is responsible for detecting pain?
Which type of receptor is responsible for detecting pain?
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According to Fitts' Law, which factor affects movement time?
According to Fitts' Law, which factor affects movement time?
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Which type of memory function allows for the retention of information for extended periods?
Which type of memory function allows for the retention of information for extended periods?
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Which stimulus type typically has the shortest reaction time?
Which stimulus type typically has the shortest reaction time?
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What is kinesthetic awareness primarily responsible for?
What is kinesthetic awareness primarily responsible for?
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Increasing reaction time primarily affects which type of operator?
Increasing reaction time primarily affects which type of operator?
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What does the total time hypothesis suggest about information retention?
What does the total time hypothesis suggest about information retention?
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Which of the following best defines retroactive interference in the context of forgetting?
Which of the following best defines retroactive interference in the context of forgetting?
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In the context of retrieval, which method is generally less complex than recall?
In the context of retrieval, which method is generally less complex than recall?
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What type of reasoning involves deriving a logically necessary conclusion from given premises?
What type of reasoning involves deriving a logically necessary conclusion from given premises?
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Which statement reflects a principle of inductive reasoning?
Which statement reflects a principle of inductive reasoning?
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What does abduction involve in the reasoning process?
What does abduction involve in the reasoning process?
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What best describes the decay theory of forgetting?
What best describes the decay theory of forgetting?
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Which of the following is a key characteristic of deductive reasoning?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of deductive reasoning?
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What is the primary function of sensory memory?
What is the primary function of sensory memory?
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Which type of memory is characterized by slow access and huge capacity?
Which type of memory is characterized by slow access and huge capacity?
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What is a key characteristic of short-term memory?
What is a key characteristic of short-term memory?
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Episodic memory is primarily concerned with what type of information?
Episodic memory is primarily concerned with what type of information?
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Which statement best describes a semantic network in long-term memory?
Which statement best describes a semantic network in long-term memory?
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In the frames model of long-term memory, what do the fixed slots represent?
In the frames model of long-term memory, what do the fixed slots represent?
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What do scripts in long-term memory help an individual to do?
What do scripts in long-term memory help an individual to do?
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What is a key trait of haptic memory in the context of sensory memory?
What is a key trait of haptic memory in the context of sensory memory?
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Which memory type typically has a limited capacity of about 7±2 chunks?
Which memory type typically has a limited capacity of about 7±2 chunks?
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How do child nodes in a semantic network function?
How do child nodes in a semantic network function?
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Study Notes
Human-Computer Interaction - Chapter 1: The Human
- Information input/output includes visual, auditory, haptic, and movement.
- Information storage occurs in sensory, short-term, and long-term memory.
- Information processing and application involves reasoning, problem-solving, skill development, and error analysis.
- Emotions significantly influence human capabilities.
- Individual differences exist among people.
Vision
- Vision involves two stages: physical reception and processing/interpretation.
- Physical reception: Light is transformed into electrical energy. Images are focused upside-down on the retina. Rods (low light) and cones (color) are in the retina. Ganglion cells (in the brain) detect patterns and movement.
- Interpreting the signal: Visual angle indicates object size and distance. Visual acuity is limited. Familiar objects maintain perceived size despite changing visual angles from afar. Overlapping objects aid depth perception.
- Brightness involves a subjective reaction to light levels, affected by object luminance. Measured by the just noticeable difference. Visual acuity and flicker increase with luminance.
- Colour is composed of hue, intensity, and saturation. Cones detect color wavelengths. Blue acuity is lowest. Approximately 8% of males and 1% of females experience color blindness.
Hearing
- Hearing provides information about the environment (distances, directions, objects, etc.).
- Physical apparatus: the outer, middle, and inner ear. The outer ear protects and amplifies sound. The middle ear transmits vibrations to the inner ear. Chemical transmitters translate vibrations into impulses for the auditory nerve.
- Sounds consist of pitch (sound frequency), loudness (amplitude), and timbre (type or quality).
- Humans hear from 20Hz to 15kHz. High-frequency perception is less precise than low-frequency perception.
- The auditory system filters sounds, allowing people to focus on specific sounds over background noise (e.g., the cocktail party effect).
Touch
- Touch provides critical feedback about the environment. It can be paramount for those with visual impairment.
- Stimulus reception occurs through receptors in the skin (thermoreceptors, nociceptors - pain, and mechanoreceptors).
- Some areas (e.g., fingertips) are more sensitive than others.
- Kinethesis is awareness of bodily position. It impacts comfort and performance.
Movement
- Responding to stimuli involves reaction time and movement time.
- Movement time depends on age and fitness.
- Reaction time differs depending on the stimulus type (e.g., visual ~ 200ms, auditory ~ 150ms, pain ~ 700ms).
- Increasing reaction time decreases accuracy for unskilled individuals but not for skilled individuals.
- Fit's Law describes the time taken to hit a screen target, based on the target's size and distance.
Memory
- Memory consists of sensory, short-term (STM), and long-term (LTM) functions.
- Stimulus selection is dependent on arousal level.
