Human Anatomy Quiz on Bones and Joints
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of compact bone?

  • Acts as a storage area for fat
  • Provides flexibility for movement
  • Serves as the primary site of hematopoiesis
  • Offers strength for weight bearing (correct)

    • Which type of joint allows for the least amount of movement?

  • Amphiarthrosis
  • Synarthrosis (correct)
  • Diarthrosis
  • Syndesmosis

    • Which of the following describes the structure of a fibrocartilage joint?

  • Provides smooth surfaces for joint movement
  • Composed of dense connective tissue
  • Has a high degree of flexibility and elasticity
  • Acts as shock absorbers in joints (correct)

    • What is the term for the rounded projection of a bone that articulates with another bone?

    <p>Condyle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bone is characterized by a structure that has small spaces and is found deep to compact bone?

    <p>Cancellous bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of surface marking is a narrow slit for the passage of blood vessels or nerves?

    <p>Fissure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bone is classified as having equal length and width?

    <p>Short bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What classification describes joints that allow for free movement?

    <p>Diarthrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the costovertebral joint classified as?

    <p>Synovial planar joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ribs articulates with a single vertebra?

    <p>Rib 10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ligament connects the neck of the rib to the transverse process above?

    <p>Superior costotransverse ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structural classification of the sternocostal joint for rib 1?

    <p>Synchondrosis cartilaginous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligaments are associated with the sternocostal joint?

    <p>Anterior and posterior radiate sternocostal ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ligaments in the human body?

    <p>Connect bone to bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many degrees of freedom does a ball and socket synovial joint allow?

    <p>3 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle is responsible for involuntary movements in the walls of organs?

    <p>Smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does a synergist muscle play during movement?

    <p>Contracts at the same time as the agonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure provides the primary attachment for muscles to bones?

    <p>Tendon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical term describes the position where muscles attach without movement during contraction?

    <p>Origin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the vertebral column consists of 7 vertebrae?

    <p>Cervical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical feature distinguishes the atlas from other cervical vertebrae?

    <p>Absence of a vertebral body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about rib attachment types is accurate?

    <p>False ribs have no attachment to the sternum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thoracic cage includes which of the following structures?

    <p>Ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the spinal nerves in the body?

    <p>Provide sensory and motor functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT typical of thoracic vertebrae?

    <p>Transverse foramen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the intervertebral foramen?

    <p>Exit point for spinal nerves from the vertebral canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What muscle classification refers to the main muscle responsible for movement?

    <p>Agonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of the obliquus externus abdominis when contracted unilaterally?

    <p>Contralateral rotation of the trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies the thyroid gland and larynx?

    <p>Superior thyroid artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the internal jugular vein?

    <p>Drains blood from the face and neck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the right common carotid artery branch from?

    <p>Brachiocephalic trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for hearing and balance?

    <p>Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the cribriform plate?

    <p>Ethmoid bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is primarily drained by the external jugular vein?

    <p>Anterior scalp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is the most internal of the anterior abdominal wall muscles?

    <p>Transversus abdominis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The facial artery primarily supplies which area of the body?

    <p>Face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following veins eventually drains into the superior vena cava?

    <p>Subclavian vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The anterior fontanelle is formed at the junction of which structures?

    <p>Frontal and parietal bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of artery is the internal carotid artery considered?

    <p>Cranial artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the functions of the rectus abdominis muscle?

    <p>Flexion of the trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of the splenius muscles when acting bilaterally?

    <p>Extend the head and neck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intrinsic back muscle group primarily functions to stabilize the vertebral column?

    <p>Transversospinalis group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligaments attach to the medial sides of the condyles of the occipital bone and the upper part of the dens?

    <p>Alar ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is formed between the head of ribs and the facets on two bodies of thoracic vertebrae?

    <p>Synovial planar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles is responsible for lateral flexion of the neck and elevation of the first rib during forced inspiration?

    <p>Anterior scalene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which spinal nerve supplies the platysma muscle?

    <p>Cranial nerve VII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the interspinales muscles in the vertebral column?

    <p>Extension and rotation of the vertebral column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The key movement produced by the erector spinae when acting unilaterally includes which of the following?

    <p>Lateral flexion of the vertebral column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these structures is primarily responsible for flexibility at the costochondral joint?

    <p>Synchondrosis cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the tectorial membrane?

    <p>Covers the odontoid process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the primary action of the multifidus muscle?

