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Questions and Answers
What type of muscle is under voluntary control?
What type of muscle is under voluntary control?
Cardiac muscle is composed of long, cylindrical fibers.
Cardiac muscle is composed of long, cylindrical fibers.
False
What is the main function of ligaments?
What is the main function of ligaments?
To connect bone to bone.
The protein that provides waterproofing in the skin is called ______.
The protein that provides waterproofing in the skin is called ______.
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Match the following types of muscle with their characteristics:
Match the following types of muscle with their characteristics:
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Which layer of the epidermis is closest to the dermis?
Which layer of the epidermis is closest to the dermis?
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Adhesion junctions provide rigidity to the tissue.
Adhesion junctions provide rigidity to the tissue.
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Name one function of skin.
Name one function of skin.
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Which epithelial tissue is primarily involved in diffusion and filtration?
Which epithelial tissue is primarily involved in diffusion and filtration?
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Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium is composed of multiple layers of elongated cells.
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium is composed of multiple layers of elongated cells.
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What term describes movement towards the midline of the body?
What term describes movement towards the midline of the body?
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The knee is _______ to the foot.
The knee is _______ to the foot.
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Which of the following terms is used to describe layers that can change shape depending on tension?
Which of the following terms is used to describe layers that can change shape depending on tension?
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Match the following parts of the principal body regions with their descriptions:
Match the following parts of the principal body regions with their descriptions:
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Tendons connect bone to bone.
Tendons connect bone to bone.
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What type of movement is characterized by rotation around an axis?
What type of movement is characterized by rotation around an axis?
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Which layer of the skin is known for its toughness and is the outermost layer?
Which layer of the skin is known for its toughness and is the outermost layer?
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Fourth degree burns only affect the epidermis and dermis layers of the skin.
Fourth degree burns only affect the epidermis and dermis layers of the skin.
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What is the primary reason that individuals in high-altitude regions have darker skin?
What is the primary reason that individuals in high-altitude regions have darker skin?
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Albinism is a genetic disorder that leads to defective production of _____ .
Albinism is a genetic disorder that leads to defective production of _____ .
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Match the type of bone cell with its function:
Match the type of bone cell with its function:
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Which symptom is commonly associated with athlete's foot?
Which symptom is commonly associated with athlete's foot?
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What is the function of osteoclasts in the bone?
What is the function of osteoclasts in the bone?
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Melanoma is a benign tumor arising from melanocytes.
Melanoma is a benign tumor arising from melanocytes.
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Study Notes
Principal Body Regions
- Five main regions: head, neck, trunk (thorax and abdomen), upper limb, lower limb
Terms of Movements
- Flexion/Extension
- Abduction/Adduction
- Rotation/Circumduction
- Pronation/Supination
- Inversion/Eversion
Directional Terms
- Anterior (ventral)/Posterior (dorsal)
- Superior/Inferior
- Medial/Lateral
- Proximal/Distal
- Proximal: Closer to the main body mass
- Distal: Further from the main body mass
- Superficial/Deep
- Superficial: Closer to the surface
- Deep: Further from the surface
- Visceral/Parietal
- Ipsilateral/Contralateral
- Supine/Prone
Types of Epithelial Tissue
Simple Squamous Epithelium
- Structure: One layer of flat cells
- Location: Blood vessels, alveoli in lungs
- Function: Diffusion, filtration, protection
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
- Structure: Multiple layers, flattened outer cells
- Location: Skin (keratinized), mouth/esophagus (non-keratinized)
- Function: Protection from drying and abrasion
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
- Structure: One layer of cube-shaped cells
- Location: Kidney tubules, glands, ovary surfaces
- Function: Secretion, absorption
