Podcast
Questions and Answers
The primary muscle responsible for abduction of the arm is the ______.
The primary muscle responsible for abduction of the arm is the ______.
supraspinatus
The middle fibers of the ______ assist in the abduction of the arm.
The middle fibers of the ______ assist in the abduction of the arm.
deltoid
Adduction of the arm is performed by the pectoralis major, lats, and ______.
Adduction of the arm is performed by the pectoralis major, lats, and ______.
teres major
For internal rotation of the arm, the ______ is a key muscle involved.
For internal rotation of the arm, the ______ is a key muscle involved.
The scapula is rotated by the trapezius and the ______.
The scapula is rotated by the trapezius and the ______.
The action of the Pronator Teres muscle is ______ of the forearm.
The action of the Pronator Teres muscle is ______ of the forearm.
The Flexor Carpi Ulnaris originates from the ______ epicondyle of the humerus.
The Flexor Carpi Ulnaris originates from the ______ epicondyle of the humerus.
The Biceps Brachii muscle flexes the arm at the ______ and shoulder.
The Biceps Brachii muscle flexes the arm at the ______ and shoulder.
The Extensor Digitorium muscle extends the ______ and digits.
The Extensor Digitorium muscle extends the ______ and digits.
The primary action of the Triceps Brachii is ______ of the arm at the elbow.
The primary action of the Triceps Brachii is ______ of the arm at the elbow.
The origin of the Supraspinatus muscle is the Supraspinous fossa of the ______.
The origin of the Supraspinatus muscle is the Supraspinous fossa of the ______.
The Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis flexes the metacarpophalangeal joint of the ______ finger.
The Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis flexes the metacarpophalangeal joint of the ______ finger.
The Gluteus Maximus is responsible for ______ and lateral rotation of the hip.
The Gluteus Maximus is responsible for ______ and lateral rotation of the hip.
The action of the Tensor Fasciae Latae includes flexion, abduction, and ______ rotation of the hip.
The action of the Tensor Fasciae Latae includes flexion, abduction, and ______ rotation of the hip.
The Adductor Magnus is involved in the ______ and flexion of the hip joint.
The Adductor Magnus is involved in the ______ and flexion of the hip joint.
The action of the Extensor Pollicis Longus is to extend the ______.
The action of the Extensor Pollicis Longus is to extend the ______.
The Abductor Pollicis Longus assists in the ______ of the thumb.
The Abductor Pollicis Longus assists in the ______ of the thumb.
The Rhomboid Major muscle retracts and rotates the ______.
The Rhomboid Major muscle retracts and rotates the ______.
The origin of the Flexor Pollicis Longus is the ______ of the radius.
The origin of the Flexor Pollicis Longus is the ______ of the radius.
The Lumbricals assist with flexion at the MCP joint and ______ at the IP joints.
The Lumbricals assist with flexion at the MCP joint and ______ at the IP joints.
The ______ joint allows for flexion and extension of the elbow.
The ______ joint allows for flexion and extension of the elbow.
In the knee joint, the ______ stabilizes the joint along with the menisci.
In the knee joint, the ______ stabilizes the joint along with the menisci.
The ______ is responsible for the lateral rotation of the hip joint.
The ______ is responsible for the lateral rotation of the hip joint.
The proximal radioulnar joint is a type of ______ joint.
The proximal radioulnar joint is a type of ______ joint.
In the wrist joint, flexion is assisted by the ______ and flexor carpi radialis.
In the wrist joint, flexion is assisted by the ______ and flexor carpi radialis.
The ______ joint allows for opposition of the thumb.
The ______ joint allows for opposition of the thumb.
The ankle joint is classified as a ______ joint, allowing for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion.
The ankle joint is classified as a ______ joint, allowing for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion.
The ______ joint between vertebrae provides cushioning and stability.
The ______ joint between vertebrae provides cushioning and stability.
During supination of the forearm, the ______ muscle assists in the motion.
During supination of the forearm, the ______ muscle assists in the motion.
Gluteal muscles are primarily responsible for ______ of the hip joint.
Gluteal muscles are primarily responsible for ______ of the hip joint.
The medial collateral ligament is vital for providing stability to the ______ joint.
The medial collateral ligament is vital for providing stability to the ______ joint.
Hip flexion is mainly controlled by the ______.
Hip flexion is mainly controlled by the ______.
The ______ joint allows for circumduction of the shoulder.
The ______ joint allows for circumduction of the shoulder.
In the distal radioulnar joint, ______ facilitates pronation and supination.
In the distal radioulnar joint, ______ facilitates pronation and supination.
Flexion in the digits is primarily achieved by the ______ and flexor digitorum profundas.
Flexion in the digits is primarily achieved by the ______ and flexor digitorum profundas.
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Study Notes
Muscles of the Forearm
- Pronator Teres: Responsible for pronation of the forearm and flexion of the elbow, innervated by the median nerve.
- Flexor Carpi Ulnaris: Flexes and adducts the wrist, innervated by the median nerve.