    <p>Stabilization of the vertebral column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the external intercostal muscles during inspiration?

    <p>Elevate the ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ligaments connects the upper part of the dens to the occipital bone?

    <p>Alar ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neck muscle primarily assists in elevating the sternum during forced inhalation?

    <p>Sternocleidomastoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cartilage

    • Hyaline cartilage is found in joints, elastic cartilage is found in the ear, and fibrocartilage is found in the intervertebral discs of the spinal column.

    Bone

    • Bone is a living tissue that is constantly being rebuilt.
    • Compact bone is a thin superficial layer that provides strength for weight bearing.
    • Spongy bone is deep to compact bone and superficial to the bone marrow cavity.
    • Long bones are longer than they are wide; made up of epiphysis (end), metaphysis, diaphysis (shaft), and epiphyseal plate (growth plate).
    • Short bones are almost cube-shaped, with equal length and width.
    • Flat bones are thin and flattened.
    • Irregular bones have a complex shape that does not fit into any other category.
    • Sesamoid bones develop within tendons, such as the patella.
    • Sutural bones develop within the joints between skull bones.

    Bone Articulations

    • Head: A rounded projection that articulates with the base of an adjacent bone.
    • Neck: Supports the head.
    • Condyle: A rounded protuberance at the end of a bone.
    • Trochlea: A groove at the end of a bone that forms a joint or houses a moveable tendon.
    • Facet: A smooth, flat surface.

    Bone Surface Markings

    • Depressions and openings: Participate in joints or allow passage of soft tissues.
      • Fissure: A narrow slit for blood vessels or nerves.
      • Foramen: An opening for blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments.
      • Fossa: A shallow depression.
      • Sulcus: A furrow that accommodates a blood vessel, nerve, or tendon.
      • Meatus: A tube-like opening.
    • Processes: Projections or outgrowths that help form joints or serve as attachment points.
      • Condyle: A large, round protuberance at the end of a bone (joint).
      • Facet: A smooth, flat articular surface (joint).
      • Head: A rounded articular projection supported on a neck (joint).
      • Crest: A prominent ridge or elongated projection.
      • Epicondyle: A projection above a condyle.
      • Line: A long, narrow ridge (less prominent than a crest).
      • Spinous process: Sharp and slender.
      • Trochanter: Very large.
      • Tubercle: Small and round.
      • Tuberosity: Large, rounded, and usually roughened.

    Joint Classification

    • Arthrology is the study of joints.
    • Syndesmology is the study of ligaments.
    • Joint: An articulation between two bones (movement is often determined by the shape of the bones).
      • Structure: The material holding the joint together.
      • Function: Based on how much movement.
        • Synarthrosis: Little to no movement.
        • Amphiarthrosis: Some movement.
        • Diarthrosis: Freely moveable.

    Structure of a Joint

    • Ball and socket synovial joint: A spherical surface fitting into a bowl shape (e.g., the glenohumeral joint).
    • Ligament: Connective tissue structure that connects bone to bone.
      • Capsular ligaments: Bend with the joint capsule and enhance its strength.
      • Extracapsular ligaments: In close proximity to the capsule.
      • Intracapsular ligaments: Within the joint capsules.

    Vasculation and Innervation of Joints

    • Joint articular arteries are located in the capsule.
    • Joints have a rich nerve supply that ends in the capsule.
    • Sensory information from the proprioceptive receptors is sent to the brain.

    Overview of Muscle Tissue

    • Skeletal Muscles: Attached to bones; voluntary, contraction and relaxation are controlled by motor and sensory nerves.
    • Cardiac Muscle: Found in the walls of the heart; involuntary.
    • Smooth (visceral) Muscle: Found in the walls of internal organs; involuntary, responsible for movement of the gastrointestinal tract and secretion of fluids.

    Muscular System

    • Muscles are the motors of the skeletal system.
    • Muscles pull with equal force on both attachments.

    Origin and Insertion

    • Origin: Where a muscle attaches to a bone or muscle that is not moved by contraction of that muscle.
    • Insertion: Where a muscle attaches to skin, bone, or muscle that is moved by the contraction of that muscle.
    • Belly: The fleshy portion of the muscle.

    Muscle Actions

    • Isometric: Muscle contracts, producing force, but no gross movement occurs (stability).
    • Concentric: The muscle shortens while contracting, accelerating body segments.
    • Eccentric: The muscle lengthens while contracting, decelerating body segments (shock absorption).

