Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which vessel directly receives oxygenated blood from the left ventricle?
Which vessel directly receives oxygenated blood from the left ventricle?
- Aorta (correct)
- Superior vena cava
- Pulmonary artery
- Thoracic aorta
What is the correct sequence of blood flow from the aorta to the capillaries?
What is the correct sequence of blood flow from the aorta to the capillaries?
- Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries (correct)
- Capillaries → Arterioles → Arteries
- Arteries → Capillaries → Arterioles
- Arterioles → Arteries → Capillaries
Which portion of the aorta is located immediately after the ascending aorta?
Which portion of the aorta is located immediately after the ascending aorta?
- Abdominal aorta
- Thoracic aorta
- Aortic arch (correct)
- Descending aorta
The aortic hiatus is a landmark that separates which two sections of the aorta?
The aortic hiatus is a landmark that separates which two sections of the aorta?
Which vessel is NOT part of the systemic circulation?
Which vessel is NOT part of the systemic circulation?
What is the primary function of the anterior cerebral artery?
What is the primary function of the anterior cerebral artery?
Which artery is created by the union of two vertebral arteries?
Which artery is created by the union of two vertebral arteries?
Where does the internal carotid artery enter the skull?
Where does the internal carotid artery enter the skull?
Which of the following best describes the role of the circle of Willis?
Which of the following best describes the role of the circle of Willis?
The middle cerebral artery primarily supplies blood to which lobes of the cerebrum?
The middle cerebral artery primarily supplies blood to which lobes of the cerebrum?
What structure does the umbilical vein become after birth?
What structure does the umbilical vein become after birth?
What is the term for the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute?
What is the term for the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute?
Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating stroke volume (SV)?
Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating stroke volume (SV)?
What does the foramen ovale become after birth?
What does the foramen ovale become after birth?
What is the term for the difference between maximum and resting cardiac output?
What is the term for the difference between maximum and resting cardiac output?
What is the typical resting heart rate range in beats per minute (bpm)?
What is the typical resting heart rate range in beats per minute (bpm)?
What is preload directly proportional to?
What is preload directly proportional to?
What does the ductus arteriosus become after birth?
What does the ductus arteriosus become after birth?
Which vessel carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetal heart?
Which vessel carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetal heart?
What is the primary function of the foramen ovale in fetal circulation?
What is the primary function of the foramen ovale in fetal circulation?
Which blood vessel carries deoxygenated fetal blood back to the placenta?
Which blood vessel carries deoxygenated fetal blood back to the placenta?
What is the role of the ductus venosus in fetal circulation?
What is the role of the ductus venosus in fetal circulation?
Which of the following is the correct pathway for fetal circulation starting from the placenta?
Which of the following is the correct pathway for fetal circulation starting from the placenta?
How does the ductus arteriosus function in the fetal heart?
How does the ductus arteriosus function in the fetal heart?
What is the primary difference in blood oxygenation between the fetal inferior vena cava and the adult inferior vena cava?
What is the primary difference in blood oxygenation between the fetal inferior vena cava and the adult inferior vena cava?
What is the main characteristic that causes blood to bypass the lungs in the fetus?
What is the main characteristic that causes blood to bypass the lungs in the fetus?
After birth, what causes the pulmonary blood vessels to dilate and allow more blood to flow through?
After birth, what causes the pulmonary blood vessels to dilate and allow more blood to flow through?
What is the role of the superior vena cava in the blood circulation?
What is the role of the superior vena cava in the blood circulation?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between end-systolic volume (ESV) and contractility?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between end-systolic volume (ESV) and contractility?
According to the provided text, what effect does an increase in preload have on contractility, within physiological limits?
According to the provided text, what effect does an increase in preload have on contractility, within physiological limits?
If the heart rate (HR) is 80 bpm and the stroke volume (SV) is 0.08 L, what is the cardiac output (CO)?
If the heart rate (HR) is 80 bpm and the stroke volume (SV) is 0.08 L, what is the cardiac output (CO)?
What is the primary effect of positive inotropic factors on the heart?
What is the primary effect of positive inotropic factors on the heart?
What proportion of the total blood volume is found in the systemic veins at rest?
What proportion of the total blood volume is found in the systemic veins at rest?
Which of the following best describes how afterload affects the heart?
Which of the following best describes how afterload affects the heart?
About how much can cardiac output increase from rest to exercise?
