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Questions and Answers
What is the function of the urethra?
What is the length of the male urethra?
What is the function of the internal urethral sphincter?
What is urinary incontinence?
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What is the main function of the gonads?
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What is the function of the epididymis?
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Why are the testes kept at a lower temperature than the core body temperature?
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What is the length of the vas deferens?
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What is the primary function of the kidneys in the urinary system?
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What is the structure that passes through the hilum of the kidney?
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What is the length of each ureter?
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What is the function of the ureters in the urinary system?
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What is the location of the kidneys in the abdominal cavity?
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What is the structure that connects the ureters to the urinary bladder?
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What is the function of the urinary bladder in the urinary system?
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What is the relationship between the upper pole of the kidney and the adrenal gland?
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What is the function of the vas deferens in the male reproductive system?
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Where are the seminal vesicles located in the male reproductive system?
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What is the function of the prostate gland in the male reproductive system?
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What is the result of prostatic hyperplasia in an aging male?
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What is the function of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?
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Where does fertilization occur in the female reproductive system?
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What is the cervix in the female reproductive system?
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What is the relationship between the vagina and the urethra in the female reproductive system?
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Study Notes
Urogenital System
- The genitourinary system consists of the reproductive system and the urinary system.
Urinary System
- Consists of:
- Two kidneys
- Two ureters
- Urinary bladder
- Urethra
- Kidneys:
- Two bean-shaped organs in the posterior part of the abdominal cavity
- Help the body pass waste as urine
- Functions:
- Maintain fluid balance
- Filter blood
- Create hormones that help produce red blood cells
- Each kidney has:
- Two poles (upper and lower)
- Two borders (medial and lateral)
- Upper pole is related to the adrenal gland
- Medial border has the hilum of the kidney
- Ureters:
- A pair of muscular tubes that extend from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
- Each ureter begins at the funnel-shaped renal pelvis
- Length: about 25cm
- Function: transportation of urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
- Penetrate the posterolateral angle of the urinary bladder by slit-like opening (intramural oblique course)
- Urinary Bladder:
- A muscular sac that contracts and empties urine through the urethra
- Has:
- Apex: anterior
- Base: posterior (ureters enter at superolateral angles)
- Neck: inferior end (exit of urethra and in males lies on the prostate)
- Urethra:
- Function: transports urine to the exterior of the body
- Length:
- Male urethra: 18-20 cm
- Female urethra: about 4 cm
- Sphincters:
- Internal urethral sphincter at the bladder neck (involuntary)
- External urethral sphincter (voluntary)
Male Reproductive System
- Consists of:
- Gonads (Testes)
- Ducts
- Accessory glands
- External genitalia
- Testes:
- Hang within the scrotum (protection from body temperature)
- Function:
- Secrete testosterone (male sex hormone)
- Produce sperms (male gametes) at a rate of ½ billion/day
- Epididymis:
- A coiled tube (7 m) in length
- Function: stores and protects sperms and facilitates their functional maturation
- Tail of the epididymis is continuous with the vas deferens
- Vas deferens:
- A muscular tube (40–45 cm long)
- Function: peristaltic contractions propel semen through the duct
- Accessory glands:
- Prostate (below the neck of the urinary bladder)
- Seminal vesicle (behind the base of the urinary bladder)
- Function:
- Activation of sperm
- Nutrition of sperm
- Provide a fluid media for sperm propulsion
Female Reproductive System
- Consists of:
- Gonads (Ovaries)
- Ducts
- Accessory glands
- External genitalia
- Ovaries:
- Paired organs
- Location: in the lateral pelvic wall
- Function:
- Produce female gametes, ovum (one per month)
- Secrete female sex hormones, estrogens and progesterone
- Uterine Tubes (Fallopian tubes):
- Extend from the superolateral angles of the uterus to the ovaries
- Site of fertilization (ampulla)
- Function: transport the fertilized ovum towards the uterus
- Uterus:
- Pear-shaped organ
- Divided into:
- Body (largest portion)
- Fundus (portion superior to the attachment of the uterine tubes)
- Cervix (inferior portion)
- Vagina:
- Elastic, highly distensible, muscular tube
- Extends between the cervix and the exterior
- Related anteriorly to the urethra and posteriorly to the rectum and anal canal
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Description
Identify and describe the organs and structures of the urinary and reproductive systems, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, and male and female reproductive systems.