    Muscle Roles

    • Agonist/Prime Mover: The principal muscle that contracts actively.
    • Antagonist: Opposite anatomical action to the agonist; passively elongates or shortens.
    • Synergist: Contracts at the same time as the agonist to assist in movement.
    • Stabilizer/Fixator/Supporter: Active isometrically to keep a limb from moving.

    Skeletal Muscle Characteristics

    • Direction:
      • Rectus: Parallel to the midline.
      • Transverse: Perpendicular to the midline.
      • Oblique: Diagonal.
    • Size:
      • Maximus: Largest.
      • Minimus: Smallest.
      • Longus: Longest.
      • Brevis: Short.
      • Latissimus: Wide.
      • Longissimus: Longest.
      • Magnus: Large.
      • Major: Large.
      • Minor: Small.
      • Vastus: Large.
    • Shape:
      • Deltoid: Triangular.
      • Trapezius: Trapezoid.
      • Serratus: Sawtoothed.
      • Rhomboid: Diamond.
      • Orbicularis: Circular.
      • Pectinate: Comb-like.
      • Piriformis: Pear-shaped.
      • Platys: Flat.
      • Quadratus: Square.
      • Gracilis: Slender.
    • Action:
      • Flexor: Decreases joint angle.
      • Extensor: Increases joint angle.
      • Abductor: Moves away from midline.
      • Adductor: Moves toward the midline.
      • Levator: Elevates.
      • Depressor: Lowers.
      • Supinator: Turns palm up.
      • Pronator: Turns palm down.
      • Sphincter: Constricts an opening.
      • Tensor: Makes a structure taut.
      • Rotator: Rotates a joint.
    • Number of Origins:
      • Biceps: Two origins.
      • Triceps: Three origins.
      • Quadriceps: Four origins.
    • Location: Structure near (e.g., temporalis - near the temporal bone).
    • Origin/Insertion: Sites (e.g., sternocleidomastoid - sternum/clavicle to mastoid process).

    Tendons

    • Tendons are extensions of connective tissue that attach muscle to bone or other muscle.
    • Tendon: A cord of dense connective tissue.
    • Aponeurosis: Tendon that extends as a broad, flat layer.
    • Tendon Sheaths: Tube-like connective tissue wrapped around tendons of the wrist and ankle where many tendons come together.
    • Fascia:
      • Superficial Fascia: Loose connective tissue and fat underlying the skin (homologous to the hypodermis and contains superficial veins and sensory nerves).
      • Deep Fascia: Dense irregular connective tissue that wraps the body (well defined in the limbs).

    Overview of Nerves

    • Nerve: An enclosed, cable-like bundle of dendrites or axons.
      • Sensory: Receive sensory stimuli.
      • Motor: Stimulate muscle contraction, contains axons of neurons that innervate skeletal muscles or glands.
      • Spinal: Mixed sensory and motor nerves from the spinal cord.
      • Cranial: Emerge directly from the brain containing sensory and motor fibers that innervate the head and neck muscles.

    Vertebral Column

    • Function: Posture, support body weight, locomotion, protection of spinal cord and roots.
    • 33 Vertebrae in 5 regions:
      • Cervical: 7 vertebrae.
      • Thoracic: 12 vertebrae.
      • Lumbar: 5 vertebrae.
      • Sacral: 5 vertebrae (fuse to make the sacrum).
      • Coccygeal: 2-4 vertebrae (fuse to make the coccyx).
    • Curves:
      • Primary Curvatures: Kyphotic (kyphosis), develop during the fetal period and are concave anteriorly.
        • Thoracic and sacral curves.
      • Secondary Curvatures: Lordotic (lordosis), concave posteriorly.
        • Cervical curve develops when infants start to hold their head up (2-4 months).
        • Lumbar curve develops when infants begin standing and walking (12-18 months).

    Typical Vertebra

    • Two Major Parts:
      • Vertebral body: Anterior projection; largest segment that stacks on each other to form the height of the column and shock absorption.
      • Vertebral arch: Posterior projection; made up of the pedicles and laminae.
    • Dismantled:
      • Pedicles: Connect the body of the vertebrae with the transverse processes.
      • Lamina: Connect the transverse processes to the spinous process.
      • Vertebral Foramen: Formed by the body, pedicles, lamina, and spinous processes; houses the spinal cord.
      • Intervertebral foramen: Formed by the pedicles of adjacent vertebrae on the right and left, protects the exiting spinal nerves.