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
- Structure: Multiple layers of cube-shaped cells
- Location: Sweat gland ducts, salivary gland ducts
- Function: Secretion, absorption, protection
Simple Columnar Epithelium
- Structure: One layer of elongated cells
- Location: Digestive organs, uterine tubes
- Function: Secretion, absorption
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
- Structure: Multiple layers of elongated cells
- Location: Male urethra, pharynx
- Function: Protection, secretion
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
- Structure: Appears layered but is a single layer
- Location: Respiratory tract
- Function: Secretion, moving mucus with cilia
Transitional Epithelium
- Structure: Layers change shape depending on tension
- Location: Urinary bladder, ureters
- Function: Allows stretching
Goblet Cells
- Description: Specialized cells in columnar epithelium
- Function: Secrete mucus to lubricate surfaces
- Location: Respiratory and digestive tracts
Connective Tissue (Tendon vs. Ligament)
Tendon
- Connects muscle to bone
- Composed of dense regular connective tissue
- Provides strong, tensile strength
Ligament
- Connects bone to bone
- Composed of dense regular connective tissue with more elastic fibers
- Offers flexibility and stability
Muscular Tissue
Skeletal Muscle
- Structure: Long, cylindrical, striated fibers, multiple nuclei
- Location: Attached to skeleton
- Control: Voluntary
- Function: Body movement
Smooth Muscle
- Structure: Spindle-shaped, non-striated, single nucleus
- Location: Walls of hollow organs (intestines, bladder)
- Control: Involuntary
- Function: Moves substances through organs
Cardiac Muscle
- Structure: Branched, striated fibers, single nucleus, intercalated discs
- Location: Heart
- Control: Involuntary
- Function: Pumps blood
Extracellular Junctions
Gap Junctions
- Description: Plasma membrane channels for substance exchange
- Function: Communication between cells
- Location: Cardiac and smooth muscle
Adhesion Junctions
- Description: Adjacent plasma membranes held by filaments
- Function: Provides flexibility
- Location: Skin cells
General Function of Skin
- Protection: Shields against trauma, UV radiation, pathogens
- Regulation: Controls water loss and body temperature
- Sensory input: Gathers information on touch, pressure, temperature, pain
- Excretion: Removes waste through sweat
- Vitamin D synthesis: Produces vitamin D under UV light exposure
Five Layers of Epidermis
- Stratum Basale (Basal Layer):
- Single row of actively dividing cells
- Specialized cells: Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel cells
- Stratum Spinosum (Spinous Layer):
- Spiny appearance due to keratin fibers
- Stratum Granulosum (Granular Layer):
- Flattened cells with keratohyalin granules.
- Stratum Lucidum (only in thick skin):
- Transparent layer for protection from friction.
- Stratum Corneum (Cornified Layer):
- Tough, outermost layer of dead keratinized cells
- Prevents water loss and blocks pathogens
Degrees of Burns
- First Degree: Epidermis only; redness, pain
- Second Degree: Epidermis and part of dermis; blistering, severe pain
- Third Degree: Full-thickness burn; destroys entire skin layer, leathery appearance;
- Fourth Degree: Extends into tissues like muscles or bones.
Skin Color in High-Altitude Regions
- High-altitude exposure results in thinner atmosphere, more UV rays; increased melanin protects against UV.
Albinism
- Genetic disorder, defective melanin production; pale skin, light hair, increased sensitivity to sunlight.
Athlete's Foot
- Fungal infection of toes and soles; itching, scaling, redness
Skin Cancer (Melanoma)
- Malignant cancer arising from melanocytes.
- Unusual moles or dark spots; high risk in fair-skinned individuals w/ severe sunburn history; rapid metastasis
- Early detection for effective treatment
Different Types of Cells in Bone
- Osteoblasts: Produce bone matrix, facilitate growth; found on surface of bones.
- Osteocytes: Maintain bone tissue; derived from osteoblasts; embedded in bone matrix.
- Osteoclasts: Break down bone tissue for remodeling, calcium release; involved in bone surfaces, old, injured bone.
Examples of Appendicular Skeleton
- Upper Limbs: Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
- Lower Limbs: Femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
- Girdles: Pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula); Pelvic girdle (ilium, ischium, pubis).
Regions of Vertebrae
- Cervical (7 vertebrae; supports head, neck movement)
- Thoracic (12 vertebrae; articulates with ribs, supports rib cage)
- Lumbar (5 vertebrae; bears most weight, flexibility)
- Sacral (5 fused vertebrae; forms sacrum, connects spine to pelvis)-Coccygeal (3-5 fused vertebrae; tailbone)
Gout
- Arthritis caused by uric acid crystal accumulation in joints (commonly big toe, knees, ankles).
- Symptoms: severe pain, redness, swelling, heat.
- Cause: high levels of uric acid in blood (diet, genetics, kidney dysfunction)
- Management: anti-inflammatory medications; diet changes (avoid purine-rich foods); hydration
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Description
Test your knowledge on the principal body regions, terms of movement, directional terms, and types of epithelial tissue. This quiz covers essential concepts for understanding human anatomy. Perfect for students in anatomy and physiology courses.