- Palmaris Longus: Flexes the wrist joint, innervated by the median nerve.
- Flexor Carpi Radialis: Flexes and abducts the hand at the wrist joint, innervated by the ulnar nerve.
- Flexor Digitorium Superficialis: Flexes the digits at the proximal interphalangeal joints, innervated by the median nerve.
- Flexor Digitorium Profundus: Flexes the distal phalanges of the digits at the distal interphalangeal joints, innervated by both the median and ulnar nerves.
- Flexor Pollicis Longus: Flexes the thumb at the interphalangeal joint, innervated by the median nerve.
- Pronator Quadratus: Pronates the forearm, innervated by the median nerve.
- Brachioradialis: Flexes the elbow, innervated by the radial nerve.
- Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus: Extends and abducts the hand at the wrist joint, innervated by the radial nerve.
- Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis: Extends and abducts the hand at the wrist joint, innervated by the radial nerve.
- Extensor Digitorium: Extends the wrist and digits, innervated by the radial nerve.
- Extensor Digiti Minimi: Extends the pinky finger, innervated by the radial nerve.
- Extensor Carpi Ulnaris: Extends and adducts the hand at the wrist joint, innervated by the radial nerve.
- Anconeus: Abducts the ulna during pronation of the forearm, innervated by the radial nerve.
- Supinator: Supinates the forearm, innervated by the radial nerve.
- Abductor Pollicis Longus: Abducts the thumb, innervated by the radial nerve.
- Extensor Pollicis Longus & Brevis: Extend the thumb, innervated by the radial nerve.
- Extensor Indicis: Extends the index finger at the interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints, innervated by the radial nerve.
Muscles of the Upper Arm, Chest, and Shoulder
- Biceps Brachii: Responsible for supination of the forearm and flexing the arm at both the elbow and shoulder, innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve.
- Coracobrachialis: Flexes the arm at the shoulder, innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve.
- Brachialis: Responsible for flexion at the elbow, innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve with contribution from the radial nerve.
- Triceps Brachii: Extends the arm at the elbow, innervated by the radial nerve.
- Trapezius: Elevates, rotates, and retracts the scapula, innervated by the accessory nerve.
- Lattissimus Dorsi: Extends, adducts, and medially rotates the upper limb, innervated by the thoracodorsal nerve.
- Levator Scapulae: Elevates the scapula, innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve.
- Rhomboid Major: Retracts and rotates the scapula, innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve.
- Rhomboid Minor: Retracts and rotates the scapula, innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve.
- Deltoid: Antagonizes the motion of the rotator cuff, involved in flexion, medial rotation, extension, lateral rotation, and abduction of the upper limb, innervated by the axillary nerve.
- Teres Major: Adducts and extends the arm, involved in medial rotation of the arm at the shoulder, innervated by the lower subscapular nerve.
- Supraspinatus: Abducts the upper limb at the shoulder, innervated by the suprascapular nerve.
- Infraspinatus: Laterally rotates the arm, innervated by the suprascapular nerve.
- Subscapularis: Medially rotates the arm, innervated by the upper and lower subscapular nerve.
- Teres Minor: Laterally rotates the arm, innervated by the axillary nerve.
- Pectoralis Major: Adducts and medially rotates the upper limb, draws the scapula anteroinferiorly, innervated by the lateral and medial pectoral nerves.
- Pectoralis Minor: Stabilizes the scapula, innervated by the medial pectoral nerve.
- Serratus Anterior: Rotates and protracts the scapula, innervated by the long thoracic nerve.
- Subclavius: Anchors and depresses the clavicle, innervated by the subclavian nerve.
Muscles of the Hand
- Opponens Pollicis: Opposes the thumb, medially rotating and flexing the metacarpal on the trapezium.
- Abductor Pollicis Brevis: Abducts the thumb.
- Flexor Pollicis Brevis: Flexes the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb.
- Opponens Digiti Minimi: Rotates the metacarpal of the pinky finger.
- Abductor Digiti Minimi: Abducts the little finger.
- Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis: Flexes the metacarpophalangeal joint of the little finger.
- Lumbricals: Assist in digit flexion and extension.
- Dorsal Interossei: Abduct digits and assists with flexion at the MCP joint and extension at the IP joints.
- Palmar Interossei: Adduct digits and assist with flexion at the MCP joint and extension at the IP joints.
- Palmaris Brevis: Wrinkles the skin of the hypothenar eminence, improves grip.
- Adductor Pollicis: Adducts the thumb.
Muscles of the Hip
- Gluteus Medius: Abducts and medially rotates the hip joint, innervated by the superior gluteal nerve.
- Gluteus Minimus: Abducts and medially rotates the hip, innervated by the superior gluteal nerve.
- Tensor Fasciae Latae: Flexes, abducts, and medially rotates the hip, innervated by the superior gluteal nerve.
- Gluteus Maximus: Extends and laterally rotates the hip, innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve.