    Organization of Spinal Nerves

    • 31 Pairs of spinal nerves exiting off the spinal cord into the intervertebral foramen.
      • 8 Cervical nerves.
      • 12 Thoracic nerves.
      • 5 Lumbar nerves.
      • 5 Sacral nerves.
      • 1 Coccygeal nerve.
    • The spinal nerves divide into branches (rami) after leaving the intervertebral foramen.
      • Dorsal rami: Innervates deep back muscles and overlying skin.

    Cervical Vertebrae

    • 7 Cervical vertebrae.
    • Common Features: Small body, transverse foramen in the transverse process, bifurcated spinous process.
      • Uncinate process: On the superior and inferior surfaces of the body.

    Unique Cervical Vertebrae

    • Atlas (C1):
      • No body, no laminae, no pedicles.
      • Anterior and posterior arches + tubercle.
      • Lateral mass on either side of the vertebrae that contain articular surfaces.
        • Superior articular surface: For the occipital condyles of the skull.
        • Inferior articular surface: For the axis.
      • Transverse ligament: Holds the dens in place and creates a foramen.
    • Axis (C2):
      • Dens (odontoid process -- tooth-like process) on the superior surface of the body.
        • Allows for rotation of the atlas on the axis.
    • Vertebra prominens (C7): Long and prominent spinous process which is palpable from the skin surface.

    Thoracic Vertebrae

    • 12 Thoracic vertebrae.
    • Main Characteristics:
      • Two costal facets on each side of the body for articulation with the heads of ribs.
      • One transverse costal facet is present on each transverse process for articulation with the tubercles of ribs.
        • T11 and T12 have no transverse facets.

    Thoracic Cage

    • Function: Attachment for upper limbs, attachment for muscles of the upper limb, neck, abdomen, back, and respiratory muscles, protects thoracic and abdominal organs, and attachment for mammary glands of breast tissue.
    • Classification of Rib (Costal) Attachments:
      • True Ribs: 1-7, direct attachment to the sternum.
      • False Ribs: 8-10, attach/fuse to the costal cartilage of rib 7 to form indirect attachment.
      • Free Ribs: 11-12, no attachment to the sternum.
      • Costal Cartilage: Attaches ribs with the sternum.
      • Intercostal Spaces: Space between each rib, filled by intercostal muscles and carry intercostal nerve and vessels.
      • Costal Arch: Continuous cartilage margin formed by the costal cartilages of the false ribs.
      • Superior Thoracic Aperture: Space between ribs 1, manubrium, and thoracic vertebrae; covered by the diaphragm.
      • Inferior Thoracic Aperture: The costal cartilage of ribs 7-10.

    Typical Ribs

    • Parts of a rib:
      • Head: Two semi-facets (superior/inferior) that articulate with the vertebral body and the vertebra above.
        • Inter-articular Crest: Separates semi-facets on the head.
      • Neck: Constricted portion between the head and the tubercle.
      • Tubercle: Prominence on the outer surface, between the neck and the shaft.
        • Articular: Facet for articulation with the transverse process.
        • Non-articular: Attachment to ligaments.
      • Shaft: Thin, flattened, and twisted on its long axis.
        • Costal Groove: Inferior border of the shaft that holds the intercostal VAN (vein, artery, nerve).
      • Angle: Shaft bends sharply forward.
      • Anterior End: Attached to corresponding costal cartilage.

    Atypical Ribs

    • 1st Rib: Flattened and wider, no angle or costal groove, single articular facet on the head.
      • Scalene Tubercle: Medial border for insertion of anterior scalene muscle.
    • 2nd Rib: No costal groove.
    • 10th Rib: Single articular facet on head.
    • 11th and 12th Ribs: Single articular facet on head, no neck or tubercle.

