Human Anatomy Quiz

Principal Body Regions

• Five main regions: head, neck, trunk (thorax and abdomen), upper limb, lower limb

Terms of Movements

• Flexion/Extension
• Abduction/Adduction
• Rotation/Circumduction
• Pronation/Supination
• Inversion/Eversion

Directional Terms

• Anterior (ventral)/Posterior (dorsal)
• Superior/Inferior
• Medial/Lateral
• Proximal/Distal
  • Proximal: Closer to the main body mass
  • Distal: Further from the main body mass
• Superficial/Deep
  • Superficial: Closer to the surface
  • Deep: Further from the surface
• Visceral/Parietal
• Ipsilateral/Contralateral
• Supine/Prone

Types of Epithelial Tissue

Simple Squamous Epithelium

• Structure: One layer of flat cells
• Location: Blood vessels, alveoli in lungs
• Function: Diffusion, filtration, protection

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

• Structure: Multiple layers, flattened outer cells
• Location: Skin (keratinized), mouth/esophagus (non-keratinized)
• Function: Protection from drying and abrasion

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

• Structure: One layer of cube-shaped cells
• Location: Kidney tubules, glands, ovary surfaces
• Function: Secretion, absorption

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

• Structure: Multiple layers of cube-shaped cells
• Location: Sweat gland ducts, salivary gland ducts
• Function: Secretion, absorption, protection

Simple Columnar Epithelium

• Structure: One layer of elongated cells
• Location: Digestive organs, uterine tubes
• Function: Secretion, absorption

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

• Structure: Multiple layers of elongated cells
• Location: Male urethra, pharynx
• Function: Protection, secretion

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

• Structure: Appears layered but is a single layer
• Location: Respiratory tract
• Function: Secretion, moving mucus with cilia

Transitional Epithelium

• Structure: Layers change shape depending on tension
• Location: Urinary bladder, ureters
• Function: Allows stretching

Goblet Cells

• Description: Specialized cells in columnar epithelium
• Function: Secrete mucus to lubricate surfaces
• Location: Respiratory and digestive tracts

Connective Tissue (Tendon vs. Ligament)

Tendon

• Connects muscle to bone
• Composed of dense regular connective tissue
• Provides strong, tensile strength

Ligament

• Connects bone to bone
• Composed of dense regular connective tissue with more elastic fibers
• Offers flexibility and stability

Muscular Tissue

Skeletal Muscle

• Structure: Long, cylindrical, striated fibers, multiple nuclei
• Location: Attached to skeleton
• Control: Voluntary
• Function: Body movement

Smooth Muscle

• Structure: Spindle-shaped, non-striated, single nucleus
• Location: Walls of hollow organs (intestines, bladder)
• Control: Involuntary
• Function: Moves substances through organs

Cardiac Muscle

• Structure: Branched, striated fibers, single nucleus, intercalated discs
• Location: Heart
• Control: Involuntary
• Function: Pumps blood

Extracellular Junctions

Gap Junctions

• Description: Plasma membrane channels for substance exchange
• Function: Communication between cells
• Location: Cardiac and smooth muscle

Adhesion Junctions

• Description: Adjacent plasma membranes held by filaments
• Function: Provides flexibility
• Location: Skin cells

General Function of Skin

• Protection: Shields against trauma, UV radiation, pathogens
• Regulation: Controls water loss and body temperature
• Sensory input: Gathers information on touch, pressure, temperature, pain
• Excretion: Removes waste through sweat
• Vitamin D synthesis: Produces vitamin D under UV light exposure

Five Layers of Epidermis

• Stratum Basale (Basal Layer):
  • Single row of actively dividing cells
  • Specialized cells: Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel cells
• Stratum Spinosum (Spinous Layer):
  • Spiny appearance due to keratin fibers
• Stratum Granulosum (Granular Layer):
  • Flattened cells with keratohyalin granules.
• Stratum Lucidum (only in thick skin):
  • Transparent layer for protection from friction.
• Stratum Corneum (Cornified Layer):
  • Tough, outermost layer of dead keratinized cells
  • Prevents water loss and blocks pathogens

Degrees of Burns

• First Degree: Epidermis only; redness, pain
• Second Degree: Epidermis and part of dermis; blistering, severe pain
• Third Degree: Full-thickness burn; destroys entire skin layer, leathery appearance;
• Fourth Degree: Extends into tissues like muscles or bones.

Skin Color in High-Altitude Regions

• High-altitude exposure results in thinner atmosphere, more UV rays; increased melanin protects against UV.

Albinism

• Genetic disorder, defective melanin production; pale skin, light hair, increased sensitivity to sunlight.

Athlete's Foot

• Fungal infection of toes and soles; itching, scaling, redness

Skin Cancer (Melanoma)

• Malignant cancer arising from melanocytes.
• Unusual moles or dark spots; high risk in fair-skinned individuals w/ severe sunburn history; rapid metastasis
• Early detection for effective treatment

Different Types of Cells in Bone

• Osteoblasts: Produce bone matrix, facilitate growth; found on surface of bones.
• Osteocytes: Maintain bone tissue; derived from osteoblasts; embedded in bone matrix.
• Osteoclasts: Break down bone tissue for remodeling, calcium release; involved in bone surfaces, old, injured bone.

Examples of Appendicular Skeleton

• Upper Limbs: Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
• Lower Limbs: Femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
• Girdles: Pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula); Pelvic girdle (ilium, ischium, pubis).

Regions of Vertebrae

• Cervical (7 vertebrae; supports head, neck movement)
• Thoracic (12 vertebrae; articulates with ribs, supports rib cage)
• Lumbar (5 vertebrae; bears most weight, flexibility)
• Sacral (5 fused vertebrae; forms sacrum, connects spine to pelvis)-Coccygeal (3-5 fused vertebrae; tailbone)

Gout

• Arthritis caused by uric acid crystal accumulation in joints (commonly big toe, knees, ankles).
• Symptoms: severe pain, redness, swelling, heat.
• Cause: high levels of uric acid in blood (diet, genetics, kidney dysfunction)
• Management: anti-inflammatory medications; diet changes (avoid purine-rich foods); hydration

Test your knowledge on the principal body regions, terms of movement, directional terms, and types of epithelial tissue. This quiz covers essential concepts for understanding human anatomy. Perfect for students in anatomy and physiology courses.