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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of erythrocytes in the blood?
What is the primary function of erythrocytes in the blood?
At what average diameter do erythrocytes measure?
At what average diameter do erythrocytes measure?
Which membrane protein is involved in the exchange of bicarbonate and chloride ions in erythrocytes?
Which membrane protein is involved in the exchange of bicarbonate and chloride ions in erythrocytes?
What is the life span of erythrocytes in circulation?
What is the life span of erythrocytes in circulation?
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What structural feature of erythrocytes maximizes their surface area for gas exchange?
What structural feature of erythrocytes maximizes their surface area for gas exchange?
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Which component of eosinophils is primarily responsible for attacking parasite larvae?
Which component of eosinophils is primarily responsible for attacking parasite larvae?
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What is the primary function of basophils upon recognizing IgE?
What is the primary function of basophils upon recognizing IgE?
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What type of granules do eosinophils have that are characterized as non-specific?
What type of granules do eosinophils have that are characterized as non-specific?
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Which of the following statements about basophils is correct?
Which of the following statements about basophils is correct?
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What type of granules do basophils contain that are responsible for leukotriene synthesis?
What type of granules do basophils contain that are responsible for leukotriene synthesis?
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Which function is associated with basophils?
Which function is associated with basophils?
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What is the primary role of large granular lymphocytes?
What is the primary role of large granular lymphocytes?
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What is a distinguishing feature of small lymphocytes compared to large lymphocytes?
What is a distinguishing feature of small lymphocytes compared to large lymphocytes?
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Which of the following is true regarding the lifespan of lymphocytes?
Which of the following is true regarding the lifespan of lymphocytes?
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What type of granules do basophils predominantly contain?
What type of granules do basophils predominantly contain?
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Which hemoglobin variant is primarily associated with fetal development?
Which hemoglobin variant is primarily associated with fetal development?
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What is the primary function of neutrophils?
What is the primary function of neutrophils?
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Which statement correctly describes the structure of Hb A?
Which statement correctly describes the structure of Hb A?
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What is a key characteristic of eosinophils?
What is a key characteristic of eosinophils?
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What is the lifespan of neutrophils in the blood?
What is the lifespan of neutrophils in the blood?
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Which leukocyte is known for its involvement in the release of Major Basic Protein?
Which leukocyte is known for its involvement in the release of Major Basic Protein?
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Which of the following is true regarding the marginating pool of leukocytes?
Which of the following is true regarding the marginating pool of leukocytes?
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Which component of neutrophils is specifically responsible for the digestion of bacterial cell walls?
Which component of neutrophils is specifically responsible for the digestion of bacterial cell walls?
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What function do perforin and granzyme serve in NK cells?
What function do perforin and granzyme serve in NK cells?
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Which of the following describes monocytes' role upon entering tissues?
Which of the following describes monocytes' role upon entering tissues?
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What is the typical diameter of monocytes?
What is the typical diameter of monocytes?
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What is NOT a method by which monocytes recognize targets?
What is NOT a method by which monocytes recognize targets?
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Which component of thrombocytes helps to form a physical barrier to blood loss?
Which component of thrombocytes helps to form a physical barrier to blood loss?
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What is a distinguishing characteristic of monocytes when viewed under W-G staining?
What is a distinguishing characteristic of monocytes when viewed under W-G staining?
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What is the average lifespan of thrombocytes?
What is the average lifespan of thrombocytes?
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Which of the following best describes the function of lysosomes in monocytes?
Which of the following best describes the function of lysosomes in monocytes?
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Study Notes
Erythrocytes
- Transport gases in the blood in dissolved form or bound to hemoglobin
- Regulate pH homeostasis
- Contains carbonic anhydrase that converts carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions
- Band 3 membrane protein exchanges bicarbonate for extracellular chloride ions
- Adult males have 4-6 million red blood cells per microliter
- Adult females have 4-5.5 million red blood cells per microliter
- Contains about 1/3rd of the red blood cell mass
- Hemoglobin forms:
- Hb A1, 95% of adults, with 2 alpha and 2 beta chains
- Hb A2, 5% of adults, with 2 alpha and 2 delta chains
- Hb F, fetal development, with 2 alpha and 2 gamma chains
- Hb S: Sickle Cell Trait, A variant
- Hb C: A variant
- A Glu-Val substitution in the beta chain decreases hemoglobin solubility
- Decreases red blood cell flexibility
- Leads to anemia and an increase in blood viscosity
Leukocytes
- Granulocytes
- Neutrophils (60-70%)
- Eosinophils (2-4%)
- Basophils (0-1%)
- Agranulocytes
- Lymphocytes (20-30%)
- Monocytes (3-8%)
- Marginating pool – selectin:selectin binding
- Diapedesis
- Integrin adhesion
Neutrophils
- Anti-bacterial
- Phagocytosis (+ lysosome fusion)
- Hydrolizes bacterial cell wall with lysozyme
- Lactoferrin iron binding
- Netosis
- Secretion of fibrous structure to restrain bacteria
- Oxygen radical release
- Phagocytosis (+ lysosome fusion)
- Cytokine release
- TNF-alpha, IL, TGF=beta
- Recruit other white blood cells, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells
- 6000/microliter
- 1 week in blood
- 15-20 microns in diameter
- Lobed nucleus
- Condensed chromatin
- Cytoplasm pink overall
- Cytoplasm grainy
- Multiple purple granules
- Specific granules (eosinophilic, small)
- Type IV collagenase (aids migration)
- Lactoferrin (sequesters iron)
- Lysozyme (digests bacterial cell wall)
- Non-specific granules (lysosomes, azurophilic, large)
- Myeloperoxidase (antimicrobial)
- Acid hydrolase (>50 enzymes, low pH)
Eosinophils
- Anti-parasitic
- Phagocytosis
- Ab-dependent recognition
- Major Basic Protein release, larva
- Phagocytosis
- Pro-inflammatory
- Release leukotrienes, IL
- Anti-inflammatory
- Inactivate histamine
- 250/microliter
- 1-2 weeks in blood
- 12-20 micron diam.