    Sternum

    • Costovertebral Joint: Articulations of the head of the ribs with the facets of two vertebral bodies (thoracic) and the associated intervertebral disc.
      • 1st, 10th, 11th, and 12th: Articulate with a single vertebra.
      • Structure: Synovial planar joint.
      • Function: Diarthrosis joint.
      • Ligaments:
        • Radiate ligament of head of rib: Connects the anterior part of the head of the rib with the side of the bodies of two vertebrae.
        • Intra-articular ligament of head of rib: Attaches the intra-articular crest of the head to the intervertebral disc.
    • Costotransverse Joint: Tubercle of the rib articulates with the costal facet on the transverse process.
      • Structure: Synovial joint.
      • Function: Diarthrodial joint.
      • Ligaments:
        • Superior costotransverse ligament: Neck of the rib to the transverse process above; holds the rib up.
        • Costotransverse ligament: Connects the space between the neck of the rib and the anterior surface of the transverse process.
        • Lateral costotransverse ligament: Tip of the transverse process to the rough non-articular tubercle of the rib; supports the posterior aspect.
    • Sternocostal Joint: The cartilage of true ribs articulates with the sternum.
      • Structure (Rib 1): Synchondrosis cartilaginous; does not ossify.
      • Structure (Rib 2-7): Synovial planar joint.
        • Permits mobility.
      • Ligaments:
        • Anterior and posterior radiate sternocostal ligaments:
          • Front/back of the costal cartilages to the posterior/anterior sternum.

    Atlantoaxial Joint

    • Structure: Synovial pivot joint
    • Function: Rotation of atlas
    • Location: Odontoid process (dens) of axis and posterior surface of anterior arch of atlas
    • Movement: 50% of rotation in cervical spine

    Atlantooccipital Joint

    • Structure: Synovial condyloid joint
    • Function: Flexion/extension and slight lateral flexion of head
    • Location: Atlas with occipital bone
    • Anterior Atlantooccipital Membrane: Covers anterior foramen magnum and anterior arch of atlas
    • Posterior Atlantooccipital Membrane: Covers posterior foramen magnum and posterior arch of atlas

    Uncovertebral Joint

    • Structure: Synovial planar joint
    • Function: Flexion/extension and limits lateral flexion
    • Location: Superior and inferior uncinate processes of cervical vertebrae (C3-7)

    Costovertebral Joint

    • Structure: Synovial planar
    • Function: Diarthrodial joint
    • Location: Head of ribs to facets on two bodies of thoracic vertebrae (Ribs one, 10, 11, and 12 connect to one body)
    • Radiate Ligament of Head of Rib: Connects anterior head of rib and the side of both bodies of thoracic vertebrae
    • Intra-articular Ligament of Head of Rib: Connects the intra-articular crest of the rib and the intervertebral disc

    Costotransverse Joint

    • Structure: Synovial joint
    • Function: Diarthrodial joint
    • Location: Articular tubercle of rib to transverse process of thoracic vertebrae
    • Superior Costotransverse Ligament: Connects the upper border of the rib neck and the transverse process
    • Costotransverse Ligament: Connects the back of the rib neck and the anterior surface of the transverse process
    • Lateral Costotransverse Ligament: Connects the tip of the transverse process to the non-articular tubercle of the rib

    Sternocostal Joint

    • Structure (Rib 1): Synchondrosis (cartilaginous joint)
    • Structure (Ribs 2 - 7): Synovial planar
    • Function: Permits mobility
    • Location: Cartilage of true ribs to the sternum
    • Ligaments: Anterior/Posterior radiate sternocostal ligament - connects front/back of costal cartilages to the sternum

    Costochondral Joint

    • Structure: Synchondrosis
    • Function: Synarthrosis (permits flexibility)
    • Location: Rib to the costal cartilage

    Muscles of the Back

    • Extrinsic Back Muscles
      • Superficial Muscles:
        • Trapezius
        • Latissimus Dorsi
        • Levator Scapulae
        • Rhomboids
      • Intermediate Muscles:
        • Serratus Posterior Superior
        • Serratus Posterior Inferior
    • Intrinsic Back Muscles
      • Superficial Muscles: Spinotransverse group
        • Splenius Capitis
        • Splenius Cervicis
      • Intermediate Muscles: Sacrospinalis group
        • Erector Spinae (Iliocostalis; Longissimus; Spinalis)
      • Deep Muscles: Transversospinalis group
        • Semispinalis (Capitis; Thoracis; Cervicis)
        • Multifidus
        • Rotatores
      • Segmental Muscles:
        • Interspinales
        • Intertransversarii
        • Levatores Costarum

    Muscles of the Neck

    • Superior Neck Muscles
      • Platysma
      • Sternocleidomastoid
    • Deep Neck Muscles - Anterior Vertebral Muscles - Longus Capitis - Longus Coli - Rectus Capitis Anterior - Anterior Scalene
      - Lateral Vertebral Muscles - Rectus Capitis Lateralis - Middle Scalene - Posterior Scalene - Suboccipital and Deep Neck Muscles - Major and Minor Rectus Capitis Posterior - Superior and Inferior Obliquus Capitis

