Podcast
Questions and Answers
Explain the significance of the rectovesical pouch in male anatomy.
Explain the significance of the rectovesical pouch in male anatomy.
The rectovesical pouch serves as a space where fluid can accumulate between the bladder and the rectum, which can be clinically important.
What structures does the peritoneum cover in the female reproductive system?
What structures does the peritoneum cover in the female reproductive system?
In females, the peritoneum covers the bladder and uterus, extending on both sides of the reproductive tract.
Describe the orientation of the pelvic organs relative to the pelvic inlet.
Describe the orientation of the pelvic organs relative to the pelvic inlet.
The pelvic organs are oriented parallel to the pelvic inlet, with the urinary tract anterior, reproductive tract in the middle, and the digestive tract posterior.
What role does the mesonephric duct retention play in male reproductive anatomy?
What role does the mesonephric duct retention play in male reproductive anatomy?
How does the peritoneum contribute to the separation of abdominal and pelvic organs?
How does the peritoneum contribute to the separation of abdominal and pelvic organs?
What are the two main components of the fetal-maternal interface?
What are the two main components of the fetal-maternal interface?
What is the primary role of chorionic villi in the placenta?
What is the primary role of chorionic villi in the placenta?
How does the fetal-maternal blood barrier function?
How does the fetal-maternal blood barrier function?
What spinal levels correspond to the sympathetic nerve supply in males?
What spinal levels correspond to the sympathetic nerve supply in males?
Which nerve is primarily responsible for parasympathetic innervation in the pelvis?
Which nerve is primarily responsible for parasympathetic innervation in the pelvis?
What is the role of spiral arteries at the basal plate?
What is the role of spiral arteries at the basal plate?
What does the term 'suspensory lig. anastamosis' refer to?
What does the term 'suspensory lig. anastamosis' refer to?
Describe the significance of the fetal-maternal interface during menstruation.
Describe the significance of the fetal-maternal interface during menstruation.
How does the orientation of the pelvic viscera differ between males and females?
How does the orientation of the pelvic viscera differ between males and females?
What is identified as the pelvic inlet angle, and how does it vary between sexes?
What is identified as the pelvic inlet angle, and how does it vary between sexes?
Describe the relationship between the peritoneum and the pelvic cavity regarding pouches and mesenteries.
Describe the relationship between the peritoneum and the pelvic cavity regarding pouches and mesenteries.
What two features characterize the rectum's position in relation to the sacrum?
What two features characterize the rectum's position in relation to the sacrum?
What anatomical landmark is typically aligned with the tip of the coccyx in the male pelvis?
What anatomical landmark is typically aligned with the tip of the coccyx in the male pelvis?
Identify the major blood supply to the pelvic organs and its significance.
Identify the major blood supply to the pelvic organs and its significance.
How does the anatomy of the placenta relate to its function during fetal development?
How does the anatomy of the placenta relate to its function during fetal development?
What is the significance of the pubic symphysis being parallel to the upper sacrum in pelvic orientation?
What is the significance of the pubic symphysis being parallel to the upper sacrum in pelvic orientation?
What are the two main pouches formed by the bladder and uterus as well as the uterus and rectum?
What are the two main pouches formed by the bladder and uterus as well as the uterus and rectum?
Identify one clinical significance of the Rectouterine pouch (of Douglas).
Identify one clinical significance of the Rectouterine pouch (of Douglas).
How does the structure of the rectum differ from that of the colon?
How does the structure of the rectum differ from that of the colon?
What does the middle third of the rectum contain in males and females?
What does the middle third of the rectum contain in males and females?
What is the significance of the pararectal fossae in clinical practice?
What is the significance of the pararectal fossae in clinical practice?
Explain the role of the detrusor muscle in the bladder.
Explain the role of the detrusor muscle in the bladder.
What anatomical relationships are important to consider during surgical access to the prostate?
What anatomical relationships are important to consider during surgical access to the prostate?
What is the function of the trigone in the bladder?
What is the function of the trigone in the bladder?
What is the position of the uterus in relation to the cervix and bladder?
What is the position of the uterus in relation to the cervix and bladder?
What anatomical structures contribute to the development of the vagina?
What anatomical structures contribute to the development of the vagina?
What is the significance of the broad ligament in the context of the uterus and uterine tubes?
What is the significance of the broad ligament in the context of the uterus and uterine tubes?
Describe the relationship between the ovaries and the uterine tubes.
Describe the relationship between the ovaries and the uterine tubes.
What is the role of mesenteries in the context of organs that expand significantly?
What is the role of mesenteries in the context of organs that expand significantly?
How are the urethra and vagina positioned in relation to the pelvic brim?
How are the urethra and vagina positioned in relation to the pelvic brim?
What does the suspensory ligament of the ovary reflect over?
What does the suspensory ligament of the ovary reflect over?
From what view can the ovary be observed when considering its relationship to the uterus?
From what view can the ovary be observed when considering its relationship to the uterus?
What is the primary function of the uterine ligaments mentioned in supporting the uterus?
What is the primary function of the uterine ligaments mentioned in supporting the uterus?
How does the round ligament assist in securing the uterus?
How does the round ligament assist in securing the uterus?
Which arteries branch off the internal iliac to supply blood to the uterus?
Which arteries branch off the internal iliac to supply blood to the uterus?
Why is the structure of the uterine ligaments essential for facilitating an upright posture during pregnancy?
Why is the structure of the uterine ligaments essential for facilitating an upright posture during pregnancy?
What vascular structures are associated with the umbilical artery in relation to pregnancy?
What vascular structures are associated with the umbilical artery in relation to pregnancy?
How does the inferior rectal artery relate to the internal pudendal artery in the pelvic region?
How does the inferior rectal artery relate to the internal pudendal artery in the pelvic region?
What is the blood supply pattern for the superior vesicular artery?
What is the blood supply pattern for the superior vesicular artery?
Can you identify the location where the round ligament continues after traversing the inguinal canal?
Can you identify the location where the round ligament continues after traversing the inguinal canal?
What is the position of the pelvic inlet in relation to the horizontal plane?
What is the position of the pelvic inlet in relation to the horizontal plane?
Which structure is aligned with the tip of the coccyx in the male pelvis?
Which structure is aligned with the tip of the coccyx in the male pelvis?
What characterizes the rectum's curvature in relation to the sacrum?
What characterizes the rectum's curvature in relation to the sacrum?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between the pubic symphysis and the upper sacrum?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between the pubic symphysis and the upper sacrum?
What is the primary vascular supply to the pelvic organs?
What is the primary vascular supply to the pelvic organs?
Which pelvic feature distinguishes male and female orientations?
Which pelvic feature distinguishes male and female orientations?
What is a defining characteristic of the rectovesical pouch?
What is a defining characteristic of the rectovesical pouch?
In the pelvic cavity, what is the significance of the tight angle at the junction of the anal and urogenital triangles?
In the pelvic cavity, what is the significance of the tight angle at the junction of the anal and urogenital triangles?
Which blood supply pathway correctly describes the uterine contribution?
Which blood supply pathway correctly describes the uterine contribution?
What mesenteric ligament is associated with the ovarian blood supply?
What mesenteric ligament is associated with the ovarian blood supply?
What term describes the connection between the placenta and uterine blood supply?
What term describes the connection between the placenta and uterine blood supply?
What happens to spiral arteries during menstrual shedding?
What happens to spiral arteries during menstrual shedding?
Which anatomical structure communicates directly with the placenta?
Which anatomical structure communicates directly with the placenta?
Which component primarily supplies blood to the ovaries?
Which component primarily supplies blood to the ovaries?
What is the essential role of anastomosis in the blood supply of the uterus?
What is the essential role of anastomosis in the blood supply of the uterus?
Which artery is involved in the transition of blood supply from the ovarian artery before reaching the uterus?
Which artery is involved in the transition of blood supply from the ovarian artery before reaching the uterus?
What is the primary function of the myometrium in relation to autonomic innervation?
What is the primary function of the myometrium in relation to autonomic innervation?
Which lymphatic nodes are primarily involved in drainage from the deep pouch structures of the perineum?
Which lymphatic nodes are primarily involved in drainage from the deep pouch structures of the perineum?
In females, which lymphatic nodes are responsible for draining the gonads?
In females, which lymphatic nodes are responsible for draining the gonads?
What is true regarding the flow of lymphatic drainage from superficial pouch structures?
What is true regarding the flow of lymphatic drainage from superficial pouch structures?
How does the lymphatic drainage pattern of the gonads vary between males and females?
How does the lymphatic drainage pattern of the gonads vary between males and females?
What is the primary anatomical difference between the rectum and the colon?
What is the primary anatomical difference between the rectum and the colon?
Which anatomical structure does NOT contribute to the contents of the upper third of the rectum?
Which anatomical structure does NOT contribute to the contents of the upper third of the rectum?
What type of muscle is found in the bladder wall?
What type of muscle is found in the bladder wall?
In female anatomy, which structures are found within the middle third of the rectum?
In female anatomy, which structures are found within the middle third of the rectum?
Which anatomical pouch can lead to fluid accumulation, especially in females?
Which anatomical pouch can lead to fluid accumulation, especially in females?
What is a significant clinical implication of having direct contact between the lower third of the rectum and surrounding structures?
What is a significant clinical implication of having direct contact between the lower third of the rectum and surrounding structures?
Which area serves as the internal entry and exit point for urine in the bladder?
Which area serves as the internal entry and exit point for urine in the bladder?
Which anatomical relationship is crucial in surgical access to the prostate?
Which anatomical relationship is crucial in surgical access to the prostate?
What structure protects the urethra during an erection?
What structure protects the urethra during an erection?
What is the main consequence of a retroverted cervix during pregnancy?
What is the main consequence of a retroverted cervix during pregnancy?
