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Questions and Answers
Which vein is responsible for draining the pelvis?
Which vein is responsible for draining the pelvis?
What does the Renal Portal Vein supply?
What does the Renal Portal Vein supply?
Which artery is NOT part of the Truncus Arteriosus?
Which artery is NOT part of the Truncus Arteriosus?
What type of blood does the Dorsal Aorta carry?
What type of blood does the Dorsal Aorta carry?
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Which artery branches off from the Subclavian Artery?
Which artery branches off from the Subclavian Artery?
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Which of the following arteries is part of the Pulmocutaneous Artery system?
Which of the following arteries is part of the Pulmocutaneous Artery system?
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What is the role of the Femoral Vein?
What is the role of the Femoral Vein?
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Which artery is responsible for supplying the stomach?
Which artery is responsible for supplying the stomach?
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What is the primary function of the liver in the toad digestive system?
What is the primary function of the liver in the toad digestive system?
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Which structure is responsible for suspending the small intestine in the toad?
Which structure is responsible for suspending the small intestine in the toad?
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Where does the pyloric sphincter regulate the movement of chyme?
Where does the pyloric sphincter regulate the movement of chyme?
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Which layer of the small intestine is responsible for nutrient absorption?
Which layer of the small intestine is responsible for nutrient absorption?
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Which part of the peritoneum directly lines the organs?
Which part of the peritoneum directly lines the organs?
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Which structure is referred to as the 'space' part of the coelom located at the chest and abdomen?
Which structure is referred to as the 'space' part of the coelom located at the chest and abdomen?
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How do the valves of Kerckring aid in the small intestine?
How do the valves of Kerckring aid in the small intestine?
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What type of muscle is found in the stratum circulare of the muscularis layer of the small intestine?
What type of muscle is found in the stratum circulare of the muscularis layer of the small intestine?
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What is the primary role of the gallbladder in the toad's digestive system?
What is the primary role of the gallbladder in the toad's digestive system?
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Which component of the stomach helps increase the surface area for digestion?
Which component of the stomach helps increase the surface area for digestion?
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What is the main function of the large intestine in the toad?
What is the main function of the large intestine in the toad?
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Which part of the toad digestive system is categorized as having a 'glandular organ' which secretes trypsin and other enzymes?
Which part of the toad digestive system is categorized as having a 'glandular organ' which secretes trypsin and other enzymes?
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Which structure is primarily responsible for holding visceral organs together?
Which structure is primarily responsible for holding visceral organs together?
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What is the primary function of gastric pits in the stomach?
What is the primary function of gastric pits in the stomach?
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What is the chief role of the mucosa in the small intestine?
What is the chief role of the mucosa in the small intestine?
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Which of the following cell types secretes gastric acid in the stomach?
Which of the following cell types secretes gastric acid in the stomach?
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What structure helps in increasing the volume of the stomach?
What structure helps in increasing the volume of the stomach?
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Which component of the respiratory system allows for gas exchange in frogs?
Which component of the respiratory system allows for gas exchange in frogs?
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What is the main advantage of a countercurrent flow in the gill system?
What is the main advantage of a countercurrent flow in the gill system?
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Which structure in the lung system is primarily responsible for gas exchange?
Which structure in the lung system is primarily responsible for gas exchange?
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What role do muscularis mucosa play in the stomach?
What role do muscularis mucosa play in the stomach?
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Which type of epithelial tissue lines the gastric mucosa?
Which type of epithelial tissue lines the gastric mucosa?
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What anatomical feature protects the gill chamber in fishes?
What anatomical feature protects the gill chamber in fishes?
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What is the primary function of the tracheal system in insects?
What is the primary function of the tracheal system in insects?
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What is the main role of the muscularis layer in the gastrointestinal tract?
What is the main role of the muscularis layer in the gastrointestinal tract?
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Which of the following structures are involved in filtering blood in the liver?
Which of the following structures are involved in filtering blood in the liver?
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Which pair of structures play a crucial role in transporting air from the environment to the lungs?
Which pair of structures play a crucial role in transporting air from the environment to the lungs?
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Which part of the respiratory system has a valve-like function during respiration?
Which part of the respiratory system has a valve-like function during respiration?
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What is the primary function of the spleen in the excretory system?
