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Questions and Answers
What is the primary component of plasma by percentage?
What is the primary component of plasma by percentage?
Which protein is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure in blood plasma?
Which protein is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure in blood plasma?
What percentage of total blood volume is composed of formed elements?
What percentage of total blood volume is composed of formed elements?
Which type of cell is most abundant in formed elements?
Which type of cell is most abundant in formed elements?
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What is the primary function of fibrinogen in the blood?
What is the primary function of fibrinogen in the blood?
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In which tissue does hematopoiesis primarily occur in a fetus?
In which tissue does hematopoiesis primarily occur in a fetus?
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What are the main components of the buffy coat in blood?
What are the main components of the buffy coat in blood?
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Which type of white blood cell is part of the immune system specifically targeting infections?
Which type of white blood cell is part of the immune system specifically targeting infections?
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What is the main function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
What is the main function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
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Which statement is true regarding the lifespan of red blood cells in men and women?
Which statement is true regarding the lifespan of red blood cells in men and women?
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What triggers the breakdown of red blood cells leading to hemolysis?
What triggers the breakdown of red blood cells leading to hemolysis?
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Which leukocyte type is specifically involved in combating bacterial infections?
Which leukocyte type is specifically involved in combating bacterial infections?
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If bilirubin is not excreted, what consequence may occur?
If bilirubin is not excreted, what consequence may occur?
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Which component of hemoglobin binds to oxygen?
Which component of hemoglobin binds to oxygen?
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What role do leukocytes play in the body?
What role do leukocytes play in the body?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of leukocyte?
Which of the following is NOT a type of leukocyte?
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How long do neutrophils typically remain in the bloodstream?
How long do neutrophils typically remain in the bloodstream?
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Which type of white blood cell is the most abundant in the body?
Which type of white blood cell is the most abundant in the body?
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What is the primary shape of red blood cells?
What is the primary shape of red blood cells?
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What percentage of plasma proteins is made up by albumin?
What percentage of plasma proteins is made up by albumin?
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Which component of plasma proteins helps in clot formation?
Which component of plasma proteins helps in clot formation?
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Where does hematopoiesis primarily occur after birth?
Where does hematopoiesis primarily occur after birth?
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What type of cells do hemocytoblasts give rise to?
What type of cells do hemocytoblasts give rise to?
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What is the primary function of globulins in plasma proteins?
What is the primary function of globulins in plasma proteins?
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Which white blood cell type is the least abundant?
Which white blood cell type is the least abundant?
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Which of the following statements about plasma proteins is true?
Which of the following statements about plasma proteins is true?
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What is the shape of the nucleus in eosinophils?
What is the shape of the nucleus in eosinophils?
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What is the primary function of platelets in the blood?
What is the primary function of platelets in the blood?
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Which type of white blood cell has a round nucleus and is somewhat small?
Which type of white blood cell has a round nucleus and is somewhat small?
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What happens during the temporary constriction of a blood vessel?
What happens during the temporary constriction of a blood vessel?
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What type of cell produces platelets?
What type of cell produces platelets?
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What structure is formed during blood clotting?
What structure is formed during blood clotting?
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What happens during thrombocytopenia?
What happens during thrombocytopenia?
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Which vitamin is required for proper blood clotting?
Which vitamin is required for proper blood clotting?
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What type of blood cells are monocytes characterized by?
What type of blood cells are monocytes characterized by?
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Which process is described as a temporary seal for small breaks in blood vessels?
Which process is described as a temporary seal for small breaks in blood vessels?
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What condition can arise from a mother being transfused with Rh-positive blood if she is Rh-negative?
What condition can arise from a mother being transfused with Rh-positive blood if she is Rh-negative?
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When should RhoGAM be administered to prevent complications during pregnancy?
When should RhoGAM be administered to prevent complications during pregnancy?
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What is the primary function of RhoGAM in blood transfusions?
What is the primary function of RhoGAM in blood transfusions?
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What type of blood should be given to a person with another blood type only in life-or-death situations?
What type of blood should be given to a person with another blood type only in life-or-death situations?
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Which of the following blood tests provides information about white blood cell count?
Which of the following blood tests provides information about white blood cell count?
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What is the consequence of a first-time mother receiving a transfusion incompatible with her blood type?
What is the consequence of a first-time mother receiving a transfusion incompatible with her blood type?
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What indicates the percentage of total blood volume composed of white blood cells?
What indicates the percentage of total blood volume composed of white blood cells?
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What does hemoglobin testing primarily indicate?
What does hemoglobin testing primarily indicate?
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Study Notes
Erythrocytes
- Red blood cells (RBCs) lack a nucleus, are disk-shaped with thick edges, and lose their nucleus during development.