Which layer of tissue provides structural rigidity to the penis during an erection?
Which layer of tissue provides structural rigidity to the penis during an erection?
Which of the following arteries is responsible for the blood flow during penile erection?
Which of the following arteries is responsible for the blood flow during penile erection?
What is the primary composition of the blood sinuses within the penis?
What is the primary composition of the blood sinuses within the penis?
How are the dorsal vessels of the penis associated with blood flow?
How are the dorsal vessels of the penis associated with blood flow?
What happens to the blood flow in the corpora cavernosa during an erection?
What happens to the blood flow in the corpora cavernosa during an erection?
What is the structural role of the deep (Buck’s) fascia in the penis?
What is the structural role of the deep (Buck’s) fascia in the penis?
What anatomical structures are involved in forming the trigone area of the bladder?
What anatomical structures are involved in forming the trigone area of the bladder?
During which week of development does the septum divide the cloaca?
During which week of development does the septum divide the cloaca?
Which statement regarding the ductus deferens is correct?
Which statement regarding the ductus deferens is correct?
What is the primary function of the ampullae of the ductus deferens?
What is the primary function of the ampullae of the ductus deferens?
What anatomical feature forms the apex of the bladder?
What anatomical feature forms the apex of the bladder?
Which structure does not receive ducts in the prostate?
Which structure does not receive ducts in the prostate?
What occurs to the mesonephric kidney by the 12th week of gestation?
What occurs to the mesonephric kidney by the 12th week of gestation?
In which region of the bladder is the neck located?
In which region of the bladder is the neck located?
What mesodermal derivative contributes to the urogenital system?
What mesodermal derivative contributes to the urogenital system?
Which structure assists in connecting the seminal vesicles with the ejaculatory ducts?
Which structure assists in connecting the seminal vesicles with the ejaculatory ducts?
Which structure primarily produces oestradiol and inhibin in an ovarian follicle?
Which structure primarily produces oestradiol and inhibin in an ovarian follicle?
What is the primary function of the medulla in the ovary?
What is the primary function of the medulla in the ovary?
At which stage of menstruation is the endometrial lining typically thickest?
At which stage of menstruation is the endometrial lining typically thickest?
Which component is associated with the hilum area of the ovary?
Which component is associated with the hilum area of the ovary?
What characterizes the transition from primordial to pre-antral follicle?
What characterizes the transition from primordial to pre-antral follicle?
What structure is primarily responsible for the motility and transport of the oocyte to the uterus?
What structure is primarily responsible for the motility and transport of the oocyte to the uterus?
Which layer of the uterus is retained throughout the menstrual cycle?
Which layer of the uterus is retained throughout the menstrual cycle?
How does the composition of the epithelium change from the infundibulum to the isthmus?
How does the composition of the epithelium change from the infundibulum to the isthmus?
What triggers the changes in the functional layer of the endometrium during the menstrual cycle?
What triggers the changes in the functional layer of the endometrium during the menstrual cycle?
During pregnancy, what occurs in the myometrium?
During pregnancy, what occurs in the myometrium?
What are the two main cell types found in the epithelium of the uterine tubes?
What are the two main cell types found in the epithelium of the uterine tubes?
What characterizes the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?
What characterizes the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?
What is the main function of the muscularis externa in the reproductive organs?
What is the main function of the muscularis externa in the reproductive organs?
What is the main histological characteristic of the epithelium lining the cervix?
What is the main histological characteristic of the epithelium lining the cervix?
What happens to cervical mucus consistency during the secretion of progesterone?
What happens to cervical mucus consistency during the secretion of progesterone?
Which type of muscle primarily composes the cervix?
Which type of muscle primarily composes the cervix?
What is produced by the uterine glands to nourish the early fetus?
What is produced by the uterine glands to nourish the early fetus?
What is the primary role of the rugae folds in the vagina?
What is the primary role of the rugae folds in the vagina?
How does the high glycogen content in the vaginal epithelium primarily benefit the environment?
How does the high glycogen content in the vaginal epithelium primarily benefit the environment?
Which structure connects to the uterine tubes and is crucial for the transport of eggs?
Which structure connects to the uterine tubes and is crucial for the transport of eggs?
Which anatomical structure secretes estrogen that affects the cervical mucus?
Which anatomical structure secretes estrogen that affects the cervical mucus?
What role does the tunica vaginalis play in the anatomy of the testes?
What role does the tunica vaginalis play in the anatomy of the testes?
What physiological change occurs to uterine glands as the cellular components begin to degrade?
What physiological change occurs to uterine glands as the cellular components begin to degrade?
What is the primary function of the prostate's liquid secretion in seminal fluid?
What is the primary function of the prostate's liquid secretion in seminal fluid?
Which of the following correctly describes the structure of the seminal vesicles?
Which of the following correctly describes the structure of the seminal vesicles?
What role do the bulbourethral glands play in male reproductive anatomy?
What role do the bulbourethral glands play in male reproductive anatomy?
Which statement correctly describes the anatomical significance of the ampulla in the male reproductive system?
Which statement correctly describes the anatomical significance of the ampulla in the male reproductive system?
What is true about the time required for residual sperm elimination after a vasectomy?
What is true about the time required for residual sperm elimination after a vasectomy?
What is the primary role of granulosa cells in the dominant follicle?
What is the primary role of granulosa cells in the dominant follicle?
Which structure becomes the corpus luteum after follicle rupture?
Which structure becomes the corpus luteum after follicle rupture?
What is the consequence if no pregnancy occurs after ovulation?
What is the consequence if no pregnancy occurs after ovulation?
In which ovarian follicle type is the antrum formed?
In which ovarian follicle type is the antrum formed?
What is a significant feature of the cumulus oophorus in the dominant follicle?
What is a significant feature of the cumulus oophorus in the dominant follicle?
What physiological changes occur in the follicle before ovulation?
What physiological changes occur in the follicle before ovulation?
Which cell type surrounds the entire follicle and is characterized as squamous-like?
Which cell type surrounds the entire follicle and is characterized as squamous-like?
What result occurs after the expansion of the antrum in antral follicles?
What result occurs after the expansion of the antrum in antral follicles?
Which layer is the zona pellucida secreted by?
Which layer is the zona pellucida secreted by?
What happens to the corpus luteum if a pregnancy does not occur?
What happens to the corpus luteum if a pregnancy does not occur?
What is the primary role of Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules?
What is the primary role of Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules?
Which statement correctly describes the structure of the epididymis?
Which statement correctly describes the structure of the epididymis?
What type of epithelium characterizes the efferent ductules?
What type of epithelium characterizes the efferent ductules?
What is the significance of Leydig cells in the interstitial space of the seminiferous tubules?
What is the significance of Leydig cells in the interstitial space of the seminiferous tubules?
Which structures drain sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis?
Which structures drain sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis?
What functions are primarily associated with the vas deferens?
What functions are primarily associated with the vas deferens?
Which components are directly involved in sperm maturation within the reproductive system?
Which components are directly involved in sperm maturation within the reproductive system?
What type of muscle fibers are primarily present in the vas deferens?
What type of muscle fibers are primarily present in the vas deferens?
How does the structure of the seminiferous tubules facilitate sperm production?
How does the structure of the seminiferous tubules facilitate sperm production?
What is produced in the rete testis?
What is produced in the rete testis?
Which histological feature distinguishes the principal cells in the epididymis?
Which histological feature distinguishes the principal cells in the epididymis?
What is a primary characteristic of spermatozoa compared to spermatogonia?
What is a primary characteristic of spermatozoa compared to spermatogonia?
What type of cells are primarily involved in the structural framework of the seminiferous tubules?
What type of cells are primarily involved in the structural framework of the seminiferous tubules?
Which structure acts as a barrier to protect developing germ cells in the seminiferous tubules?
Which structure acts as a barrier to protect developing germ cells in the seminiferous tubules?
What are the primary hormonal products of the primordial follicle?
What are the primary hormonal products of the primordial follicle?
How does the structure of the ovary facilitate its function in reproductive biology?
How does the structure of the ovary facilitate its function in reproductive biology?
What are the main differences between primordial and pre-antral follicles?
What are the main differences between primordial and pre-antral follicles?
Identify the histological feature that distinguishes the endometrium across different menstrual stages.
Identify the histological feature that distinguishes the endometrium across different menstrual stages.
What role do the tunica albuginea and hilum play in the ovary's overall structure?
What role do the tunica albuginea and hilum play in the ovary's overall structure?
What is the role of uterine milk in supporting the early fetus?
What is the role of uterine milk in supporting the early fetus?
How does estrogen affect cervical mucus consistency?
How does estrogen affect cervical mucus consistency?
What type of epithelium lines the vagina and why is it important?
What type of epithelium lines the vagina and why is it important?
Describe the muscular composition surrounding the vagina.
Describe the muscular composition surrounding the vagina.
What is the function of the cervix during pregnancy?
What is the function of the cervix during pregnancy?
How do the cervical glands contribute to reproductive health?
How do the cervical glands contribute to reproductive health?
What is the significance of rugae folds in the vagina?
What is the significance of rugae folds in the vagina?
What happens to the cellular components between uterine glands during early pregnancy?
What happens to the cellular components between uterine glands during early pregnancy?
How does progesterone affect cervical mucus?
How does progesterone affect cervical mucus?
What is the role of the tunica vaginalis surrounding the testis?
What is the role of the tunica vaginalis surrounding the testis?
What is the primary function of the seminal vesicles in the male reproductive system?
What is the primary function of the seminal vesicles in the male reproductive system?
How do the prostate gland's mucosal folds differ from those of the seminal vesicles?
How do the prostate gland's mucosal folds differ from those of the seminal vesicles?
Why is a general anaesthetic not required for a vasectomy?
Why is a general anaesthetic not required for a vasectomy?