What is the primary function of the spleen in the excretory system?
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Which nitrogenous waste is the most toxic?
Which nitrogenous waste is the most toxic?
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Where do the Malpighian tubules in a cockroach primarily function?
Where do the Malpighian tubules in a cockroach primarily function?
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What type of excretory organ do terrestrial arthropods primarily utilize?
What type of excretory organ do terrestrial arthropods primarily utilize?
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What structure temporarily stores urea in amphibians?
What structure temporarily stores urea in amphibians?
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Which type of kidney do toads possess?
Which type of kidney do toads possess?
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What is the primary role of osmoregulators in the excretory system?
What is the primary role of osmoregulators in the excretory system?
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Which excretory organ is specific to crustaceans?
Which excretory organ is specific to crustaceans?
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What is the main metabolic cost associated with uric acid excretion?
What is the main metabolic cost associated with uric acid excretion?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys in vertebrates?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys in vertebrates?
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What structure exits the urinary bladder in amphibians?
What structure exits the urinary bladder in amphibians?
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Which structure filters blood in the kidneys?
Which structure filters blood in the kidneys?
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In which type of waste is urea produced in organisms?
In which type of waste is urea produced in organisms?
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Which brain region is responsible for memory formation and cognition?
Which brain region is responsible for memory formation and cognition?
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What is the function of the myelencephalon?
What is the function of the myelencephalon?
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Which ventricle is associated with the optic lobes in the toad brain?
Which ventricle is associated with the optic lobes in the toad brain?
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Where is the pineal body located in the toad brain?
Where is the pineal body located in the toad brain?
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What structures cover the toad's brain?
What structures cover the toad's brain?
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Which structure connects the optic ventricles to the 4th ventricle?
Which structure connects the optic ventricles to the 4th ventricle?
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What is the function of the diencephalon in the toad brain?
What is the function of the diencephalon in the toad brain?
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What is the main purpose of cerebrospinal fluid in the central nervous system?
What is the main purpose of cerebrospinal fluid in the central nervous system?
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Which part of the spinal cord is responsible for the emergence of spinal nerves for the hindlimbs?
Which part of the spinal cord is responsible for the emergence of spinal nerves for the hindlimbs?
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Which structure helps to prevent hard-to-preserve elongated roots of posterior spinal nerves?
Which structure helps to prevent hard-to-preserve elongated roots of posterior spinal nerves?
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What covers the dorsal triangular opening to the 4th ventricle?
What covers the dorsal triangular opening to the 4th ventricle?
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Which brain region serves as the auditory reflex center?
Which brain region serves as the auditory reflex center?
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What structure serves as the outer protective layer of the spinal cord?
What structure serves as the outer protective layer of the spinal cord?
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What role does the infundibulum play in the toad brain?
What role does the infundibulum play in the toad brain?
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What type of pressure is used in the mammalian lung system for air intake?
What type of pressure is used in the mammalian lung system for air intake?
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Which structure in mammalian lungs is responsible for forcing air down into the lungs?
Which structure in mammalian lungs is responsible for forcing air down into the lungs?
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In the closed circulatory system of tetrapods, what is the primary function of the ventricle?
In the closed circulatory system of tetrapods, what is the primary function of the ventricle?
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What separates the right atrium from the left atrium in the toad heart?
What separates the right atrium from the left atrium in the toad heart?
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What role does the sinoatrial node play in the mammalian heart?
What role does the sinoatrial node play in the mammalian heart?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of an open circulatory system?
Which of the following is a characteristic of an open circulatory system?
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Which structure prevents the backflow of blood from arteries into the ventricles in the mammalian heart?
Which structure prevents the backflow of blood from arteries into the ventricles in the mammalian heart?
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What is the primary component that allows the inflow of hemolymph into the heart of a cockroach?
What is the primary component that allows the inflow of hemolymph into the heart of a cockroach?
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What is the role of the pulmonary artery in the mammalian circulatory system?
What is the role of the pulmonary artery in the mammalian circulatory system?
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Which layer lines the heart in toads?
Which layer lines the heart in toads?
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What is the function of trabeculae carnae in the ventricles?
What is the function of trabeculae carnae in the ventricles?
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Which component of the mammalian heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?