- They live for 120 days (170 days for men, 110 for women).
- Function: Transport oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2).
Hemoglobin
- Hemoglobin is the main component of erythrocytes.
- It transports O2.
- Heme: Contains one iron atom where O2 binds.
- Globin: Protein attached to a heme molecule.
- Oxyhemoglobin: Hemoglobin with attached O2; bright red color.
Leukocytes
- White blood cells (WBCs).
- Lack hemoglobin.
- Larger than erythrocytes.
- Contain a nucleus.
- Functions:
- Fight infections.
- Remove dead cells and debris through phagocytosis.
Types of Leukocytes
-
Granulocytes: Contains specific granules; includes neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils (BEN).
- Neutrophils: Fight bacterial infections, the most common type, first to respond to injury, remain in the blood for 10-12 hours, and are phagocytes.
- Agranulocytes: Lack specific granules; includes lymphocytes and monocytes.
Plasma
- Pale, yellow liquid that surrounds cells.
- 91% water, 7% proteins, and 2% other solutes.
- Proteins:
- Albumins: Maintain osmotic pressure and transport.
- Globulins: Involved in the immune system and antibodies.
- Fibrinogen: Aids in clotting by forming fibrin threads.
- Other solutes: Ions, nutrients, waste products, gasses, and regulatory substances.
Formed Elements
- 45% of total blood volume.
- Include cells and cell fragments.
- Most abundant: RBCs and neutrophils; least abundant: basophils.
- Buffy coat:
- Includes platelets, WBCs (neutrophils, lymphocytes), and a small amount of RBCs.
Hematopoiesis
- Process that produces formed elements (RBCs).
- Occurs in several tissues in a fetus: Liver, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow.
- After birth, hematopoiesis primarily occurs in red bone marrow, with WBCs produced in lymphatic tissue.
- Hemocytoblasts: Origin of all formed elements of blood.
- Stem cells: Differentiate to give rise to different cell lines.
Platelets
- Minute fragments of cells consisting of a small amount of cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane.
- Produced in red bone marrow from large cells called megakaryocytes.
- Function: Create clots and prevent blood loss.
Blood Loss
- When blood vessels are damaged, blood can leak into other tissues and disrupt normal function.
- The body can tolerate a small amount of blood loss and can produce new blood to replace it.
- Large amount of blood loss must be replaced by new blood production or transfusion.
Prevention of Blood Loss
- Vascular spasm: Temporary constriction of a blood vessel. This happens immediately but is temporary; smooth muscle contraction in the injury area will temporarily block blood loss.
- Platelet plugs: Can seal small breaks in blood vessels; act like a temporary band-aid but not stable.
- Blood clotting (coagulation): More stable clot; fibrin threads trap blood cells and fluid.
- Clotting factors: Proteins in plasma that are only activated in injury. Made in liver, require vitamin K, calcium, and platelets.
Blood Clotting
- Blood can be transformed from a liquid to a gel to form a clot.
- Network of thread-like proteins called fibrin trap blood cells and fluid.
- Depends on clotting factors:
- Fibrinogen is converted into fibrin threads.
ABO Blood Types
- Type A has A antigens and anti-B antibodies.
- Type B has B antigens and anti-A antibodies.
- Type AB has both A and B antigens, but no antibodies.
- Type O has no antigens, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
Rh Blood Group
- Refers to the presence or absence of Rh antigen on RBCs.
- Rh-positive (+) indicates presence of the Rh antigen.
- Rh-negative (-) indicates the absence of the Rh antigen.
Rh Incompatibility
- If an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus, she may develop antibodies to the Rh antigen.
- This can lead to erythroblastosis fetalis in subsequent pregnancies with Rh-positive fetuses.
- The antibodies can cross the placenta and attack fetal RBCs, causing anemia and heart failure.
- Rh incompatibility can be prevented by giving the mother RhoGAM during pregnancy or after delivery.
Diagnostic Blood Tests
- Complete blood count (CBC): Measures RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and WBC count.
- Hemoglobin: Determines the amount of hemoglobin in the blood.
- Hematocrit: Percentage of total blood volume comprised of RBCs.
Thrombocytopenia
- Low platelet count.
- Can lead to excessive bleeding.
- Causes:
- Underlying medical conditions.
- Medications.
Thrombocytosis
- High platelet count.
- Can lead to blood clots.
- Causes:
- Underlying medical conditions.
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Description
This quiz explores the characteristics and functions of erythrocytes (red blood cells) and leukocytes (white blood cells). It covers key components like hemoglobin and the different types of leukocytes. Test your knowledge on how these cells contribute to overall health and disease defense.