What is the significance of the bulbourethral glands in male reproductive function?
What is the significance of the bulbourethral glands in male reproductive function?
How long does it typically take to eliminate residual sperm after a vasectomy?
How long does it typically take to eliminate residual sperm after a vasectomy?
What is the role of ciliated and secretory cells in the oviduct?
What is the role of ciliated and secretory cells in the oviduct?
What significant changes occur in the endometrium during the menstrual cycle?
What significant changes occur in the endometrium during the menstrual cycle?
How does the muscularis externa contribute to uterine functionality during pregnancy?
How does the muscularis externa contribute to uterine functionality during pregnancy?
Describe the composition transition in the fallopian tube from the infundibulum to the isthmus.
Describe the composition transition in the fallopian tube from the infundibulum to the isthmus.
What regulates the changes in the endometrial layers during the menstrual cycle?
What regulates the changes in the endometrial layers during the menstrual cycle?
What happens to the myometrium during pregnancy, and why is this significant?
What happens to the myometrium during pregnancy, and why is this significant?
What phases does the endometrial cycle consist of, and what is the main hormone involved during the secretory phase?
What phases does the endometrial cycle consist of, and what is the main hormone involved during the secretory phase?
How does the composition of the epithelium differ between the oviduct's ampulla and isthmus?
How does the composition of the epithelium differ between the oviduct's ampulla and isthmus?
What is the function of Sertoli cells in seminiferous tubules?
What is the function of Sertoli cells in seminiferous tubules?
How do Leydig cells contribute to male reproductive health?
How do Leydig cells contribute to male reproductive health?
What is the primary role of the rete testis in sperm transport?
What is the primary role of the rete testis in sperm transport?
What are the two main functions of the epididymis?
What are the two main functions of the epididymis?
What distinguishes the structure of the vas deferens from other tubular components?
What distinguishes the structure of the vas deferens from other tubular components?
Describe the epithelium found in the efferent ductules.
Describe the epithelium found in the efferent ductules.
Why is decapacitation important for sperm cell function?
Why is decapacitation important for sperm cell function?
Identify a structural component essential for maintaining the blood-testis barrier.
Identify a structural component essential for maintaining the blood-testis barrier.
What cellular changes occur in sperm during maturation in the epididymis?
What cellular changes occur in sperm during maturation in the epididymis?
How does the tunica albuginea contribute to the testis structure?
How does the tunica albuginea contribute to the testis structure?
Explain the significance of smooth muscle in the vas deferens.
Explain the significance of smooth muscle in the vas deferens.
What type of cells primarily make up the principal structure of the epididymis?
What type of cells primarily make up the principal structure of the epididymis?
What role do granulosa cells play in the antral follicle?
What role do granulosa cells play in the antral follicle?
How does the structure of the epididymis aid in its function?
How does the structure of the epididymis aid in its function?
What is the developmental origin of the efferent ductules?
What is the developmental origin of the efferent ductules?
How does a dominant follicle differ from others during the menstrual cycle?
How does a dominant follicle differ from others during the menstrual cycle?
What is the function of the corona radiata?
What is the function of the corona radiata?
Why is the length of the vas deferens significant in male anatomy?
Why is the length of the vas deferens significant in male anatomy?
What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur?
What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur?
What is the antrum and what stimulates its formation?
What is the antrum and what stimulates its formation?
Describe the anatomical sections of the uterine tube.
Describe the anatomical sections of the uterine tube.
What hormones are produced by the corpus luteum?
What hormones are produced by the corpus luteum?
What is the significance of the cumulus oophorus?
What is the significance of the cumulus oophorus?
How do fimbriae contribute to the reproductive process?
How do fimbriae contribute to the reproductive process?
What is the importance of the zona pellucida?
What is the importance of the zona pellucida?
What factors contribute to the importance of lactation for both newborn survival and maternal health?
What factors contribute to the importance of lactation for both newborn survival and maternal health?
How does the structure of mammary gland lobules relate to their function in milk production?
How does the structure of mammary gland lobules relate to their function in milk production?
What hormonal controls are involved in the milk ejection reflex during lactation?
What hormonal controls are involved in the milk ejection reflex during lactation?
Describe the changes that occur in breast anatomy during pregnancy and lactation.
Describe the changes that occur in breast anatomy during pregnancy and lactation.
How does the development of mammary glands differ across the life course, particularly during puberty and after childbirth?
How does the development of mammary glands differ across the life course, particularly during puberty and after childbirth?
What structures primarily make up inactive breasts?
What structures primarily make up inactive breasts?
What is the main function of sebaceous glands in the nipple area?
What is the main function of sebaceous glands in the nipple area?
What is the lymphatic drainage pattern for the medial side of the breasts?
What is the lymphatic drainage pattern for the medial side of the breasts?
During which state of breast histology does lobulo-alveolar development primarily occur?
During which state of breast histology does lobulo-alveolar development primarily occur?
Identify the arterial supply to the breasts from lateral and medial sides.
Identify the arterial supply to the breasts from lateral and medial sides.
What role do myoepithelial cells play in breast tissue?
What role do myoepithelial cells play in breast tissue?
Which spinal nerves innervate the breast and nipple, respectively?
Which spinal nerves innervate the breast and nipple, respectively?
How much glandular tissue is found in the 30mm radius surrounding the base of the nipple?
How much glandular tissue is found in the 30mm radius surrounding the base of the nipple?
What changes occur in the breast tissue of non-pregnant women during the menstrual cycle?
What changes occur in the breast tissue of non-pregnant women during the menstrual cycle?
What is the effect of smooth muscle bundles in the nipple area upon stimulation?
What is the effect of smooth muscle bundles in the nipple area upon stimulation?
What embryological layer gives rise to breast tissue?
What embryological layer gives rise to breast tissue?
At what gestational week do breast structures first become visible?
At what gestational week do breast structures first become visible?
What phenomenon may occur at birth due to maternal hormone exposure?
What phenomenon may occur at birth due to maternal hormone exposure?
Describe the significance of the 'milk line' in breast development.
Describe the significance of the 'milk line' in breast development.
What physical changes characterize the breast during puberty?
What physical changes characterize the breast during puberty?
What hormonal changes trigger the secretory activation of lactogenesis after birth?
What hormonal changes trigger the secretory activation of lactogenesis after birth?
How does nipple stimulation contribute to milk production and ejection?
How does nipple stimulation contribute to milk production and ejection?
What process occurs in breast tissue after weaning?
What process occurs in breast tissue after weaning?
Describe the changes in milk volume from day 2 to day 4 post-partum.
Describe the changes in milk volume from day 2 to day 4 post-partum.
What hormonal factors are involved in the proliferation of breast tissue during puberty?
What hormonal factors are involved in the proliferation of breast tissue during puberty?
What causes lactational amenorrhoea during breastfeeding?
What causes lactational amenorrhoea during breastfeeding?
How does the suckling stimulus affect GnRH secretion during lactation?
How does the suckling stimulus affect GnRH secretion during lactation?
What hormonal changes occur after birth that influence ovarian activity?
What hormonal changes occur after birth that influence ovarian activity?
Describe the relationship between hormonal levels during pregnancy and GnRH secretion.
Describe the relationship between hormonal levels during pregnancy and GnRH secretion.
What is the significance of myoepithelial cell contraction in lactation?
What is the significance of myoepithelial cell contraction in lactation?
What is the primary function of the lactiferous ducts in breast anatomy?
What is the primary function of the lactiferous ducts in breast anatomy?
Which statement accurately describes the composition of inactive breasts?
Which statement accurately describes the composition of inactive breasts?
Which arteries primarily supply the medial aspects of the breast?
Which arteries primarily supply the medial aspects of the breast?
What percentage of glandular breast tissue is located within a 30mm radius of the nipple?
What percentage of glandular breast tissue is located within a 30mm radius of the nipple?
Where does the majority of lymphatic drainage of the breast occur?
Where does the majority of lymphatic drainage of the breast occur?
What physiological mechanism is primarily involved in suppressing ovarian activity during breastfeeding?
What physiological mechanism is primarily involved in suppressing ovarian activity during breastfeeding?
Which factor chiefly influences the duration of lactational amenorrhea?
Which factor chiefly influences the duration of lactational amenorrhea?
During pregnancy, what hormonal changes contribute to the inhibition of follicular development?
During pregnancy, what hormonal changes contribute to the inhibition of follicular development?
What triggers the release of prolactin during lactation?
What triggers the release of prolactin during lactation?
What is the typical timeframe for ovulation to occur in a non-breastfeeding woman after childbirth?
What is the typical timeframe for ovulation to occur in a non-breastfeeding woman after childbirth?
What type of epithelial tissue is found in the cross section of the nipple?
What type of epithelial tissue is found in the cross section of the nipple?
Which structure is responsible for secreting sebum on the epidermal surface of the nipple?
Which structure is responsible for secreting sebum on the epidermal surface of the nipple?
What change occurs in the breast during the lactating state compared to the inactive state?
What change occurs in the breast during the lactating state compared to the inactive state?
What physiological response do myoepithelial cells in the breast have?
What physiological response do myoepithelial cells in the breast have?
What is a noteworthy feature of lactiferous ducts within the breast structure?
What is a noteworthy feature of lactiferous ducts within the breast structure?
What is the main functional significance of lactation in mammals?
What is the main functional significance of lactation in mammals?
Which anatomical structure primarily supports the mammary glands in the human breast?
Which anatomical structure primarily supports the mammary glands in the human breast?
During which stage of life does the breast undergo the most significant developmental changes?
During which stage of life does the breast undergo the most significant developmental changes?
What primary hormonal mechanism regulates the milk ejection reflex during lactation?
What primary hormonal mechanism regulates the milk ejection reflex during lactation?
