Human Anatomy: Skeletal and Muscular Systems

Skeletal System

• Comprises 206 bones in the adult human body
• Functions:
  • Support and protection of internal organs
  • Movement through muscle attachment
  • Blood cell production (in bone marrow)
• Divided into:
  • Axial skeleton (80 bones): skull, spine, ribs, sternum
  • Appendicular skeleton (126 bones): upper and lower limbs, pelvis, shoulder girdle

Muscular System

• Comprises three types of muscles:
  1. Skeletal Muscles (voluntary):
     • Attached to bones, enabling movement
     • Examples: biceps, quadriceps
  2. Smooth Muscles (involuntary):
     • Found in internal organs, enabling automatic functions
     • Examples: digestive tract, blood vessels
  3. Cardiac Muscles (involuntary):
     • Found in the heart, enabling heartbeat

Nervous System

• Comprises:
  • Central Nervous System (CNS):
    • Brain and spinal cord
    • Integrates and processes information
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):
    • Nerves connecting CNS to the rest of the body
    • Transmits and receives signals
• Functions:
  • Controls and coordinates body functions
  • Enables sensation, perception, and response to stimuli

Circulatory System

• Comprises:
  • Heart: pumps blood throughout the body
  • Arteries: transport oxygenated blood away from the heart
  • Veins: transport deoxygenated blood back to the heart
  • Blood: transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste products
• Functions:
  • Delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells
  • Removes waste products from cells

Digestive System

• Comprises:
  • Mouth: mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
  • Esophagus: food transportation to the stomach
  • Stomach: chemical breakdown of food
  • Small intestine: nutrient absorption
  • Large intestine: water and electrolyte absorption, waste elimination
• Functions:
  • Breaks down food into nutrients
  • Absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream
  • Eliminates waste products

Skeletal System

• Comprises 206 bones in the adult human body
• Provides support and protection of internal organs
• Enables movement through muscle attachment
• Produces blood cells in the bone marrow
• Divided into axial skeleton (80 bones) and appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
• Axial skeleton includes skull, spine, ribs, and sternum
• Appendicular skeleton includes upper and lower limbs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle

Muscular System

Types of Muscles

• Skeletal Muscles (voluntary)
  • Attached to bones, enabling movement
  • Examples: biceps, quadriceps
• Smooth Muscles (involuntary)
  • Found in internal organs, enabling automatic functions
  • Examples: digestive tract, blood vessels
• Cardiac Muscles (involuntary)
  • Found in the heart, enabling heartbeat

Nervous System

Components

• Central Nervous System (CNS)
  • Brain and spinal cord
  • Integrates and processes information
• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
  • Nerves connecting CNS to the rest of the body
  • Transmits and receives signals
• Controls and coordinates body functions
• Enables sensation, perception, and response to stimuli

Circulatory System

Components

• Heart
  • Pumps blood throughout the body
• Arteries
  • Transport oxygenated blood away from the heart
• Veins
  • Transport deoxygenated blood back to the heart
• Blood
  • Transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste products
• Delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells
• Removes waste products from cells

Digestive System

Components

• Mouth
  • Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
• Esophagus
  • Food transportation to the stomach
• Stomach
  • Chemical breakdown of food
• Small Intestine
  • Nutrient absorption
• Large Intestine
  • Water and electrolyte absorption, waste elimination
• Breaks down food into nutrients
• Absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream
• Eliminates waste products

Learn about the skeletal system, comprising 206 bones, and its functions. Also, explore the muscular system, including its three types of muscles and their roles.