    Muscles of the Scalp and Face

    • Scalp Muscles
      • Occipital Belly of Occipitofrontalis
      • Frontalis Belly of Occipitofrontalis
    • Face Muscles
      • Orbit Muscles
        • Orbicularis Oculi
        • Levator Palpebrae Superioris
      • Nose and Ears
        • Muscles of Nose
        • Muscles of Ears
      • Mouth and Cheek Muscles
        • Elevators, retractors, and evertors of the upper lip
        • Depressors, retractors, and evertors of the lower lip
        • Orbicularis Oris
        • Buccinator
      • Mastication Muscles
        • Temporalis
        • Masseter
        • Medial Pterygoid
        • Lateral Pterygoid

    Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

    • Structure: Modified synovial hinge joint
    • Articulating Surfaces:
      • Condylar process (head) of mandible
      • Articular tubercle of temporal bone
      • Mandibular fossa of temporal bone
    • Articular Disc: Oval fibrocartilage plate that divides the cavity
      • Superior compartment: Gliding of protrusion/retraction
      • Inferior compartment: Hinge of depression and elevation
    • TMJ Capsule: Surrounds the joint
    • TMJ Ligaments
      • Lateral Ligament: Two short bands on lateral surface of the articular capsule
      • Sphenomandibular Ligament: Connects spine of sphenoid to medial surface of ramus of mandible
      • Stylomandibular Ligament: Connects styloid process of the temporal bone to the inferior/posterior borders of ramus of mandible
    • Movements of the TMJ
      • Elevation
      • Depression
      • Protrusion
      • Retrusion
      • Lateral Movements

    Thoracic Cage

    • Muscles
      • External Intercostals
      • Internal Intercostals
    • Blood Vessels
      • Posterior Intercostal Arteries
      • Anterior Intercostal Arteries
      • Posterior Intercostal Veins
      • Anterior Intercostal Veins
    • Nerves
      • Intercostal Nerves (T1-11)
      • Subcostal Nerve (under rib 12)

    Diaphragm

    • Attachments: Inferior thoracic aperture
    • Structures:
      • Aortic Hiatus (level of T12)
      • Esophageal Hiatus (level of T10)
      • Caval Opening (level of T8)
    • Nerve Supply: Right and Left Phrenic Nerves
    • Primary Action: Depresses to increase volume during inspiration

    Pectoral Region

    • Mammary Gland
      • Blood Supply
        • Axillary Artery
        • Internal Thoracic Artery
        • 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Intercostal Arteries
      • Venous Drainage
        • Axillary Veins, Internal Thoracic Veins
      • Innervation
        • 2nd - 6th Intercostal Nerves
        • 4th Intercostal Nerve - Nipple
      • Lymphatic Drainage
        • 75% - Axillary nodes
        • Remaining - Parasternal lymph nodes

    Anterior Abdominal Wall

    • Nerve Supply: Thoraco-abdominal nerves (lower intercostal nerves - T7-11)
    • Blood Supply
      • Superior Epigastric Artery
      • Inferior Epigastric Artery
      • Intercostal Arteries
      • Peri-umbilical Veins

    Aorta

    • Function: Distributes oxygenated blood throughout the body
    • Structures:
      • Ascending Aorta
      • Arch of Aorta
      • Descending Aorta
        • Thoracic Aorta
        • Abdominal Aorta

    Arteries of Head and Neck

    • Brachiocephalic trunk branches into the right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery
    • Left common carotid artery ascends on the left side of the neck, branching into the external carotid artery and the internal carotid artery at the level of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage (C3 or C4), supplying the head and neck
    • Left subclavian artery passes under the clavicle towards the left upper limb, becoming the axillary artery after passing the 1st rib

    Branches of Subclavian Artery

    • Vertebral artery supplies the brain
    • Internal thoracic artery supplies the anterior thoracic wall and breast
    • Thyrocervical trunk supplies the larynx, trachea, esophagus, and thyroid
    • Suprascapular artery and Dorsal scapular artery are also branches