Which of the following factors contributes to the overall health benefits of lactation for mothers?
Which of the following factors contributes to the overall health benefits of lactation for mothers?
What hormonal changes primarily trigger lactogenesis following birth?
What hormonal changes primarily trigger lactogenesis following birth?
What structure is primarily responsible for the ejection of milk during lactation?
What structure is primarily responsible for the ejection of milk during lactation?
During involution, which process primarily leads to the structural changes observed in breast tissue?
During involution, which process primarily leads to the structural changes observed in breast tissue?
What is the maximum milk yield typically achieved during lactation?
What is the maximum milk yield typically achieved during lactation?
What is the main factor contributing to the maintenance of maximal milk yield during lactation?
What is the main factor contributing to the maintenance of maximal milk yield during lactation?
At what embryological stage do paired epidermal thickenings, known as the 'milk line', become visible?
At what embryological stage do paired epidermal thickenings, known as the 'milk line', become visible?
Which stage of pubertal breast development is characterized by the formation of a secondary mound above the level of the breast?
Which stage of pubertal breast development is characterized by the formation of a secondary mound above the level of the breast?
What is the term used for the minimal duct development and secretory activity observed at birth, often referred to as 'witches milk'?
What is the term used for the minimal duct development and secretory activity observed at birth, often referred to as 'witches milk'?
What does the increase in breast size during puberty primarily indicate?
What does the increase in breast size during puberty primarily indicate?
What percentage of females has a supernumerary breast or nipple as a result of embryological anomalies?
What percentage of females has a supernumerary breast or nipple as a result of embryological anomalies?
What do primordial germ cells differentiate into during urogenital development?
What do primordial germ cells differentiate into during urogenital development?
Which statement best describes the gonadal migration during development?
Which statement best describes the gonadal migration during development?
What aspect is crucial for understanding Disorders of Sexual Development?
What aspect is crucial for understanding Disorders of Sexual Development?
What is the primary function of somatic support cells in the urogenital ridge?
What is the primary function of somatic support cells in the urogenital ridge?
During the development of the external genitalia, which of the following relationships is particularly significant?
During the development of the external genitalia, which of the following relationships is particularly significant?
What is the primary outcome of the elongation of the genital tubercle in males?
What is the primary outcome of the elongation of the genital tubercle in males?
What role does the gubernaculum play in the descent of the gonads?
What role does the gubernaculum play in the descent of the gonads?
What structures are formed as remnants of the paramesonephric duct in males?
What structures are formed as remnants of the paramesonephric duct in males?
What is the result of the urethral folds closing in males during development?
What is the result of the urethral folds closing in males during development?
How does the sperm viability relate to scrotal temperature regulation?
How does the sperm viability relate to scrotal temperature regulation?
What anatomical feature is created as the ovaries descend and the gubernaculum is involved?
What anatomical feature is created as the ovaries descend and the gubernaculum is involved?
Which condition can result from the retention of the paramesonephric duct in males?
Which condition can result from the retention of the paramesonephric duct in males?
What ultimately completes cloacal septation in female development?
What ultimately completes cloacal septation in female development?
What initiates the differentiation of Sertoli cells in male gonadal development?
What initiates the differentiation of Sertoli cells in male gonadal development?
What hormone do Leydig cells secrete during early male development?
What hormone do Leydig cells secrete during early male development?
Which structures are derived from the para-mesonephric duct in females?
Which structures are derived from the para-mesonephric duct in females?
What happens to the mesonephric duct in females during development?
What happens to the mesonephric duct in females during development?
What is the role of the gubernaculum during gonadal descent?
What is the role of the gubernaculum during gonadal descent?
Which cells are responsible for producing Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) during male development?
Which cells are responsible for producing Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) during male development?
How do the male and female reproductive ducts differ in terms of the paramesonephric duct?
How do the male and female reproductive ducts differ in terms of the paramesonephric duct?
What critical developmental stage occurs around the 6-week mark in both sexes?
What critical developmental stage occurs around the 6-week mark in both sexes?
During which weeks do morphological differences emerge between male and female gonads?
During which weeks do morphological differences emerge between male and female gonads?
What happens to the gonads during the descent process in males?
What happens to the gonads during the descent process in males?
What are primordial germ cells (PGC) and what role do they play in gonadal development?
What are primordial germ cells (PGC) and what role do they play in gonadal development?
How do somatic support cells contribute to sexual dimorphism in the urogenital tract?
How do somatic support cells contribute to sexual dimorphism in the urogenital tract?
Explain the significance of tubular migrations during urogenital development.
Explain the significance of tubular migrations during urogenital development.
How can disorders of sexual development arise from morphological variations in urogenital development?
How can disorders of sexual development arise from morphological variations in urogenital development?
What role do the developed gonads play in the formation of adult reproductive anatomy?
What role do the developed gonads play in the formation of adult reproductive anatomy?
What results from the failure of the paramesonephric duct to disintegrate in males?
What results from the failure of the paramesonephric duct to disintegrate in males?
Describe the anatomical significance of the gubernaculum in females.
Describe the anatomical significance of the gubernaculum in females.
How does the scrotum regulate temperature for sperm viability?
How does the scrotum regulate temperature for sperm viability?
What role does the genital tubercle play in sexual differentiation?
What role does the genital tubercle play in sexual differentiation?
At what week does cloacal septation complete, and what does it result in for females?
At what week does cloacal septation complete, and what does it result in for females?
What causes the developmental differences in external genitalia between sexes before week 9?
What causes the developmental differences in external genitalia between sexes before week 9?
Explain the significance of the broad ligament in female reproductive anatomy.
Explain the significance of the broad ligament in female reproductive anatomy.
What anatomical feature results from the gubernaculum dragging the gonad through the inguinal canal?
What anatomical feature results from the gubernaculum dragging the gonad through the inguinal canal?
What initiates the differentiation of somatic support cells into Sertoli cells in males?
What initiates the differentiation of somatic support cells into Sertoli cells in males?
How do Leydig cells differentiate and what hormone do they secrete?
How do Leydig cells differentiate and what hormone do they secrete?
What is the significance of Sertoli cells producing Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH)?
What is the significance of Sertoli cells producing Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH)?
In females, what does the para-mesonephric (Müllerian) duct give rise to?
In females, what does the para-mesonephric (Müllerian) duct give rise to?
What happens to the mesonephric duct in female development?
What happens to the mesonephric duct in female development?
What is the role of the gubernaculum in the descent of the gonads?
What is the role of the gubernaculum in the descent of the gonads?
How does the reinforcing connection from mesonephric ducts change during male development?
How does the reinforcing connection from mesonephric ducts change during male development?
What is formed when the paramesonephric ducts fuse caudally in females?
What is formed when the paramesonephric ducts fuse caudally in females?
What role does the mesonephros serve during early gestation in both sexes?
What role does the mesonephros serve during early gestation in both sexes?
At what stage do morphological differences between male and female gonads become apparent?
At what stage do morphological differences between male and female gonads become apparent?
What is the role of Buck's fascia in the male anatomy?
What is the role of Buck's fascia in the male anatomy?
How does Scarpa's fascia relate to Colles' fascia?
How does Scarpa's fascia relate to Colles' fascia?
What structures create the compartments within the deep perineal fascia?
What structures create the compartments within the deep perineal fascia?
Describe the anatomical significance of the perineal body.
Describe the anatomical significance of the perineal body.
What distinguishes the perineal structure in placental mammals from that in other tetrapods?
What distinguishes the perineal structure in placental mammals from that in other tetrapods?
Identify the layers included in the evolution of the perineum and their significance.
Identify the layers included in the evolution of the perineum and their significance.
Explain how the deep pouch and superficial pouch of the perineum differ.
Explain how the deep pouch and superficial pouch of the perineum differ.
What anatomical function does the Cutaneous Trunci muscle serve in mammals?
What anatomical function does the Cutaneous Trunci muscle serve in mammals?
What is the primary muscle forming the superficial component of the external anal sphincter?
What is the primary muscle forming the superficial component of the external anal sphincter?
Name the erectile tissues present in the male superficial pouch.
Name the erectile tissues present in the male superficial pouch.
What two muscles support the erectile tissues in the female superficial pouch?
What two muscles support the erectile tissues in the female superficial pouch?
What is the role of the perineal membrane in the urogenital diaphragm?
What is the role of the perineal membrane in the urogenital diaphragm?
What are the main features and boundaries of the perineum?
What are the main features and boundaries of the perineum?
What is the sphincter muscle that is exclusive to females within the urogenital triangle?
What is the sphincter muscle that is exclusive to females within the urogenital triangle?
Identify the space associated with the subcutaneous body wall in the perineum.
Identify the space associated with the subcutaneous body wall in the perineum.
Describe the role of the pudendal nerve in the perineum.
Describe the role of the pudendal nerve in the perineum.
What anatomical structures are found in the superficial pouch of females that are homologous to male structures?
What anatomical structures are found in the superficial pouch of females that are homologous to male structures?
Identify the structure that separates the anal triangle from the urogenital triangle.
Identify the structure that separates the anal triangle from the urogenital triangle.
What are the two angular configurations of the perineum and their orientations?
What are the two angular configurations of the perineum and their orientations?
What distinguishes the external urethral sphincter found in the urogenital diaphragm?
What distinguishes the external urethral sphincter found in the urogenital diaphragm?
How is the perineal body defined and what is its significance?
How is the perineal body defined and what is its significance?
Which branches arise from the pudendal nerve, and what areas do they supply?
Which branches arise from the pudendal nerve, and what areas do they supply?
What is the anatomical significance of the pudendal canal?
What is the anatomical significance of the pudendal canal?
Explain the relationship between the perineum and erectile tissues.
Explain the relationship between the perineum and erectile tissues.
What is the primary function of the deep transverse perineal muscle?