- Biceps Femoris (Long Head): Flexes the knee and extends the hip, innervated by the tibial nerve.
- Biceps Femoris (Short Head): Flexes the knee, innervated by the common fibular nerve.
- Semitendinosus: Flexes the knee and extends the hip, innervated by the tibial nerve.
- Semimembranosus: Flexes the knee and extends the hip, innervated by the tibial nerve.
- Adductor Magnus, Hammies & Adductor Parts: Responsible for adduction and flexion of the hip joint. The adductor magnus is innervated by the tibial nerve, the other adductor muscles are innervated by the obturator nerve.
- Sartorius: Flexes and abducts the hip, laterally rotates the hip, flexes the knee, innervated by the femoral nerve.
- Rectus Femoris: Extends the knee and flexes the hip, innervated by the femoral nerve.
- Iliacus: Flexes the hip, innervated by the femoral nerve.
- Psoas Major: Flexes the hip, innervated by the anterior rami of the lumbar nerves.
- Iliopsoas Tendon: Flexes the hip, innervated by the femoral nerve and the anterior rami of the lumbar nerves.
- Gracilis: Adducts the hip and flexes the knee, innervated by the obturator nerve.
- Adductor Longus: Adducts and flexes the hip, innervated by the obturator nerve.
- Adductor Brevis: Adducts and flexes the hip, innervated by the obturator nerve.
- Pectineous: Adducts and flexes the hip, innervated by the femoral nerve.
Muscles of the Knee & Ankle
- Popliteus: Flexes the knee, medially rotates the tibia, innervated by the tibial nerve.
- Vastus Medialis: Extends the knee, innervated by the femoral nerve.
- Vastus Intermedius: Extends the knee, innervated by the femoral nerve.
- Vastus Lateralis: Extends the knee, innervated by the femoral nerve.
- Gastrocnemius: Plantar flexes the ankle and flexes the knee, innervated by the tibial nerve.
- Soleus: Plantarflexes the ankle, innervated by the tibial nerve.
- Plantaris: Weakly plantar flexes the ankle and assists in flexion of the knee, innervated by the tibial nerve.
- Tibialis Posterior: Plantar flexes and inverts the ankle, innervated by the tibial nerve.
- Flexor Digitorum Longus: Flexes the toes and plantar flexes the ankle, innervated by the tibial nerve.
- Flexor Hallucis Longus: Flexes the big toe and plantar flexes the ankle, innervated by the tibial nerve.
- Tibialis Anterior: Dorsiflexes and inverts the ankle, innervated by the deep fibular nerve.
- Peronus Tertius: Dorsiflexes and everts the ankle, innervated by the deep fibular nerve.
- Extensor Digitorum Longus: Dorsiflexes and extends the toes.
- Extensor Hallucis Longus: Dorsiflexes and extends the big toe.
- Peroneus Longus: Everts and plantarflexes the ankle, innervated by the superficial fibular nerve.
- Peroneus Brevis: Everts and plantar flexes the ankle, innervated by the superficial fibular nerve.
Muscles of Mastication & Facial Muscles
- Masseter: Elevates and retracts the mandible, innervated by the trigeminal nerve (CN V3).
- Temporalis: Elevates and retracts the mandible, innervated by the trigeminal nerve (CN V3).
- Lateral Pterygoid: Protracts and depresses the mandible, innervated by the trigeminal nerve (CN V3).
- Medial Pterygoid: Elevates and protracts the mandible, innervated by the trigeminal nerve (CN V3).
- Frontalis: Raises eyebrows and wrinkles forehead, innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII).
- Orbicularis Oculi: Closes eyelids, innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII).
- Zygomaticus Major: Elevates the corners of the mouth.
- Zygomaticus Minor: Elevates the upper lip.
- Depressor Anguli Oris: Depresses the corners of the mouth.
- Levator Labii Superioris: Elevates the upper lip.
- Orbicularis Oris: Closes and protrudes the lips.
Muscles of the Back and Abdomen
- Erector Spinae: Extends and laterally flexes the spine, innervated by the dorsal rami of the spinal nerves.
- Spinalis: Extends and laterally flexes the spine.
- Longissimus: Extends and laterally flexes the spine.
- Iliocostalis: Extends and laterally flexes the spine.
- Transversospinalis: Extends and rotates the spine, innervated by the dorsal rami of the spinal nerves.
- Semispinalis: Extends and rotates the spine.
- Multifidus: Stabilizes the spine, extends and rotates the spine.
- Rotatores: Stabilizes the spine, extends and rotates the spine.
- Rectus Abdominis: Flexes the trunk and compresses abdominal contents, innervated by the lower thoracic nerves (T7-T11).
- External Oblique: Flexes and rotates the trunk, compresses abdominal contents, innervated by the lower thoracic nerves and subcostal nerves.
- Internal Oblique: Flexes and rotates the trunk, compresses abdominal contents, innervated by the lower thoracic nerves.
- Transverse Abdominis: Compresses abdominal contents, innervated by the lower thoracic nerves.
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