Human Blood Groups Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following blood groups can receive blood from a person with blood group O?

All of the above (correct)

Which blood group has antibodies against both A and B antigens?

O (correct)

A person with blood group B can donate blood to someone with which blood group(s)?

B and AB (correct)

Which blood group lacks antibodies against either A or B antigens?

AB Signup and view all the answers

A person with blood group A can receive blood from someone with which blood group(s)?

A and O Signup and view all the answers

What type of antibodies are naturally occurring in an individual's serum?

Isoagglutinins Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason an individual with the Bombay blood group can only receive blood from another individual with the same blood group?

Their lack of H antigen restricts them from accepting any other blood type. Signup and view all the answers

The discovery of the Bombay blood group occurred in what city?

Mumbai, India Signup and view all the answers

What specific circumstance can lead to the development of anti-Rh antibodies in an Rh-negative individual?

Pregnancy with an Rh-positive fetus Signup and view all the answers

Why is the type D antigen considered more antigenic than other antigens in the Rh system?

It triggers a stronger immune response in individuals lacking it. Signup and view all the answers

What type of antibody is responsible for the development of hemolytic disease of the newborn in Rh-negative mothers carrying Rh-positive fetuses?

IgG Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following blood groups can receive blood from a donor with the Bombay blood group?

Bombay Signup and view all the answers

What is the genetic inheritance pattern of the Rh blood group?

Autosomal dominant Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism responsible for the agglutination of O cells in individuals with the Bombay blood group during cross-matching?

The reaction of anti-H antibodies with H antigen on O cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the ABO blood group system?

It is based on the presence of antigens A and B on the surface of red blood cells. Signup and view all the answers

How are A and B antigens formed on red blood cells?

By attaching N-acetylgalactosamine and galactose to H substance. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the ABH carbohydrate in the ABO blood group system?

It leads to the production of natural antibodies when absent. Signup and view all the answers

What role do glycosyl transferases play in the ABO blood group system?

They provide the capability to form antigens on red blood cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following combinations correctly represents all common blood types classified in the ABO and Rhesus systems?

A+, A-, B+, B-, O+, O-, AB+, AB- Signup and view all the answers

Which chromosome contains the genes responsible for A and B phenotypes in the ABO blood group system?

Chromosome 9p. Signup and view all the answers

Why is the ABO blood group classification considered clinically important?

It is linked to the production of antibodies against absent antigens. Signup and view all the answers

What is H substance in the context of blood group antigens?

A precursor oligosaccharide for A and B antigens. Signup and view all the answers

What blood group would be indicated if agglutination occurs with both antiserum A and B?

Type AB Signup and view all the answers

In forward typing, what is the expected agglutination reaction for a person with blood group A?

<ul> <li>with A, 0 with B</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if the forward and reverse typing results do not agree?

The blood type is reported as type O. Signup and view all the answers

Which blood group qualifies as a universal donor?

Type O, Rh negative Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding ABO inheritance is correct?

The A and B alleles are codominant. Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected agglutination reaction for a person with blood group O in reverse typing?

0 with A1 Cells, 0 with B Cells Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if a blood group's forward and reverse typing results are inconclusive?

Report the results as UNKNOWN and provide O blood. Signup and view all the answers

Which alleles are inherited by an individual to determine their ABO blood type?

One from mother and one from father. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of administering anti-D immunoglobulin to a mother?

To prevent the formation of antibodies in the mother Signup and view all the answers

In which situation is the administration of RhIG indicated?

In cases of fetal-maternal hemorrhage during pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following racial blood group distributions shows the highest Rh+ prevalence for the blood group 'O'?

Nigerians Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the crossmatching process in blood transfusions?

It assesses compatibility between patient’s and donor’s blood Signup and view all the answers

What can occur as a consequence of transfusing incompatible blood?

Febrile transfusion reactions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an indication for ABO blood grouping?

Pregnancy testing Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily considered when transfusing blood?

Recipient's antigen and donor's antibody Signup and view all the answers

How much does administration of anti-D immunoglobulin reduce the risk of Rh disease?