Sensory Memory
- Buffers received from senses.
- Iconic memory (visual stimuli), echoic memory (aural stimuli), and haptic memory (tactile stimuli).
- Continuously overwritten. "Sparker" trail and stereo sound are examples.
Short-Term Memory (STM)
- Temporary recall.
- 70ms rapid access, ~200ms rapid decay.
- 7 ± 2 chunks capacity.
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
- Contains all stored knowledge.
- Slow access (~ 1/10 second), largely unlimited capacity, and slow or no decay.
- Two types: episodic (serial memory of events) and semantic (structured memory of facts, concepts, and skills).
- Semantic LTM is derived from episodic LTM.
LTM - Semantic Network Model
- Provides access to information.
- Represents relationships between bits of information.
- Facilitates inference by presenting information as linked nodes where properties and relationships are explicit (ex: a collie is a type of dog).
LTM - Frames
- Information organized in data structures.
- Slots are instantiated with values for specific instances (e.g., a dog's breed, size, color).
- Type/subtype relationships (e.g., a Collie is a type of Dog).
LTM - Scripts
- Stereotypical information used for interpreting situations.
- Contains elements that can be instantiated with specifics for context (e.g., a visit to the vet).
LTM - Productions Rules
- Represents procedural knowledge (if-then condition/action rules)
- Used to determine actions given conditions (e.g., if a dog is wagging its tail, pat it).
LTM - Storage of Information
- Information moves from STM to LTM via rehearsal.
- Total time hypothesis: The amount retained directly depends on rehearsal time.
- Distribution of practice effect: Spacing out learning enhances optimization.
- Structure, meaning, and familiarity enhance recall likelihood.
LTM - Forgetting
- Decay: Gradual, though slow, information loss.
- Interference: New information replaces old (retroactive interference), or older information interferes with new recall (proactive interference).
- Selective memory—influence of emotions, (voluntary or involuntary).
LTM - Retrieval
- Recall involves reproducing information from memory, sometimes assisted by cues.
- Recognition involves identifying previously encountered information. Recognition is simpler than recall.
Thinking - Reasoning, Problem Solving
- Reasoning involves logical processes like deduction, induction, and abduction.
- Problem-solving involves finding solutions to unfamiliar tasks.
Deductive Reasoning
- Deductive reasoning derives necessary conclusions from given premises.
- A logical conclusion might not be factually true.
- People supplement logical reasoning with existing world knowledge.
Inductive Reasoning
- Inductive reasoning generalizes from observed cases to unseen ones.
- Inductive reasoning is unreliable as it can only prove false, not true.
Abductive Reasoning
- Abductive reasoning infers a plausible cause from an observed event.
- Can be unreliable due to potential false explanations.
Problem Solving - The Problem Space Theory
- Problem solving occurs within a "problem space" comprising states and operators. States are the conditions. Operators are the means that can modify these states according to the rules of the problem in hand (e.g. actions taken).
- Heuristics such as means-ends analysis can guide the selection of operators.
- Problem-solving activities are mostly employed in well-defined problems like puzzles (vs open-ended problems requiring great knowledge and understanding to solve).
Problem Solving - Analogical Mapping
- Using knowledge from similar domains to solve novel problems.
- Can be complex if different domains are semantically dissimilar.
Problem Solving - Skill Acquisition
- Skilled activity involves chunking, organizing vast amounts of information into units that are more easily handled in short-term memory.
- Skill acquisition results in a more conceptual and less superficial understanding of the information.
Errors and Mental models
- Slips occur when correct intentions are not properly executed. This includes failures in physical skill or attention.
- Mistakes arise from incorrect intentions due to faulty mental models.
Emotion
- Various theories explain emotion.
- James-Lange proposes that emotions follow from reactions. Cannon emphasizes cognitive responses. Schachter-Singer's model highlights physiological interpretation of situations.
- Affect (biological responses to stimuli) influences how people respond to situations. Positive affect can lead to more creativity. Negative affect can lead to narrow thinking.
Emotion - Implications for Interface design
- Stressful interfaces may increase difficulty in problem solving.
- Relaxed users will be more accommodating to less-than-ideal interface shortcomings.
- Appealing interfaces can increase positive affect.
Individual Differences
- Long-term differences exist in physical and intellectual abilities (e.g., age or sex).
- Short-term differences arise from stress and fatigue.
- Consider how design decisions might exclude sections of the user population (e.g. people with visual impairment).
Psychology and Interface Design
- Psychology concepts can directly inform interface design (e.g., poor blue acuity can inform interface design).
- Proper application of psychology concepts needs thorough contextual knowledge within psychology and experimental conditions.
- Numerous guidelines, cognitive models, and experimental evaluation techniques are derived from psychological research and have been distilled for HCI designers.
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Description
This quiz covers the foundational concepts of Human-Computer Interaction as outlined in Chapter 1. Key topics include sensory information processing, individual differences, and the significance of emotions in human capabilities. Additionally, it explores the intricacies of the visual system and how we perceive and interpret visual information.