About how much can cardiac output increase from rest to exercise?
What is the effect of acetylcholine (ACh) on contractility?
What is the effect of acetylcholine (ACh) on contractility?
According to the provided information, what is the approximate maximum heart rate for a 40-year-old individual?
According to the provided information, what is the approximate maximum heart rate for a 40-year-old individual?
During maximal exercise, which organ experiences the greatest increase in blood flow compared to its resting state, according to the data provided?
During maximal exercise, which organ experiences the greatest increase in blood flow compared to its resting state, according to the data provided?
Based on the provided table, which organ shows no change in blood flow between resting and maximal exercise states?
Based on the provided table, which organ shows no change in blood flow between resting and maximal exercise states?
According to the information provided, what type of receptors monitor the volume of blood in blood vessels?
According to the information provided, what type of receptors monitor the volume of blood in blood vessels?
The cardiovascular control centers in the brainstem primarily control which output, according to the information provided?
The cardiovascular control centers in the brainstem primarily control which output, according to the information provided?
Which of the following factors does not directly influence the inputs that affect cardiac output as described in the provided information?
Which of the following factors does not directly influence the inputs that affect cardiac output as described in the provided information?
Based on the table, which organ experiences the smallest change in blood flow between mild and maximal exercise states?
Based on the table, which organ experiences the smallest change in blood flow between mild and maximal exercise states?
What percentage of total resting blood flow is directed to the heart, as per the information provided?
What percentage of total resting blood flow is directed to the heart, as per the information provided?
Flashcards
Blood Circulation
Blood Circulation
The movement of blood through the heart and blood vessels, delivering oxygen and nutrients.
Systemic Blood Vessels
Systemic Blood Vessels
Blood vessels that deliver oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and return deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
Aorta
Aorta
The largest artery in the body, carrying oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the body.
Ascending Aorta
Ascending Aorta
The initial portion of the aorta that rises from the left ventricle.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Descending Aorta
Descending Aorta
The part of the aorta that travels downwards after the aortic arch.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Aortic Hiatus
Aortic Hiatus
An opening in the diaphragm for the descending aorta.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Circle of Willis
Circle of Willis
A circular arterial structure at the base of the brain that supplies blood.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Anterior Cerebral Artery
Anterior Cerebral Artery
Supplies blood to the frontal lobe of the cerebrum.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Middle Cerebral Artery
Middle Cerebral Artery
Supplies blood to the temporal and parietal lobes; common CVA site.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Basilar Artery
Basilar Artery
Formed by two vertebral arteries; supplies cerebellum and brain stem.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dural sinuses
Dural sinuses
Cavities in the cranial cavity that collect blood from the brain.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Superior vena cava
Superior vena cava
Vein that collects blood from the head, neck, and upper body to return to the right atrium.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Inferior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Vein that collects blood from the lower body to return to the right atrium.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Coronary sinus
Coronary sinus
Vein that collects blood from the heart muscle and returns it to the right atrium.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fetal circulation
Fetal circulation
Blood circulation in a fetus that bypasses the lungs and digestive organs.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Placenta
Placenta
Organ facilitating blood gas and nutrient exchange between maternal and fetal blood.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Umbilical vein
Umbilical vein
Carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetal heart.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ductus venosus
Ductus venosus
Fetal blood vessel that allows blood to bypass the liver, draining into the inferior vena cava.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Foramen ovale
Foramen ovale
Opening in the septum between the atria allowing blood to bypass the lungs.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Changes at birth
Changes at birth
Circulatory adaptations occur as lungs start to function, ending fetal circulation.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Afterbirth
Afterbirth
The placenta expelled after delivery, including the umbilical vessels.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Umbilical vein changes
Umbilical vein changes
Becomes the round ligament of liver after birth.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Umbilical arteries changes
Umbilical arteries changes
Transform into the umbilical ligaments after birth.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Foramen ovale changes
Foramen ovale changes
Closes and becomes the fossa ovalis in the heart postnatally.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ductus venosus changes
Ductus venosus changes
Turns into the ligamentum venosum of the liver after birth.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ductus arteriosus changes
Ductus arteriosus changes
Becomes the ligamentum arteriosum after birth.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cardiac output (CO)
Cardiac output (CO)
Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Stroke volume (SV)
Stroke volume (SV)
Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Maximum Heart Rate Formula
Maximum Heart Rate Formula
Calculated as 220 minus age in years.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cardiac Output
Cardiac Output
The volume of blood the heart pumps per minute, affected by heart rate and stroke volume.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Factors Affecting Cardiac Output
Factors Affecting Cardiac Output
Includes inputs like baroreceptors and chemoreceptors that influence heart rate and blood volume.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Baroreceptors
Baroreceptors
Stretch receptors that monitor blood volume in blood vessels.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Chemoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Sensors that monitor CO2, O2, and acid levels in the blood.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Resting Blood Flow to Heart
Resting Blood Flow to Heart
The heart receives 250 mL/min of blood at rest.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Maximal Blood Flow to Heart
Maximal Blood Flow to Heart
During peak exercise, blood flow to the heart can rise to 750 mL/min.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Total Blood Flow at Max Exercise
Total Blood Flow at Max Exercise
Total blood flow during maximal exercise is 17,500 mL/min.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Contractility
Contractility
The force or strength of the heart's contraction, proportional to stroke volume (SV) and inversely proportional to end-systolic volume (ESV).