What is the primary function of the deep transverse perineal muscle?
How does the external urethral sphincter function differently in males and females?
How does the external urethral sphincter function differently in males and females?
Where does the deep external anal sphincter insert, and what is its main role?
Where does the deep external anal sphincter insert, and what is its main role?
What accessory function does the compressor urethrae serve in the female anatomy?
What accessory function does the compressor urethrae serve in the female anatomy?
What anatomical origin is common to the deep transverse perineal muscle?
What anatomical origin is common to the deep transverse perineal muscle?
What are the main muscle components of the pelvic floor and their functions?
What are the main muscle components of the pelvic floor and their functions?
Describe the origin and insertion of the Ischiococcygeus muscle.
Describe the origin and insertion of the Ischiococcygeus muscle.
What is the significance of the puborectalis muscle in the human body?
What is the significance of the puborectalis muscle in the human body?
How do the pelvic floor muscles differ in their roles between sexes?
How do the pelvic floor muscles differ in their roles between sexes?
Explain the relationship between the pelvic floor muscles and the pelvic viscera.
Explain the relationship between the pelvic floor muscles and the pelvic viscera.
What components make up the pelvic floor muscles and their primary functions?
What components make up the pelvic floor muscles and their primary functions?
What is the role of the bulbourethral gland in male anatomy?
What is the role of the bulbourethral gland in male anatomy?
Describe the function of the bulbospongiosus muscle in males.
Describe the function of the bulbospongiosus muscle in males.
What are the key differences between the superficial and deep pouches in males?
What are the key differences between the superficial and deep pouches in males?
What muscles support the urogenital diaphragm and their specific contributions?
What muscles support the urogenital diaphragm and their specific contributions?
How does the function of the ischiocavernosus muscle differ between males and females?
How does the function of the ischiocavernosus muscle differ between males and females?
What ligaments contribute to the pelvic floor's structural integrity?
What ligaments contribute to the pelvic floor's structural integrity?
What are the roles of the greater vestibular gland in female anatomy?
What are the roles of the greater vestibular gland in female anatomy?
What is the primary function of the deep transverse perineal muscle?
What is the primary function of the deep transverse perineal muscle?
Which structure is the origin of the deep external anal sphincter muscle?
Which structure is the origin of the deep external anal sphincter muscle?
In females, what is the role of the compressor urethrae muscle?
In females, what is the role of the compressor urethrae muscle?
What is the insertion point for the deep transverse perineal muscle?
What is the insertion point for the deep transverse perineal muscle?
Which origin corresponds to the external urethral sphincter muscle?
Which origin corresponds to the external urethral sphincter muscle?
What is the primary function of the iliococcygeus muscle?
What is the primary function of the iliococcygeus muscle?
Where does the pubococcygeus muscle insert?
Where does the pubococcygeus muscle insert?
What anatomical structure does the puborectalis muscle connect?
What anatomical structure does the puborectalis muscle connect?
Which muscle helps maintain the rectoanal angle?
Which muscle helps maintain the rectoanal angle?
What common function do the ischiococcygeus and iliococcygeus muscles share?
What common function do the ischiococcygeus and iliococcygeus muscles share?
What is the role of Buck's fascia in male anatomy?
What is the role of Buck's fascia in male anatomy?
What muscle forms the superficial component of the external anal sphincter?
What muscle forms the superficial component of the external anal sphincter?
Which fascia is known as the superficial perineal fascia?
Which fascia is known as the superficial perineal fascia?
Which anatomical structures are supported by the muscles within the urogenital diaphragm?
Which anatomical structures are supported by the muscles within the urogenital diaphragm?
How are the layers of the perineum categorized in mammals?
How are the layers of the perineum categorized in mammals?
What extra contents are found in the male superficial pouch?
What extra contents are found in the male superficial pouch?
What is a significant anatomical feature of Scarpa’s fascia?
What is a significant anatomical feature of Scarpa’s fascia?
What structural component helps define the boundaries of the perineum?
What structural component helps define the boundaries of the perineum?
Which triangle of the perineum is open and primarily associated with the anal region?
Which triangle of the perineum is open and primarily associated with the anal region?
Which structure is NOT involved in creating compartments in the perineum?
Which structure is NOT involved in creating compartments in the perineum?
What layer forms the inferior border of the deep pouch in the perineum?
What layer forms the inferior border of the deep pouch in the perineum?
What evolutionary adaptation is observed in placental mammals regarding the perineum?
What evolutionary adaptation is observed in placental mammals regarding the perineum?
In females, which structures are considered homologous to the male erectile tissues?
In females, which structures are considered homologous to the male erectile tissues?
Which nerve is responsible for the sensory and motor functions of the perineum?
Which nerve is responsible for the sensory and motor functions of the perineum?
What significant feature of the perineum serves as an attachment point for various structures?
What significant feature of the perineum serves as an attachment point for various structures?
What defines the lateral wall of the ischiorectal fossa in the perineum?
What defines the lateral wall of the ischiorectal fossa in the perineum?
Which muscle layer is part of the urogenital diaphragm?
Which muscle layer is part of the urogenital diaphragm?
Which structure is associated with the superficial pouch of the perineum?
Which structure is associated with the superficial pouch of the perineum?
Which muscle is significant for forming the median raphe in both males and females?
Which muscle is significant for forming the median raphe in both males and females?
Which of the following statements about the perineal body is accurate?
Which of the following statements about the perineal body is accurate?
What is the role of the perineal membrane within the structure of the perineum?
What is the role of the perineal membrane within the structure of the perineum?
What muscle is responsible for maintaining the recto-anal angle?
What muscle is responsible for maintaining the recto-anal angle?
What characterizes the third layer of the perineum?
What characterizes the third layer of the perineum?
Which of the following branches of the pudendal nerve supplies the skin of the anal triangle?
Which of the following branches of the pudendal nerve supplies the skin of the anal triangle?
Which structure is part of the deep pouch in males?
Which structure is part of the deep pouch in males?
What anatomical feature primarily assists in identifying the female urethra's location in the urogenital triangle?
What anatomical feature primarily assists in identifying the female urethra's location in the urogenital triangle?
What is the primary function of the ischiocavernosus muscle in males?
What is the primary function of the ischiocavernosus muscle in males?
Which muscle assists in lifting the anal canal, vagina, or prostate?
Which muscle assists in lifting the anal canal, vagina, or prostate?
Which structure serves as the roof of the deep pouch?
Which structure serves as the roof of the deep pouch?
What is the primary role of the bulbospongiosus muscle in females?
What is the primary role of the bulbospongiosus muscle in females?
Which component is not found in the male superficial pouch?
Which component is not found in the male superficial pouch?
Which muscle's origin includes the perineal body and median raphe?
Which muscle's origin includes the perineal body and median raphe?
Which ligament is responsible for forming the lesser sciatic foramen along with the sacrotuberous ligament?
Which ligament is responsible for forming the lesser sciatic foramen along with the sacrotuberous ligament?
What does the obturator nerve primarily innervate within the pelvic region?
What does the obturator nerve primarily innervate within the pelvic region?
Which structure does NOT pass through the greater sciatic foramen?
Which structure does NOT pass through the greater sciatic foramen?
The obturator fascia is associated with which of the following muscles?
The obturator fascia is associated with which of the following muscles?
What is the primary function of the obturator foramen?
What is the primary function of the obturator foramen?
Which structure passes through the lesser sciatic foramen entering the pelvis?
Which structure passes through the lesser sciatic foramen entering the pelvis?
What type of cartilage primarily connects the pubic bones in the pubic symphysis?
What type of cartilage primarily connects the pubic bones in the pubic symphysis?
Which ligaments reinforce the structure between the pubic bones?
Which ligaments reinforce the structure between the pubic bones?
How does the structure of the pelvic diaphragm contribute to the pelvic outlet?
How does the structure of the pelvic diaphragm contribute to the pelvic outlet?
What is the primary mechanical link between the limbs at the pubic symphysis?
What is the primary mechanical link between the limbs at the pubic symphysis?
What primarily forms the walls of the true pelvis below the pelvic brim?
What primarily forms the walls of the true pelvis below the pelvic brim?
Which structure is located at the inferior opening of the pelvic cavity?
Which structure is located at the inferior opening of the pelvic cavity?
What anatomical feature connects the os coxa to the vertebrae?
What anatomical feature connects the os coxa to the vertebrae?
Which line is not a part of the pelvic brim?
Which line is not a part of the pelvic brim?
Which of the following is primarily involved in transmitting ground reaction forces in the pelvis?
Which of the following is primarily involved in transmitting ground reaction forces in the pelvis?
The true pelvis includes which of the following characteristics?
The true pelvis includes which of the following characteristics?
What are the ischial tuberosities primarily referred to in the context of the pelvic cavity?
What are the ischial tuberosities primarily referred to in the context of the pelvic cavity?
Which of the following correctly identifies the structures below the pelvic brim?
Which of the following correctly identifies the structures below the pelvic brim?
What are the three bones that fuse to form the os coxa?
What are the three bones that fuse to form the os coxa?
How does pelvic sexual dimorphism manifest in the human pelvis?
How does pelvic sexual dimorphism manifest in the human pelvis?
What is the primary biomechanical function of the human pelvis?
What is the primary biomechanical function of the human pelvis?
Which structure forms the base of the pelvic girdle?
Which structure forms the base of the pelvic girdle?
What evolutionary pressure significantly influenced the structure of the human pelvis?
What evolutionary pressure significantly influenced the structure of the human pelvis?
What unique feature distinguishes the female pelvis from the male pelvis?
What unique feature distinguishes the female pelvis from the male pelvis?
Which aspect of the pelvic function is directly related to parturition?
Which aspect of the pelvic function is directly related to parturition?