    Branches of External Carotid Artery

    • Superior thyroid artery supplies the thyroid gland and larynx
    • Lingual artery supplies the tongue
    • Facial artery supplies the face
    • Occipital artery supplies the scalp covering the occipital bone
    • Posterior auricular artery supplies the scalp posterior to the auricle
    • Superficial temporal artery is a terminal branch, passing anterior to the ear to supply the scalp on the sides of the cranium and some parts of the face
    • Maxillary artery is also a terminal branch, supplying the deep face, including the nasal/oral cavities and pharynx
      • Middle meningeal branch of the maxillary artery supplies the dura mater

    Branches of Internal Carotid Artery

    • Ophthalmic artery: has supratrochlear and supra-orbital branches
    • Posterior communicating artery
    • Middle cerebral artery
    • Anterior cerebral artery

    Venous Drainage of Head and Neck

    • Internal and external jugular veins: two main veins of the neck
      • Internal jugular vein: originates at the level of the jugular foramen as a continuation of the sigmoid sinus, and travels with the internal carotid artery to join the subclavian vein and then the brachiocephalic vein
        • Receives venous blood from the face and deep parts of the head and neck
      • Anterior and external jugular veins: are superficial veins that eventually drain into the subclavian vein
        • Receive venous blood from the posterior scalp and superficial neck

    Cranial Nerves

    • I: Olfactory
    • II: Optic
    • III: Oculomotor
    • IV: Trochlear
    • V: Trigeminal
    • VI: Abducent (Abducens)
    • VII: Facial
    • VIII: Vestibulocochlear
    • IX: Glossopharyngeal
    • X: Vagus
    • XI: Spinal Accessory
    • XII: Hypoglossal

    Anatomy of the Skull

    • Neurocranium: brain box
      • Paired: parietal and temporal bones
      • Unpaired: frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones
    • Viscerocranium: facial skeleton
      • Paired: lacrimal, nasal, zygomatic, maxilla, inferior nasal concha, and palatine bones
      • Unpaired: mandibular and vomer

    Bony Landmarks of the Anterior Skull

    • Glabella: between the eyebrows
    • Supraorbital notch (foramen): above each orbit, containing the supraorbital VAN
    • Infraorbital foramen of maxilla
    • Anterior nasal aperture
    • Alveolar process of maxilla: holds the root of the teeth
    • Ramus of mandible
    • Mental foramen of mandible

    Bony Landmarks of the Lateral Skull

    • Temporal fossa
    • Pterion: junction of the temporal, sphenoid, frontal, and parietal bones (thinnest part of the skull)
    • External acoustic meatus: opening of the ear
    • Mastoid process
    • Styloid process
    • Zygomatic arch: formed by the zygomatic and temporal bones
    • Condyle process of mandible
      • Head of condyle process
      • Mandibular notch
    • Ramus of mandible
      • Infratemporal fossa behind the ramus
    • Body of mandible

    Bony Landmarks of the Posterior Skull

    • Sagittal suture: between the parietal bones
    • Lambdoid suture: between the parietal and occipital bones
    • External occipital protuberance: borderline of the occipital neck versus head
    • Superior nuchal line
    • Inferior nuchal line
    • Occipitomastoid suture: between the occipital and mastoid bones
    • Occipital condyle

    Bony Landmarks of the Superior Skull

    • Coronal suture: between the frontal and parietal bones
    • Sagittal suture: between the parietal bones
    • Lambdoid suture: between the parietal and occipital bones
    • Bregma: meeting of the coronal and sagittal sutures
    • Lambda: meeting of the sagittal and lambdoid suture
    • Anterior fontanelle = bregma, Posterior fontanelle = lambda in newborns

    Bony Landmarks of the Inferior Skull

    • Hard pallet: formed by the maxilla and palatine bones
    • Incisive fossa
    • Choanae (posterior nasal aperture): opening of the nasal cavity
    • Medial and lateral plates of pterygoid process of sphenoid bone
    • Carotid canal
    • Mandibular fossa
    • Articular tubercle
    • Stylomastoid foramen: for the facial nerve
    • Jugular fossa (jugular foramen deep)
    • Mastoid foramen
    • Foramen magnum
    • Occipital condyle: articulates with the atlas

    Bony Landmarks of the Internal Surface of Cranial Base

    Anterior Cranial Fossa

    • Frontal bone and ethmoid bone
    • Orbital plate (frontal)
    • Crista galli (ethmoid)
    • Cribriform plate: both sides of the crista galli (ethmoid)