Signup and view all the flashcards
Afterload
Afterload
The force the ventricles need to generate to pump blood against the resistance in blood vessels, directly proportional to blood pressure.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Positive inotropic factors
Positive inotropic factors
Factors that increase the contractility of the heart, such as norepinephrine (NE).
Signup and view all the flashcards
Negative inotropic factors
Negative inotropic factors
Factors that decrease heart contractility, like acetylcholine (ACh).
Signup and view all the flashcards
Frank-Starling mechanism
Frank-Starling mechanism
The principle stating that the force of contraction is proportional to the initial length of the muscle fiber, indicating increased preload boosts contractility.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Effects of exercise on CO
Effects of exercise on CO
During exercise, heart rate can increase to 150 bpm and stroke volume to 0.130 L, leading to a significant rise in cardiac output.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Distribution of blood at rest
Distribution of blood at rest
At rest, 64% of blood volume is in veins, 84% in systemic circulation, with the rest in arteries and capillaries.
Signup and view all the flashcardsStudy Notes
Blood Circulation
- Blood circulation transports oxygen and nutrients throughout the body, regulates temperature, and delivers hormonal signals
- Blood vessels include arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins
- Blood from the left ventricle (LV) enters the aorta, branches into smaller arteries, arterials, and finally capillaries
- Capillaries exchange substances with tissues, then blood re-enters venules and veins, ultimately returning to the right atrium (RA)
- Blood vessels can be resized, and images deleted/reorganized on a slide presentation to better suit the needs of the presentation.
- Slides can be changed to "View Only," but you can "Download" or "Make a copy" within the Google Docs/Slides to make them mutable for your own notes.
- Do not select "Request Edit Access" as you will not get a response.
- Treat recordings as if they were live in-person instruction- do not pause/rewind too much to capture every single word. Treat a 40-minute recording as a 40-minute task, not a marathon.
Systemic Blood Vessels
- The major systemic arteries deliver oxygenated blood
- Blood from the LV enters the aorta, which branches to arterioles, and ultimately into capillaries.
- The aorta (and its branches) have subdivisions: ascending aorta, aortic arch, thoracic aorta, and abdominal aorta.
- The aortic hiatus is an opening in the diaphragm through which the descending aorta passes.
Fetal Circulation
- Fetal blood receives nutrients and oxygen from maternal blood through the placenta
- Fetal blood mostly bypasses the lungs and delivers substances.
- The placenta is the organ that allows exchange between maternal and fetal blood.
- Unique structures are present, including the umbilical arteries and umbilical vein
- The umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated fetal blood to the placenta. The umbilical vein carries oxygenated fetal blood from the placenta to the fetus. Blood travels to the fetal liver, branches, and enters the ductus venosus.
Fetal Shunts
- Fetal circulation features unique structures to direct blood flow, such as the placenta, umbilical arteries, umbilical vein, ductus venosus, and foramen ovale, and ductus arteriosus.
- These shunts allow most blood to bypass the lungs and are essential for the development of the fetus.
- The umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus. The umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta.
- Other shunts include the ductus venosus (a shunt that bypasses the liver and takes blood directly to the inferior vena cava), the foramen ovale (a shunt that allows blood to bypass the lungs) and the ductus arteriosus (a shunt that allows blood to enter directly into the aorta)
Changes in Circulation at Birth
- At birth, the lungs begin to function, and the circulatory system undergoes changes.