From 16% to 0.1% Signup and view all the answers

What genotype would most likely result from an A/O parent and a B/O parent?

A/O, B/O, AB Signup and view all the answers

Given an O/O father, which phenotype can an AA mother produce?

A Signup and view all the answers

If a child has the phenotype AB, what could be the possible genotypes of the parents?

A/B and O/O Signup and view all the answers

What combination of alleles would result in a phenotype O?

O/O only Signup and view all the answers

A child with phenotype B could have which of the following parental combinations?

B/B and A/O Signup and view all the answers

In terms of inheritance, which parent can pass down an O allele?

An OO parent Signup and view all the answers

Which genotype will NOT produce an A phenotype in offspring?

O/O Signup and view all the answers

What is the possible genotype for a parent with phenotype B?

BB Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Blood Physiology: Blood Group Systems

Blood is a common attribute of all people, composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma.
Blood functions similarly in all individuals, but genetically linked variations in structure exist.
Blood classification is based on proteins present (or absent) on red blood cell membranes.
Common blood groups are ABO and Rhesus systems.

Learning Objectives

Classify blood groups
State the clinical significance of blood groups

Introduction

All people have blood.
Blood is made up of the same basic components (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma) in all people.
Blood function is the same in all people but with genetically linked variations in structure.
Blood types are determined by the presence or absence of proteins on red blood cell membranes.
Common blood types are ABO and Rhesus.

Red Cell Membrane Proteins

The diagram on slide 4 illustrates red cell membrane proteins. Specific proteins include Cromer, Knops, Diego, ABO, Band 3, Gerbich, Kell, Rh, Yt, LW, MNS, Lutheran, Duffy, and Indian.

Blood Group Categories

Blood groups are categorized based on antigens on red blood cell membranes.
Clinically common blood groups include ABO (A, B, AB, O) and Rhesus (Rh+ or Rh-).
Eight common blood types exist (A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, O-).

ABO Blood Group System

Discovered by Karl Landsteiner in 1901.
ABO blood groups are determined by antigens (agglutinogens) on red blood cell membranes.
Common types include A, B, AB, and O.

Nature of ABO Antigens

H substance: precursor oligosaccharide on the red blood cell membrane, forming the basis for A and B antigens.
A antigen forms by adding N-acetylgalactosamine to the H substance.
B antigen forms by adding galactose to the H substance.
Genes for A and B phenotypes are located on chromosome 9p.
Gene products are glycosyl transferases. These enzymes attach specific antigenic carbohydrates.

H substance, A & B Antigen

A diagram (slide 8) illustrates the structure of the H substance, A antigen, and B antigen. These consist of sugars and linkages.

ABO Blood Group Importance

Individuals create natural antibodies to the ABO carbohydrate they lack.
These antibodies are called isoagglutinins.
An individual's serum contains antibodies that are non-complementary to their red blood cell antigens.
Example: Type A individuals have anti-B antibodies, while Type B individuals have anti-A antibodies.

ABO Blood Groups

(Table on slide 10) showing the antigens and antibodies present in each blood group.

Blood Group A

Individuals with blood group A have A antigens on their red blood cells.
Their serum contains anti-B antibodies.
Can donate to A and AB.
Can receive from A and O.

Blood Group B

Individuals with blood group B have B antigens on their red blood cells.
Their serum contains anti-A antibodies.
Can donate to B and AB.
Can receive from B and O.

Blood Group O

Individuals with blood group O lack A and B antigens on their red blood cells.
Their serum contains anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
Can donate to all ABO blood types (A, B, AB, and O).
Can receive only from O.

Blood Group AB

Individuals with blood group AB have both A and B antigens on their red blood cells.
Their serum does not contain anti-A or anti-B antibodies.
Can receive from all ABO blood types (A, B, AB, and O).
Can donate only to AB.

Bombay Blood Group

Rare blood group, first discovered in Bombay (now Mumbai).
Individuals lack the H gene and thus cannot produce H substance, the backbone for A and B antigens.
Serum contains anti-A, anti-B, and anti-H.
Individuals are phenotypically O.
Agglutination occurs during crossmatching due to anti-H agglutinating O cells.