Which of the following statements best reflects a challenge the female pelvis faces during parturition?
Which of the following statements best reflects a challenge the female pelvis faces during parturition?
What anatomical structure assists in resisting the anterior slip of the lumbar vertebrae?
What anatomical structure assists in resisting the anterior slip of the lumbar vertebrae?
What is the typical angle of the sacroiliac joint in females?
What is the typical angle of the sacroiliac joint in females?
Which structures primarily resist anterior pelvic rotation?
Which structures primarily resist anterior pelvic rotation?
What is the approximate vertical center of gravity (CoG) in relation to the sacrum?
What is the approximate vertical center of gravity (CoG) in relation to the sacrum?
Which ligament plays a critical role in resisting the tendency of the sacrum to rotate forwards relative to the ilium?
Which ligament plays a critical role in resisting the tendency of the sacrum to rotate forwards relative to the ilium?
At what angle is the lumbosacral joint typically oriented?
At what angle is the lumbosacral joint typically oriented?
What mechanism primarily contributes to the anterior slipping tendency of the lumbar region?
What mechanism primarily contributes to the anterior slipping tendency of the lumbar region?
Which additional ligaments alongside the dorsal interosseous SI ligaments help resist anterior pelvic rotation?
Which additional ligaments alongside the dorsal interosseous SI ligaments help resist anterior pelvic rotation?
What is one of the primary adaptations of the human pelvis for bipedalism?
What is one of the primary adaptations of the human pelvis for bipedalism?
How does the structure of the ilial neck contribute to bipedal locomotion?
How does the structure of the ilial neck contribute to bipedal locomotion?
What impact do ischial spines have on the pelvis during pregnancy?
What impact do ischial spines have on the pelvis during pregnancy?
Why is trunk inertia crucial for bipedal locomotion?
Why is trunk inertia crucial for bipedal locomotion?
What role do abdominal oblique muscles play in bipedal locomotion?
What role do abdominal oblique muscles play in bipedal locomotion?
What evolutionary pressure is greater than parturition in relation to pelvic adaptations?
What evolutionary pressure is greater than parturition in relation to pelvic adaptations?
What characteristic of the acetabular socket improves human locomotion?
What characteristic of the acetabular socket improves human locomotion?
What is the relationship between the length of lower limbs and trunk movement in bipedalism?
What is the relationship between the length of lower limbs and trunk movement in bipedalism?
What structures pass through the greater sciatic foramen?
What structures pass through the greater sciatic foramen?
What is the role of the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments in the pelvic diaphragm?
What is the role of the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments in the pelvic diaphragm?
Which muscles are involved with the obturator fascia, and where do they extend?
Which muscles are involved with the obturator fascia, and where do they extend?
How does the internal pudendal artery relate to the structures it supplies?
How does the internal pudendal artery relate to the structures it supplies?
What passes through the lesser sciatic foramen?
What passes through the lesser sciatic foramen?
What is the function of the lesser sciatic foramen in pelvic anatomy?
What is the function of the lesser sciatic foramen in pelvic anatomy?
How do superior and inferior pubic ligaments contribute to pelvic stability?
How do superior and inferior pubic ligaments contribute to pelvic stability?
What role does the pelvic structure play in supporting bipedalism?
What role does the pelvic structure play in supporting bipedalism?
Describe the composition of the joint structure between the pubic bones.
Describe the composition of the joint structure between the pubic bones.
What role do the pelvic diaphragm muscles play in the pelvic cavity?
What role do the pelvic diaphragm muscles play in the pelvic cavity?
How does pelvic sexual dimorphism relate to parturition?
How does pelvic sexual dimorphism relate to parturition?
Which bones contribute to the formation of the pelvic girdle?
Which bones contribute to the formation of the pelvic girdle?
Why is the ground reaction force significant in relation to the pubic symphysis?
Why is the ground reaction force significant in relation to the pubic symphysis?
What evolutionary pressures shaped the human pelvis's function?
What evolutionary pressures shaped the human pelvis's function?
How are the pelvic walls important in maintaining pelvic organ stability?
How are the pelvic walls important in maintaining pelvic organ stability?
What biomechanical challenges does the female pelvis face during parturition?
What biomechanical challenges does the female pelvis face during parturition?
How does the acetabulum relate to the pelvic bones?
How does the acetabulum relate to the pelvic bones?
What is the significance of the pelvic viscera being held in a 'bowl' shape?
What is the significance of the pelvic viscera being held in a 'bowl' shape?
What role does the pelvis play in the transfer of ground reaction forces?
What role does the pelvis play in the transfer of ground reaction forces?
Describe the distinguishing features of the true pelvis compared to the false pelvis.
Describe the distinguishing features of the true pelvis compared to the false pelvis.
What structures are associated with the pelvic outlet?
What structures are associated with the pelvic outlet?
What anatomical features make up the pelvic brim?
What anatomical features make up the pelvic brim?
How does the obturator fascia relate to the obturator internus muscle?
How does the obturator fascia relate to the obturator internus muscle?
Explain the significance of the ground reaction force in pelvic mechanics.
Explain the significance of the ground reaction force in pelvic mechanics.
What are ischial tuberosities and their significance in the context of the pelvic outlet?
What are ischial tuberosities and their significance in the context of the pelvic outlet?
Define the terms 'true pelvis' and 'false pelvis' in relation to pelvic anatomy.
Define the terms 'true pelvis' and 'false pelvis' in relation to pelvic anatomy.
What is the primary stabilizing factor for the sacroiliac joint in the frontal plane?
What is the primary stabilizing factor for the sacroiliac joint in the frontal plane?
Why is the sacroiliac joint referred to as a ‘keystone’ joint?
Why is the sacroiliac joint referred to as a ‘keystone’ joint?
How do micro tears in fibrocartilage affect the sacroiliac joint post-pregnancy?
How do micro tears in fibrocartilage affect the sacroiliac joint post-pregnancy?
What role does the orientation of the sacroiliac joint play in its function?
What role does the orientation of the sacroiliac joint play in its function?
What happens to the tension on the dorsal ligaments during increased movement of the sacroiliac joint?
What happens to the tension on the dorsal ligaments during increased movement of the sacroiliac joint?
What is the significance of ischial spines in bipedal efficiency during pregnancy?
What is the significance of ischial spines in bipedal efficiency during pregnancy?
How do pelvic adaptations influence trunk dynamics in bipedal locomotion?
How do pelvic adaptations influence trunk dynamics in bipedal locomotion?
Explain how pre-birth work capacity serves as a selection pressure in human pelvic evolution.
Explain how pre-birth work capacity serves as a selection pressure in human pelvic evolution.
Why is the angling of the acetabular socket important for human bipedalism?
Why is the angling of the acetabular socket important for human bipedalism?
Discuss the role of trunk inertia in maintaining bipedal stability.
Discuss the role of trunk inertia in maintaining bipedal stability.
What impact does body size have on bipedal efficiency according to the text?
What impact does body size have on bipedal efficiency according to the text?
Describe the structural features of the human pelvis that enhance movement efficiency.
Describe the structural features of the human pelvis that enhance movement efficiency.
How does the length and weight of lower limbs affect pelvis dynamics?
How does the length and weight of lower limbs affect pelvis dynamics?
What is the primary hormone secreted by the zona glomerulosa and its main function?
What is the primary hormone secreted by the zona glomerulosa and its main function?
What condition can result from tumors or hyperplasia in the zona fasciculata?
What condition can result from tumors or hyperplasia in the zona fasciculata?
What are the main hormones secreted by pancreatic islet cells and their corresponding cell types?
What are the main hormones secreted by pancreatic islet cells and their corresponding cell types?
At what age does the zona reticularis typically become fully developed?
At what age does the zona reticularis typically become fully developed?
What hormone is predominantly secreted by pinealocytes?
What hormone is predominantly secreted by pinealocytes?
What is the role of somatostatin in the endocrine pancreas?
What is the role of somatostatin in the endocrine pancreas?
What is the primary structural component of the pineal gland that gives it a 'stringy' appearance?
What is the primary structural component of the pineal gland that gives it a 'stringy' appearance?
What are Herring bodies in the context of the posterior pituitary?
What are Herring bodies in the context of the posterior pituitary?
Where is the pineal gland located within the brain?
Where is the pineal gland located within the brain?
What is the composition of brain sand found in the pineal gland?
What is the composition of brain sand found in the pineal gland?
What cell type in the anterior pituitary is characterized by basophilic staining?
What cell type in the anterior pituitary is characterized by basophilic staining?
What cells surround and support pinealocytes in the pineal gland?
What cells surround and support pinealocytes in the pineal gland?
What is the main function of PP-cells in the pancreas?
What is the main function of PP-cells in the pancreas?
How does pregnancy affect pancreatic secretions?
How does pregnancy affect pancreatic secretions?
What distinguishes acidophils in the anterior pituitary?
What distinguishes acidophils in the anterior pituitary?
What are the main blood supply sources for the thyroid gland?
What are the main blood supply sources for the thyroid gland?
What type of nerve fibers are associated with the posterior pituitary?
What type of nerve fibers are associated with the posterior pituitary?
Describe the anatomical location of the thyroid gland in relation to other structures.
Describe the anatomical location of the thyroid gland in relation to other structures.
Explain the relationship between hyperthyroidism and pancreatic function.
Explain the relationship between hyperthyroidism and pancreatic function.
What is the function of the pyramidal lobe of the thyroid gland?
What is the function of the pyramidal lobe of the thyroid gland?
What is the consequence of inhibiting pancreatic enzyme secretion?
What is the consequence of inhibiting pancreatic enzyme secretion?
Outline the venous drainage of the thyroid gland.
Outline the venous drainage of the thyroid gland.
Identify the clinical relevance of Cushing’s Syndrome to the pancreas.