- Bi-lobed nucleus normal
- Condensed chromatin
- Clear cytoplasm
- Very large pink-orange granules
- Specific granules (eosinophilic, large)
- Major basic protein (attacks parasite larva)
- Eosinophilic cationic protein
- Neurotoxin (cytotoxic, anti-RNA viral, chemoattractant)
- Histaminase (degrades histamine)
- Non-specific granules (lysosomes, azurophilic, large, fewer than PMN)
- Lysozyme (digests bacterial cell wall)
- Acid hydrolase (>50 enzymes that work at low pH)
- Myeloperoxidase (antimicrobial)
Basophils
- Anti-inflammatory
- Degranulation
- Upon IgE recognition
- Release of histamine
- Induces vasodilation
- Anaphylactic shock
- Chemotactic
- Eosinophil chemotactic factor
- Recruits eosinophils
- Eosinophil chemotactic factor
- Degranulation
- Induce and maintain allergic reactions
- Similar actions to mast cells
- 50 per microliter
- Days to years?
- 15-20 micron diam.
- Large irregular nucleus
- Nucleus obscured
- Clear cytoplasm
- Numerous large purple granules
- Easily activated/degranulated
- Specific granules (very azurophilic, very large, numerous)
- Histamine (vasodilator)
- Heparin (anticoagulant, vasodilator)
- Eosinophil chemotactic factor
- Phospholipids for synthesis of leukotrienes
- Non-specific granules (lysosomes, less azurophilic, fewer)
- Lysozyme (digests bacterial cell wall)
- Acid hydrolase (>50 enzymes that work at low pH)
- Myeloperoxidase (antimicrobial)
Lymphocytes
- Mediate immune responses
- Recognize foreign antigens
- Recognize antibody-antigen interaction
- Direct killing of malignant cells
- Direct killing of virus-infected cells
- Small Lymphocytes (inactive)
- B-cells and memory B-cells
- T-cells (cytotoxic, helper, regulatory)
- Large Agranular Lymphocytes (active)
- B-cells
- T-cells
- Large Granular Lymphocytes
- Natural Killer (NK) cells
- 2000/microliter
- Days to years
- Small
- 10-18 micron diam.
- Condensed chromatin
- Large nucleus
- Small-round
- Large -irregular
- NK-irregular
- Cytoplasm clear to light blue
- Granules in NK cells
- Large Agranular
- Large Granular (NK)
- 15-20 micron diam.
- Small
- Most activity
- Cell surface receptors
- MHC, TCR, selectins, integrins
- Cytosolic signaling events
- Cell surface receptors
- NK cells
- Granules
- Perforin puts holes in target cell
- Osmotic collapse of target
- Granzyme enters target cell
- Initiate apoptosis
- Perforin puts holes in target cell
- Granules
Monocytes
- Perform immune surveillance
- Differentiate into macrophages upon tissue entry
- Diapedesis/Chemotaxis
- Recognition of inflammatory signals
- Diapedesis/Chemotaxis
- Populate tissues as resident macrophages
- Kupffer
- Alveolar
- Microglia
- Osteoclast
- Langerhans
- Phagocytosis of tissue debris and foreign organisms
- Ab, Complement and non-specific recognition
- Antigen presentation
- Cytokine secretion to recruit cells (smc, fibroblasts)
- Differentiate into macrophages upon tissue entry
- 400/microliter
- Days to years
- 15-30 micron diam.
- Irregular nuclear shape (U)
- Chromatin moderately condensed
- Gray-pink cytoplasm
- Small blue/purple granules
- Prominent clear vacuoles
- W-G staining identifier
- Vacuoles
- Membrane bound organelles
- Contain phagocytosed material
- Will fuse with lysosomes
- Lysosome
- Membrane bound organelles
- Contain acidic hydrolases
- Process antigen for presentation to lymphocytes
- Azurophilic
Thrombocytes (Platelets)
- Hemostasis
- Form physical barrier to blood loss
- Integrate with protein (fibrous) clot
- Fibrinogen binding
- Retract wound edges
- Cytoskeletal contraction
- Potentiate coagulation cascade
- Regulator of vascular tone
- Release of granule contents
- 300,000/microliter
- 10 day lifespan
- Anucleate cell fragment
- 2-3 micron diam.
- Typically clumped
- Typically activated
- Overall azurophilia
- No discernible contents by W-G
- TEM reveals cortical
- Cytoskeleton and granules of platelets.
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Description
This quiz covers the functions, types, and characteristics of erythrocytes and leukocytes in the human body. It includes details about hemoglobin types and their implications on health. Test your knowledge on blood cells and their roles in maintaining homeostasis.