Which component of the mammalian heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?
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What does the interventricular septum separate in the mammalian heart?
What does the interventricular septum separate in the mammalian heart?
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Which vein returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium in mammalian circulation?
Which vein returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium in mammalian circulation?
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Study Notes
Digestive System
- Breaks down food mechanically and chemically into simpler molecules
- Absorption and utilization of molecules by cells
- Process occurs along a digestive tract/canal
- Mixes with secretions from various peripheral glandular organs
- Waste material excreted as fecal waste
Incomplete Digestive System (Fluke)
- Digestive tract ends blindly
- Oral sucker for attachment
- Undigested material egested through the mouth
- Structures include: mouth, oral sucker, pharynx, esophagus, intestines
Complete Digestive System (Cockroach)
- Foregut: esophagus, crop, gizzard
- Midgut: gastric caecae, ileum, colon, rectum
- Hindgut: anus
- Digestive tract has specialized sections for different digestive functions
Complete Digestive System (Toad)
- Buccal cavity has vomerine teeth, maxillary teeth, esophagus, tongue
- Other structures include liver, ant. left lobe, post. left lobe, right lobe, gallbladder, pancreas, stomach, cardiac end, greater curvature, lesser curvature, pyloric end, pyloric sphincter, and small intestine
Respiratory System
- Oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange is crucial for aerobic cell respiration
- Done via respiratory organs such as lungs, tracheal systems, and gills
- Respiratory organs must have high surface area, permeability, contact with oxygen-rich medium, and exposure to blood circulation or tissues for good gas exchange.
Tracheal System
- Air pathway: environment → spiracles → trachea → tracheal trunks → tracheoles → tissues
- Structures in the pathway include spiracles, trachea, tracheal trunks, tracheoles
Gill System
- Operculum, gill chamber, gill rakers, gill arches, pharyngeal clefts, gill filaments are structures
- Gill filaments facilitate gas exchange in aquatic environments
Lung System
- The buccal cavity is shared by both the respiratory and digestive systems
- Structures include external nares, internal nares, cricoid, arytenoids, glottis, Eustachian tube, vocal sacs (in males), ventral
- Efficient exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide is facilitated by the countercurrent flow of blood and water
Circulatory System
- Transports gases, nutrients, and other substances throughout the body
- Open circulatory systems (invertebrates) vs. closed (vertebrates)
- Open systems use hemolymph, closed use blood
Open Circulatory System (Cockroach)
- Hemolymph flows into spaces within the body cavity, bathing tissues
- Heart: muscular pump
- Ostia: openings in the heart allowing hemolymph to enter
Closed Circulatory System (Toad)
- Blood flows within vessels
- Heart, blood vessels, and blood form a closed circuit
- Heart has three chambers with sinus venosus, right atrium, conus arteriosus, left atrium, and ventricle
Mammalian Heart
- Four-chambered heart with right and left atria, right and left ventricles
- Pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation
- Coronary vessels supply the heart muscle
Excretory System
- Excretion: removing nitrogenous waste products
- Organs vary among animals (proto nephridia, metanephridia, antennal glands, Malpighian tubules, mesonephric kidneys, metanephric kidneys, coxal glands)
Nervous System
- Diffuse nervous system (e.g., Hydra), ladder nervous system (e.g., flatworms), and ganglionic nervous system (e.g., arthropods)
- Central nervous system (CNS) coordinates and integrates bodily functions (brain in vertebrates and spinal cord, with neural clusters, ganglions in invertebrates)
- Peripheral nervous system (PNS) connects CNS to rest of body for signaling and control
Kidney
- Mammalian kidneys have cortex, medulla, and renal pelvis (contains renal papillas)
- Urine is formed in renal corpuscles and passes through tubules
Sense Organs (Eye of Toad)
- Eyelids, conjunctiva, sclera, cornea, retractor bulbi, pupil, lens, optic nerve
Sense Organs (Middle Ear of Toad)
- Tympanum, columella, Eustachian tube
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Description
Test your knowledge on the human vascular system with this quiz focusing on veins, arteries, and their functions. Explore specific vascular structures such as the Renal Portal Vein and the Truncus Arteriosus. Challenge yourself to understand the complexities of pelvic drainage and arterial supply.
