HSS2011 Human Anatomy Module II

HSS2011 Human Anatomy

• Module II covers regional anatomy of the abdomen and pelvis, organs of the digestive system, and organs of the urogenital system.
• The urogenital system overview includes the urinary system (upper and lower renal tracts) and the reproductive system.

Urinary System

• Upper & Lower Renal Tract (URT & LRT):
  • Kidneys: Organs responsible for urine production and homeostasis
  • Ureters: Tubes transporting urine from kidneys to the bladder
  • Urinary bladder: Stores urine temporarily
  • Urethra: Tube carrying urine from the bladder to the outside

Reproductive System

• Genital tracts (male and female):;
  • Gonads: (male = testes, female = ovaries) produce sex hormones and gametes
  • Ducts: Transport gametes
  • Accessory glands: Support reproductive processes
  • Bony pelvis: Supports and protects genital structures

Learning Outcomes

• Students should be able to describe the gross anatomy of the kidney, ureter, and urinary bladder.
• Students should understand the microanatomy and functions of renal tubules.
• Understand the two distinct reproductive systems in the male and female pelvis.
• Differentiate the structural differences between male and female pelvic organs.
• Students should understand the arterial blood supply, venous drainage, and nerve innervation of the pelvis.

Outline

• Key topics include anatomy of the urinary system, bony pelvis and pelvic cavity, male reproductive anatomy, and female reproductive anatomy.

Anatomy of the Urinary System (Page 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15)

• Kidneys:

  • Retroperitoneal organs (behind the peritoneum)
  • ~9-13 cm in length
  • Located at vertebral level T12-L3
  • Functions: Filtering blood, reabsorbing vital nutrients and water, excreting waste products.
  • Blood supply: Renal artery, branching into segmental, interlobar, arcuate, and cortical radiate arteries, receiving ~95% blood supply to the cortex.
  • Drainage: Renal veins.

• Microscopic Anatomy:

  • The kidney has a cortex and medulla
  • Renal pyramids and collecting ducts within the medulla, with minor and major calyces leading to the renal pelvis

• Ureters:

  • Retroperitoneal, transport urine to the bladder
  • ~25 cm long, 3 mm diameter
  • Ureteropelvic junction, crossing external iliac vessels, traversing bladder wall (page 15)

• Urinary bladder:

  • Stores urine
  • Anatomical location relative to the reproductive organs and other pelvic structures. (Page 16, 17)
  • Parts include Vesicouterine pouch, Rectouterine pouch, Vesicorectal pouch.

• Urethra:

  • Carries urine from the bladder to the outside (male and female anatomy)
  • (page 17/18/19)

Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System (Page 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33)

• Testes: Located within the scrotum, responsible for sperm production.
• Epididymis: Tube that stores and matures sperm.
• Ductus (Vas) Deferens: Transports sperm. -Unites with the seminal vesicle at the posterior aspect of the urinary bladder. (Page 31)
• Seminal Vesicles: Adds fluid to sperm to create semen (and has anatomical relations related to the urinary bladder).
• Prostate Gland: Adds more fluid to sperm.
• Bulbourethral Glands: Adds mucous to semen.
• Penis: Organ containing erectile tissue enabling penile erection. (Page 33)

Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System (Page 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43)

• Ovaries: Located in the pelvic cavity. Responsible for producing ova.
• Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes/Oviducts: Transport ova from ovaries to the uterus.
• Uterus: Hollow, muscular organ where a fertilized ovum implants and the fetus grows.
• Vagina: Muscular canal serving as the birth canal and part of the birth process.
• Location of these organs and the supporting ligaments related to the surrounding organs.
• Cervix: Lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. Plays a key role in reproduction, in part because it is the site where cervix is dilated to allow the passage of a fetus during childbirth (page 42).

Fetal Growth and Development (Page 46, 47, 48)

• Embryo development from first 8 weeks.
• Fetus development from 9th week to 40th week.
• Placenta function (Page 49)

Other Relevant Information

• Pelvic Cavity and Bony Pelvis: Structures and differences between male and female bony pelvises..
• Pelvic Diaphragm: (Page 24,25)
• Perineum: Structures of the female perineum.
• Vascular Supply: Blood supply, particularly to pelvic organs including arteries, veins, and their connections to different structures
• Nerve Intervention: Pelvic nerve system.

Additional Note

• The diagrams are important to understand anatomical positions and relationships between organs.
• A variety of related information is included between organ system data.