Human Circulatory System II

Circulatory System II

• Venules have the lowest pressure.
• Capillaries are for gas exchange.

Great Vessels

• The aorta arises from the left ventricle.
• Initially, the aorta ascends, then curves downwards, and finally curves downwards again.
• The aorta is subdivided into ascending, aortic arch, and descending parts (thoracic and abdominal).
• The aorta's division depends on its location in relation to the lumbar and thoracic regions.

Aortic Arch

• The aortic arch curves to the left in an inverted U shape above the heart.
• It branches into three major arteries: brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left subclavian arteries.

Arteries of the Upper Limb

• The subclavian artery continues into axillary and then brachial arteries.
• The brachial artery gives off the ulnar and radial arteries.

Intravenous Injection

• Intravenous punctures should cover the puncture site.
• Specimens are retrieved after the procedure.
• Various angles of injection are available depending on the injection type.

Veins of the Upper Limb

• Superficial and deep veins exist.
• Superficial veins are close to the skin surface.
• Deep veins follow arteries; they have the same names.
• Radial and ulnar veins fuse to the brachial vein.
• The brachial vein becomes the axillary vein after the pectoral major muscle.
• The axillary vein transitions to the subclavian vein after passing under the clavicle.

Veins of the Upper Extremity

• Superficial veins in the upper limb originate from the dorsal hand.
• The basilic vein is located on the medial side.
• The cephalic vein is located on the lateral side.
• These two veins unite in the shape of an "M," with the median cubital vein bridging the forearm.

Veins of the Lower Limb

• Superficial veins include the dorsalis pedis and great saphenous veins.
• The great saphenous vein connects to the femoral vein.
• The small saphenous vein drains into the popliteal vein.

Deep Veins of the Lower Limb

• Anterior and posterior tibial veins and fibular veins drain into the popliteal vein.
• The popliteal vein transitions into the femoral vein in the thighs.

Inferior Vena Cava

• The inferior vena cava drains blood from the lower extremities and abdomen.
• The internal and external iliac veins merge to form the common iliac vein.
• The right and left common iliac veins form the inferior vena cava.

Blood Circulation through the Inferior Vein Cava

• Blood travels from the lower body to the heart through the inferior vena cava.
• Blood subsequently passes through the liver, receiving processing.
• Then, venous blood goes to the heart.

Test your knowledge on the human circulatory system, focusing on the structure and function of blood vessels and arteries. Understand the roles of the aorta, venules, and brachial arteries, as well as the process of intravenous injections. Dive into the details of arterial anatomy and gas exchange mechanics.