- Changes include: the placenta is expelled, umbilical vessels become ligaments, the foramen ovale becomes the fossa ovalis, the ductus venosus becomes the ligamentum venosum, and the ductus arteriosus becomes the ligamentum arteriosum.
Cardiac Physiology Terms
- Heart rate (HR) measures contractions per minute
- Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped per contraction
- Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped per minute
- End diastolic volume is the amount of blood in a ventricle at the start of contraction
- End systolic volume is the amount of blood in a ventricle at the end of contraction
- Ejection fraction is the percentage of blood ejected per contraction.
- Cardiac reserve is the difference between maximum and resting cardiac output.
- Cardiac output is calculated by heart rate multiplied by stroke volume.
Variables in Determining Stroke Volume
- Preload, stretch of ventricles, depends on the filling time and duration of ventricular diastole when ventricular filling takes place.
- Contractility: strength or the force of contraction. Proportional to stroke volume. Inversely proportional to end systolic volume
- Afterload: force for ventricles to pump against blood pressure resistance in blood vessels.
- Positive factors increase contractility while negative factors decrease.
Exercise and Maximum Cardiac Output
- Maximum cardiac output varies with age.
- A younger adult's heart rate can be significantly higher than that of an older adult.
Factors Affecting Cardiac Output
- Factors that affect heart rate (HR) include: Atrial reflex, Autonomic innervation, Hormones, and Venous return.
- Factors that affect stroke volume (SV) include: Filling time, Autonomic innervation, Hormones, Preload, Contractility, and Afterload.
The Cardiovascular System Inputs and Outputs
- Baroreceptors monitor blood vessel volume and blood pressure.
- Chemoreceptors monitor blood oxygen and carbon dioxide levels.
- Proprioceptors monitor physical activity.
- Limbic system monitors emotional state, particularly in stressful events.
- Output systems include control of heart rate (HR) by two paired cardiovascular centers in the brainstem, control of blood pressure (BP) through neural and hormonal control.
Control of the Heart (and Heart Rate)
- Parasympathetic NS decreases heart rate.
- Sympathetic NS increases heart rate and ventricular contraction strength.
- Mechanism of parasympathetic: ACh release, ligand gated K+ channels open, K+ efflux, increase in repolarization, increase in time between contraction.
- Mechanism of sympathetic: NE release, ligand-gated Na+ and Ca2+ channels open. Na+ and Ca2+ influx increases, shortens repolarization, and decreases time between contractions.
Control of Blood Vessels (and Blood Pressure)
- Autoregulation regulates local blood flow - Neural and endocrine mechanisms regulate blood flow.
- Endocrine mechanisms (like erythropoietin and renin pathways regulate blood volume and pressure.
Reflex Responses to Control Blood Pressure and Cardiac Output (CO)
- Chemoreceptors detect low oxygen, high carbon dioxide, and low pH.
- Baroreceptors detect stretching in blood vessels.
- Cardiac inhibitory and accelerator centers adjust CO and HR in response to these inputs.
- Vasoconstriction and increased blood circulation increases blood pressure, restoring homeostasis.
Interaction of the Circulatory System with Other Body Systems
- The circulatory system interacts with the digestive system by absorbing nutrients and water, distributing essential nutrients and hormones
- The circulatory system interacts with the endocrine system to deliver hormones.
- The circulatory system interacts with the integumentary system to take care of blood supply regulation, and thermoregulation.
- The circulatory system interacts with the lymphatic system by transporting and filtering blood and immune cells.
- The circulatory system plays a critical role in the musculoskeletal system by providing nutrients, oxygen, and temperature regulation, and removes waste.
- The circulatory system plays a key role in the nervous system by delivering essential substances, oxygen, and hormones throughout the body and removing waste.
- The circulatory system plays a vital role in the reproductive system by delivering essential substances and hormones.
- The circulatory system plays a role in the respiratory system by exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide with the placenta during fetal development and with the lungs after birth.
- The circulatory system interacts with the skeletal system by physically supporting blood vessels- bones contain some blood storage/reserves.
- The circulatory systems plays a key role in waste elimination by the urine.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on the human circulatory system with this quiz. Answer questions about blood flow, major vessels, and their functions. Ideal for students studying anatomy and physiology.