Rhesus Blood Group System

Rhesus antigen (Rh factor) is located on red blood cell membranes.
Discovered in 1937.
Type D antigen is the most important and prevalent.
Inherited on chromosome 1.
Rh+ individuals have the D antigen.
Rh- individuals lack the D antigen.
Anti-Rh antibodies (anti-D) are not normally present in Rh- individuals unless stimulated by transfusion or an incompatible fetus.

Rhesus Factor and its Clinical Application

Rh-positive individuals can receive Rh-positive or Rh-negative blood.
Rh-negative individuals who receive Rh+ blood may not initially react, but they can become sensitized. Subsequent Rh+ blood transfusions can cause severe reactions.
Rh incompatibility can occur in pregnancies where the mother is Rh- and the fetus is Rh+. This can lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn.

Anti-D Immunoglobulin

Immunoglobulin injection (e.g., RhoGAM) is used to prevent Rh incompatibility in mothers.
This injection is given during pregnancy and after delivery in cases of Rh-negative mothers and Rh-positive fetuses.

Racial Distribution of Blood Groups

Racial differences in blood group frequencies exist.
Slide 20 displays a table with racial data.

ABO Blood Group & Blood Transfusion

Donors provide blood; recipients receive it.
Compatibility assessment considers donor antigen and recipient antibody.
Crossmatching involves matching donor and recipient plasma and red blood cells.
Incompatibility can cause reactions like agglutination and red blood cell lysis. This can lead to severe reactions.

ABO Blood Grouping/Typing

Indications include blood donors, transfusion recipients, transplant candidates, newborns, and paternity testing.

Landsteiner's Rule

A person does not have an antibody to his/her own antigen.
A person has naturally occurring antibodies to antigens they lack.
These rules are characteristic of the ABO system, but not generally applicable to the Rh system.

ABO Typing

ABO typing involves antigen typing and antibody detection.
Forward typing identifies antigens on red blood cells.
Reverse typing detects antibodies in the serum.

Forward Typing

Determines antigens present on a person's red blood cells.
Uses antisera (A and B) to find A and B antigens.
Antisera are generated by exposing humans to A and B antigens, thereby stimulating antibody production.

Forward Typing Procedure

A and B antisera are placed on a slide.
Red blood cells are added to each antiserum.
Observe for clumping (agglutination)

Results

Agglutination with only antiserum A indicates blood type A.
Agglutination with only antiserum B indicates blood type B.
Agglutination with both antisera A and B indicates blood type AB.
No agglutination indicates blood type O.

Reactions with Antisera Reagents

(Table on slide 28) summarizes reactions with A and B antisera.

Reverse Typing

Detects antibodies present in the serum.
Uses A and B cells to identify antibodies.

Discrepancies in ABO Typing

When forward and reverse typing results don't agree, further investigation is needed to determine the cause of the discrepancy.
Inconsistencies are documented as "unknown" and are usually classified as group 0 when not resolvable.
For transfusion, cross-matching is done to ensure safety.

Concept of Universal Donor and Recipient

O-negative is the universal donor.
AB-positive is the universal recipient.

ABO Inheritance Patterns

A and B genes are found on chromosome 9.
Each person inherits one allele from each parent.
A and B alleles are codominant.
O allele is recessive.

Homozygosity/Heterozygosity & ABO Inheritance

Homozygous: having two identical alleles (e.g. AA, BB, OO).
Heterozygous: having two different alleles (e.g., AO, BO).

ABO Phenotypes and Genotypes

Phenotype: observable traits (e.g., blood type).
Genotype: combination of alleles (e.g. AA, AO).

AO Mother & BO Father (and various other examples)

(Tables on slides 35-40) illustrate possible blood group genotypes resulting from different parental combinations.

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Description

Test your knowledge on human blood groups and transfusion compatibility. This quiz covers topics such as blood group antibodies, the Bombay blood group, and Rh factor implications. Evaluate your understanding of these critical concepts in human biology!