    Middle Cranial Fossa

    • Sphenoid and temporal bone
    • Sella turcica:
      • Hypophyseal fossa
      • Dorsum sellae
    • Groove for superior petrosal sinus

    Posterior Cranial Fossa

    • Temporal, parietal, and occipital bone
    • Groove for sigmoid sinus
    • Groove for transverse sinus

    Foramina/Apertures of Cranial Fossae

    Foramina Bone Anatomy Contents
    Cribriform foramina (olfactory foramen) Ethmoid Cribriform plate Axons of olfactory cells in olfactory epithelium
    Optic canal Sphenoid Between lesser wing Optic nerves (CN II)
    Superior orbital fissure Sphenoid Between lesser and greater wing Ophthalmic nerve (CN V1); CN III, IV, and VI
    Foramen rotundum Sphenoid Posterior to superior orbital fissure Maxillary nerve (CN V2)
    Foramen Ovale Sphenoid Greater wing of sphenoid Mandibular nerve (CN V3)
    Foramen Spinosum Sphenoid Just lateral to foramen ovale Middle meningeal artery
    Foramen Lacerum Sphenoid Sphenoid meets temporal and occipital bones Covered by cartilage
    Groove or Hiatus of great petrosal nerve Greater petrosal nerve
    Foramen magnum Occipital Bordered by occipital condyles Brainstem (medulla), vertebral arteries, and spinal portion of CN IX
    Jugular foramen Occipital and temporal Posterior cranial fossa CN IX, X, and XI, and internal jugular vein
    Hypoglossal canal Occipital Posterior cranial fossa Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
    Mastoid foramen
    Stylomastoid foramen Temporal Between mastoid and styloid process Facial nerve (CN VII)
    Internal auditory meatus Temporal Petrous portion of temporal bone CN VII and VIII
    External auditory meatus Temporal Anterior to mastoid process Open canal for sound waves
    Carotid Canal External temporal bone Middle cranial fossa Internal carotid artery

    Anterior Abdominal Wall Muscles

    • Obliquus externus abdominis (external abdominal oblique muscle):
      • Largest and most superficial, fibers run from lateral/superior to medial/inferior
      • Origin: external surfaces of lower 8 ribs
      • Insertion: Linea alba, pubic tubercle, and anterior half of the iliac crest
      • Primary action:
        • Bilateral: flexion of the trunk, compresses the abdominal contents to increase abdominal pressure (coughing, sneezing, laughing)
        • Unilateral: contralateral rotation of the trunk
      • Nerve supply: lower intercostal nerves
    • Obliquus internus abdominis (internal abdominal oblique muscles):
      • Thinner and smaller, with an irregularly quadrilateral form, fibers run from lateral/inferior to medial/superior
      • Origin: lateral 1/3 of inguinal ligament, anterior 2/3 of the iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia
      • Insertion: Linea alba, lower 3 ribs
      • Primary action:
        • Bilateral: flexion of the trunk, compresses the abdominal contents
        • Unilateral: ipsilateral rotation of the trunk
      • Nerve supply: intercostal nerves (T6-12 and L1)
    • Transversus abdominis muscle:
      • Most internal
      • Origin: inguinal ligament, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia, and cartilages of lower 6 ribs
      • Insertion: Linea alba
      • Primary action: primarily compresses the abdominal contents due to its location near the axis of rotation
        • Bilateral: compresses the abdominal contents
      • Nerve supply: intercostal nerves (T6-12 and L1)
    • Rectus abdominis:
      • Long and flat, extending the whole length of the front abdomen, separated by the linea alba
      • Crossed by three tendinous intersections
      • Origin: pubic crest, symphysis pubis
      • Insertion: xiphoid process, cartilages of ribs 5, 6, and 7
      • Primary action:
        • Bilateral: flexion of the trunk, posterior tilt of the pelvis, compresses the abdominal contents
      • Nerve supply: intercostal nerves (T6-12)

    Layers of Abdominal Wall Anterior

    • Linea alba = fusion of the aponeurosis of anterior wall muscles from each side, extending from the xiphoid process to the symphysis pubis
    • Inguinal ligament = inferior free border of the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique, stretched between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle

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    BMS Anatomy Notes Exam 1 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on human anatomy focusing on bones and joints. This quiz covers topics such as the functions of compact bone, types of joints, and specific joint structures. Challenge yourself and see how well you understand the skeletal system.

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