Identify the clinical relevance of Cushing’s Syndrome to the pancreas.
Which nerves are primarily responsible for the sympathetic innervation of the thyroid gland?
Which nerves are primarily responsible for the sympathetic innervation of the thyroid gland?
What type of cells in the adrenal medulla synthesize and secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline?
What type of cells in the adrenal medulla synthesize and secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline?
What anatomical structure connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland?
What anatomical structure connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland?
Identify the arteries that arise from the external carotid and supply the superior portion of the thyroid gland.
Identify the arteries that arise from the external carotid and supply the superior portion of the thyroid gland.
Which arteries primarily supply blood to the adrenal glands?
Which arteries primarily supply blood to the adrenal glands?
What variations exist in the drainage pathway of the inferior thyroid veins?
What variations exist in the drainage pathway of the inferior thyroid veins?
How does drainage occur in the adrenal glands?
How does drainage occur in the adrenal glands?
What is the role of sympathetic innervation in the function of the adrenal medulla?
What is the role of sympathetic innervation in the function of the adrenal medulla?
Identify the three zones of the adrenal cortex in order from superficial to deep.
Identify the three zones of the adrenal cortex in order from superficial to deep.
What is the histological appearance of the zona glomerulosa?
What is the histological appearance of the zona glomerulosa?
How does the adrenal medulla's response to stress differ from that of normal sympathetic nerve activity?
How does the adrenal medulla's response to stress differ from that of normal sympathetic nerve activity?
What effect do parasympathetic nerves have on blood vessels in the adrenal glands?
What effect do parasympathetic nerves have on blood vessels in the adrenal glands?
Where is the pituitary gland located within the skull?
Where is the pituitary gland located within the skull?
What type of tissue primarily composes the anterior pituitary?
What type of tissue primarily composes the anterior pituitary?
What hormones are secreted by acidophils in the anterior pituitary?
What hormones are secreted by acidophils in the anterior pituitary?
Which hormones does the posterior pituitary store?
Which hormones does the posterior pituitary store?
What is the primary function of the hypophyseal portal system?
What is the primary function of the hypophyseal portal system?
What distinguishes the pars tuberalis from other regions of the pituitary gland?
What distinguishes the pars tuberalis from other regions of the pituitary gland?
Which nuclei in the hypothalamus produce ADH?
Which nuclei in the hypothalamus produce ADH?
What role do pituicytes play in the posterior pituitary?
What role do pituicytes play in the posterior pituitary?
What is the function of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) secreted by basophils?
What is the function of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) secreted by basophils?
What anatomical structure connects the posterior pituitary to the hypothalamus?
What anatomical structure connects the posterior pituitary to the hypothalamus?
How are Herring bodies characterized in the posterior pituitary?
How are Herring bodies characterized in the posterior pituitary?
What type of cells does the pars intermedia primarily consist of?
What type of cells does the pars intermedia primarily consist of?
What is the primary role of the portal venous system related to the pituitary gland?
What is the primary role of the portal venous system related to the pituitary gland?
What is the significance of colloid cysts in the pars intermedia?
What is the significance of colloid cysts in the pars intermedia?
What hormone is primarily secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex?
What hormone is primarily secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex?
Which type of cells in the pancreatic islets primarily secrete insulin?
Which type of cells in the pancreatic islets primarily secrete insulin?
Which adrenal cortex layer is characterized by having radially orientated fascicle-like tubes of cells?
Which adrenal cortex layer is characterized by having radially orientated fascicle-like tubes of cells?
Which hormone is secreted primarily by the zona reticularis?
Which hormone is secreted primarily by the zona reticularis?
What is the primary function of somatostatin in the pancreatic islets?
What is the primary function of somatostatin in the pancreatic islets?
What is the primary blood supply to the thyroid gland?
What is the primary blood supply to the thyroid gland?
Which anatomical structure is typically located deep to the cervical strap muscles?
Which anatomical structure is typically located deep to the cervical strap muscles?
The pyramidal lobe of the thyroid is a remnant of which developmental feature?
The pyramidal lobe of the thyroid is a remnant of which developmental feature?
Which of the following veins drains directly into the Internal Jugular Vein?
Which of the following veins drains directly into the Internal Jugular Vein?
Which system is responsible for the sympathetic innervation of the thyroid gland?
Which system is responsible for the sympathetic innervation of the thyroid gland?
The inferior thyroid arteries arise from which arterial trunk?
The inferior thyroid arteries arise from which arterial trunk?
Which type of vein can drain into various structures such as the brachiocephalic vein or the superior vena cava?
Which type of vein can drain into various structures such as the brachiocephalic vein or the superior vena cava?
What connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland?
What connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland?
What is the primary function of chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla?
What is the primary function of chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla?
Which structure primarily drains blood from the adrenal gland?
Which structure primarily drains blood from the adrenal gland?
What type of nerve fibers are responsible for the sympathetic innervation of the adrenal gland?
What type of nerve fibers are responsible for the sympathetic innervation of the adrenal gland?
Which of the following correctly describes the sequence of blood supply to the adrenal gland?
Which of the following correctly describes the sequence of blood supply to the adrenal gland?
What is the histological feature that distinguishes the adrenal cortex from the medulla?
What is the histological feature that distinguishes the adrenal cortex from the medulla?
Which zone of the adrenal cortex contains small curved cell columns with a spongy appearance?
Which zone of the adrenal cortex contains small curved cell columns with a spongy appearance?
Which characteristic of the adrenal medulla contributes to its systemic effects during stress responses?
Which characteristic of the adrenal medulla contributes to its systemic effects during stress responses?
What role do the paired adrenal arteries play in the blood supply to the adrenal glands?
What role do the paired adrenal arteries play in the blood supply to the adrenal glands?
What is the main function of pinealocytes in the pineal gland?
What is the main function of pinealocytes in the pineal gland?
Which type of glial cells are characterized by a star-shaped appearance with dark nuclei?
Which type of glial cells are characterized by a star-shaped appearance with dark nuclei?
What is the composition of 'brain sand' found in the pineal gland?
What is the composition of 'brain sand' found in the pineal gland?
Which part of the pituitary gland is responsible for storing hormones in nerve endings?
Which part of the pituitary gland is responsible for storing hormones in nerve endings?
What is the primary role of acidophils found in the anterior pituitary?
What is the primary role of acidophils found in the anterior pituitary?
Which structure is associated with the maintenance of the blood-brain barrier?
Which structure is associated with the maintenance of the blood-brain barrier?
What type of cells make up the primary secretory component of the pineal gland?
What type of cells make up the primary secretory component of the pineal gland?
Where is the pineal gland located within the brain?
Where is the pineal gland located within the brain?
Which cell types are primarily found within the anterior pituitary?
Which cell types are primarily found within the anterior pituitary?
What is the significance of Herring bodies in the posterior pituitary?
What is the significance of Herring bodies in the posterior pituitary?
What is the primary function of thyroglobulin in the thyroid gland?
What is the primary function of thyroglobulin in the thyroid gland?
Which type of cells in the thyroid gland are responsible for secreting calcitonin?
Which type of cells in the thyroid gland are responsible for secreting calcitonin?
Which thyroid hormone is considered to be more potent?
Which thyroid hormone is considered to be more potent?
What is the primary function of the Chief cells in the parathyroid gland?
What is the primary function of the Chief cells in the parathyroid gland?
Which of the following accurately describes T3's and T4's action in the body?
Which of the following accurately describes T3's and T4's action in the body?
Which of the following is true about the Oxyphilic cells in the parathyroid gland?
Which of the following is true about the Oxyphilic cells in the parathyroid gland?
What is the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on the gastrointestinal tract?
What is the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on the gastrointestinal tract?
What does the absence of parasympathetic innervation in the vagus nerve indicate about its role?
What does the absence of parasympathetic innervation in the vagus nerve indicate about its role?
What major role does calcitonin play in calcium homeostasis?
What major role does calcitonin play in calcium homeostasis?
Which characteristic of the thyroid follicles aids in the storage of thyroid hormones?
Which characteristic of the thyroid follicles aids in the storage of thyroid hormones?
What is the primary role of the infundibulum in the posterior pituitary gland?
What is the primary role of the infundibulum in the posterior pituitary gland?
Which cell type in the anterior pituitary gland is responsible for secreting Growth Hormone?
Which cell type in the anterior pituitary gland is responsible for secreting Growth Hormone?
What anatomical feature is the pituitary gland located within?
What anatomical feature is the pituitary gland located within?
Which hormone is secreted by the pars intermedia of the pituitary gland?
Which hormone is secreted by the pars intermedia of the pituitary gland?
What is the primary component of the posterior pituitary gland?
What is the primary component of the posterior pituitary gland?
Which type of cells are found predominantly in the pars tuberalis of the pituitary gland?
Which type of cells are found predominantly in the pars tuberalis of the pituitary gland?
How do hormones from the hypothalamus reach the anterior pituitary?
How do hormones from the hypothalamus reach the anterior pituitary?
Which of the following structures aids in the storage of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) in the posterior pituitary?
Which of the following structures aids in the storage of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) in the posterior pituitary?
What type of cytoplasm is characteristic of basophils in the anterior pituitary gland?
What type of cytoplasm is characteristic of basophils in the anterior pituitary gland?
Where is the primary source of Oxytocin found?
Where is the primary source of Oxytocin found?
Which gland is described as being wrapped around the infundibulum?
Which gland is described as being wrapped around the infundibulum?
What structure connects the neurons of the hypothalamic nuclei to the posterior pituitary gland?
What structure connects the neurons of the hypothalamic nuclei to the posterior pituitary gland?
What do chromophobe cells in the pituitary gland primarily lack?
What do chromophobe cells in the pituitary gland primarily lack?
Which of the following hormones is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in response to stress?
