Human Body Systems Quiz

Human Body Systems

• The human body is a complex biological machine composed of interconnected organ systems.
• These systems work together to support life.

Skeletal System

• Composed of bones and cartilages, divided into axial and appendicular skeletons.
• Axial skeleton includes bones of the head and trunk.
• Appendicular skeleton includes bones of the limbs and supporting girdles (pectoral and pelvic).
• An adult human body has 206 bones.
• Joints (articulations) connect bones, supported by cartilage and ligaments.
• Functions: mechanical support, movement, protection, blood cell production, calcium storage, and endocrine regulation.
• Anatomy studied topographically (head/neck, thorax, abdomen, limbs).

Muscular System

• Consists of smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscles.
• Smooth muscle found in walls of blood vessels and internal organs.
• Cardiac muscle forms the heart muscle.
• Skeletal muscles attach to bones and allow conscious movement.
• Skeletal and cardiac muscle are striated (striped) due to their fiber arrangement.
• Smooth muscle is non-striated.

Cardiovascular System

• Comprised of the heart and blood vessels.
• Heart has four chambers (2 atria, 2 ventricles).
• Blood flows through the heart, entering atria and exiting ventricles.
• Heart valves prevent backflow.
• Right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
• Left side pumps oxygenated blood to the body's tissues.
• Circulatory system (vascular system) includes arteries, veins, and capillaries.
• Capillaries facilitate gas and nutrient exchange.
• Arteries carry blood away from the heart; veins carry blood towards the heart.
• Systemic circulation involves the aorta and its branches, vena cavae (superior and inferior).
• Functions: transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones; eliminating waste.

Respiratory System

• Includes organs like nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs (alveoli).
• Upper respiratory system: nasal cavity and pharynx.
• Lower respiratory system: other organs.
• Functions: bringing oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide from the body.
• Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli.

Nervous System

• Controls responses to stimuli/environment.
• Organs: brain, spinal cord, and sensory organs.
• Divided into Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
• CNS: brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem) and spinal cord, filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
• PNS: nerves, ganglia; conveys information between CNS and body.
• Sensory (afferent) nerves carry information from organs to CNS.
• Motor (efferent) nerves carry information from CNS to organs.
• Types: Somatic (voluntary movement) and Autonomic (involuntary functions).
• Autonomic subdivided into sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

Digestive System

• Breaks down food into absorbable molecules.
• Organs include mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and accessory organs (tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder).

Urinary System

• Filters blood and removes waste products in the form of urine.
• Organs: kidneys (filter blood), ureters (carry urine), bladder (stores urine), urethra (eliminates urine).
• Functions include waste elimination, blood volume/pressure regulation, electrolyte balance, and pH regulation.

Endocrine System

• Consists of specialized glands that secrete hormones to regulate various bodily functions.
• Hormones regulate many bodily functions (e.g., metabolism, menstrual cycle).

Lymphatic System

• Drains excess tissue fluid, filters it, and returns it to the circulatory system.
• Components include lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphoid organs.
• Functions include fluid drainage, toxin removal, protein recirculation, and immunity.
• Lymph nodes filter cellular debris and pathogens.

Reproductive System

• Male and female systems differ significantly.
• Female: ovaries (hormones, egg production), fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva.
• Male: testes (sperm production), epididymis, ductus deferens, accessory glands, penis, urethra.

Integumentary System

• Forms the body's external covering.
• Includes skin (epidermis, dermis, hypodermis), skin appendages, sweat glands, and sensory receptors.
• Functions include protection, water/heat loss regulation, waste excretion, sensation, and vitamin D synthesis.