Which of the following hormones is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in response to stress?
Which anatomical landmark is generally aligned with the tip of the coccyx in the male pelvis?
Which anatomical landmark is generally aligned with the tip of the coccyx in the male pelvis?
What is the most notable structure that derives from the first pharyngeal cleft?
What is the most notable structure that derives from the first pharyngeal cleft?
What is the significant relationship of the broad ligament concerning the uterus and uterine tubes?
What is the significant relationship of the broad ligament concerning the uterus and uterine tubes?
Which description most accurately characterizes the curvature of the rectum in relation to the sacrum?
Which description most accurately characterizes the curvature of the rectum in relation to the sacrum?
At what location does the thyroid primarily begin its migration during development?
At what location does the thyroid primarily begin its migration during development?
What is the primary vascular supply to the pelvic organs originating from the internal iliac artery?
What is the primary vascular supply to the pelvic organs originating from the internal iliac artery?
Calcification in the pineal gland is most commonly associated with which demographic factor?
Calcification in the pineal gland is most commonly associated with which demographic factor?
Which of the following glands does NOT derive from the pouches formed during the fusion of gills?
Which of the following glands does NOT derive from the pouches formed during the fusion of gills?
How does the position of the pelvic inlet relate to the horizontal plane?
How does the position of the pelvic inlet relate to the horizontal plane?
What is the significance of the pyramidal lobe in relation to thyroid development?
What is the significance of the pyramidal lobe in relation to thyroid development?
What role does thyroid hormone play during fetal development?
What role does thyroid hormone play during fetal development?
What effect does low maternal iodine have on the fetus?
What effect does low maternal iodine have on the fetus?
What unique adaptation do axolotls have regarding respiration?
What unique adaptation do axolotls have regarding respiration?
How does thyroid hormone influence brown fat development?
How does thyroid hormone influence brown fat development?
At what gestational age do thyroid follicles become functional?
At what gestational age do thyroid follicles become functional?
What is a potential consequence of the thyroid gland duct failing to close completely?
What is a potential consequence of the thyroid gland duct failing to close completely?
What condition is associated with higher levels of thyroid hormone late in fetal development?
What condition is associated with higher levels of thyroid hormone late in fetal development?
What substance do axolotls primarily consume that is low in iodine?
What substance do axolotls primarily consume that is low in iodine?
What role does the rectovesical pouch play in male anatomy?
What role does the rectovesical pouch play in male anatomy?
Which anatomical structure's relationship with the pelvic inlet is essential for understanding pelvic organ positioning?
Which anatomical structure's relationship with the pelvic inlet is essential for understanding pelvic organ positioning?
In the context of pregnancy, which structure's function is critical for maintaining an upright posture?
In the context of pregnancy, which structure's function is critical for maintaining an upright posture?
How does the inferior rectal artery relate to the internal pudendal artery?
How does the inferior rectal artery relate to the internal pudendal artery?
Which vessel is primarily responsible for the blood supply to the uterus?
Which vessel is primarily responsible for the blood supply to the uterus?
What is synthesized and secreted by chromaffin cells?
What is synthesized and secreted by chromaffin cells?
What typically occurs to the fetal cortex a couple of months after birth?
What typically occurs to the fetal cortex a couple of months after birth?
Which of the following statements accurately differentiates the fetal cortex from the adult cortex?
Which of the following statements accurately differentiates the fetal cortex from the adult cortex?
What is the purpose of the pre-synaptic sympathetic nerve in relation to chromaffin cells?
What is the purpose of the pre-synaptic sympathetic nerve in relation to chromaffin cells?
During development, how do mesothelial cells contribute to the formation of the fetal cortex?
During development, how do mesothelial cells contribute to the formation of the fetal cortex?
What time frame marks the transition from the fetal cortex to the adult cortex formation?
What time frame marks the transition from the fetal cortex to the adult cortex formation?
Which characteristic distinguishes chromaffin cells from other autonomic nerve cells?
Which characteristic distinguishes chromaffin cells from other autonomic nerve cells?
What is a significant distinction regarding the tissue formation between fetal cortex and definitive adult cortex?
What is a significant distinction regarding the tissue formation between fetal cortex and definitive adult cortex?
What embryonic layer is primarily responsible for contributing to the development of structures such as the nervous system and skin?
What embryonic layer is primarily responsible for contributing to the development of structures such as the nervous system and skin?
Which of the following structures is derived from the endoderm layer during embryonic development?
Which of the following structures is derived from the endoderm layer during embryonic development?
Which cranial nerve is associated with structures that develop from the second pharyngeal arch?
Which cranial nerve is associated with structures that develop from the second pharyngeal arch?
Which layer contributes to the formation of internal organs and the gastrointestinal tract?
Which layer contributes to the formation of internal organs and the gastrointestinal tract?
Which embryonic layer is primarily involved in the formation of the musculoskeletal system and circulatory system?
Which embryonic layer is primarily involved in the formation of the musculoskeletal system and circulatory system?
How does calcification of the pineal gland correlate with age and gender in South America?
How does calcification of the pineal gland correlate with age and gender in South America?
What are the notable structures derived from the clefts and pouches of the pharyngeal arches?
What are the notable structures derived from the clefts and pouches of the pharyngeal arches?
Explain the significance of the thyroid diverticulum in the development of the thyroid gland.
Explain the significance of the thyroid diverticulum in the development of the thyroid gland.
What is the consequence of failure in the closure of the thyroglossal duct during thyroid development?
What is the consequence of failure in the closure of the thyroglossal duct during thyroid development?
During thyroid development, from where does the thyroid gland originate?
During thyroid development, from where does the thyroid gland originate?
What are the two germ layers that give rise to the embryonic tissues?
What are the two germ layers that give rise to the embryonic tissues?
Identify the cranial nerve associated with the second branchial arch.
Identify the cranial nerve associated with the second branchial arch.
What is a common pathological concern associated with the second pharyngeal arch?
What is a common pathological concern associated with the second pharyngeal arch?
Explain the role of the palatine structure in embryonic development.
Explain the role of the palatine structure in embryonic development.
How do embryonic layers contribute to organ differentiation?
How do embryonic layers contribute to organ differentiation?
How does maternal iodine deficiency affect fetal neural development?
How does maternal iodine deficiency affect fetal neural development?
What role does thyroid hormone play in lung development during fetal maturation?
What role does thyroid hormone play in lung development during fetal maturation?
Describe the significance of brown fat development influenced by thyroid hormone during the late fetal period.
Describe the significance of brown fat development influenced by thyroid hormone during the late fetal period.
What physiological feature of the axolotls aids in their adaptation to their environment?
What physiological feature of the axolotls aids in their adaptation to their environment?
Explain the impact of thyroid follicles being functional at 10-11 weeks gestational age.
Explain the impact of thyroid follicles being functional at 10-11 weeks gestational age.
What mechanism does thyroid hormone utilize for effective lung maturation?
What mechanism does thyroid hormone utilize for effective lung maturation?
How does thyroid hormone assist infants who are born prematurely?
How does thyroid hormone assist infants who are born prematurely?
What is a consequence of the thyroid duct failing to close completely during development?
What is a consequence of the thyroid duct failing to close completely during development?
Which hormone is released by the thyroid gland, and what is its effect on calcium levels?
Which hormone is released by the thyroid gland, and what is its effect on calcium levels?
From which pharyngeal pouch do the inferior parathyroid glands develop?
From which pharyngeal pouch do the inferior parathyroid glands develop?
What structures contribute to the development of the adrenal glands?
What structures contribute to the development of the adrenal glands?
What cells in the adrenal gland are derived from neural crest cells?
What cells in the adrenal gland are derived from neural crest cells?
Which embryological structure gives rise to the thymus?
Which embryological structure gives rise to the thymus?
What are the C-cells of the thyroid, and where do they originate from?
What are the C-cells of the thyroid, and where do they originate from?
How many superior parathyroid glands are formed, and when do they develop?
How many superior parathyroid glands are formed, and when do they develop?
What effect do neural crest cells have during the development of adrenal glands?
What effect do neural crest cells have during the development of adrenal glands?
What is the developmental origin of the anterior pituitary gland?
What is the developmental origin of the anterior pituitary gland?
Which embryonic structure is responsible for the formation of the posterior pituitary?
Which embryonic structure is responsible for the formation of the posterior pituitary?
What physiological role does the hypothalamus play in relation to the pituitary gland?
What physiological role does the hypothalamus play in relation to the pituitary gland?
How does the development of the adrenal gland differ from that of other endocrine glands?
How does the development of the adrenal gland differ from that of other endocrine glands?
What key role does the Pineal gland play in the endocrine system?
What key role does the Pineal gland play in the endocrine system?
What is the significance of Rathke’s pouch in pituitary gland development?
What is the significance of Rathke’s pouch in pituitary gland development?
What factors can affect the functional capacity of endocrine organs as they develop?
What factors can affect the functional capacity of endocrine organs as they develop?
Which embryonic layer contributes to the formation of the thyroid gland?
Which embryonic layer contributes to the formation of the thyroid gland?
How does the invagination of the stomodeum relate to endocrine gland development?
How does the invagination of the stomodeum relate to endocrine gland development?
Why is the location of the pituitary gland considered clinically significant?
Why is the location of the pituitary gland considered clinically significant?
Describe the relationship between the development of the endocrine pancreas and its function.
Describe the relationship between the development of the endocrine pancreas and its function.
What impact can embryonic developmental abnormalities have on endocrine organs?
What impact can embryonic developmental abnormalities have on endocrine organs?
In what way does the differentiation of Rathke's pouch aid in the structure of the adult pituitary?
In what way does the differentiation of Rathke's pouch aid in the structure of the adult pituitary?
What is the embryological significance of the forebrain concerning the posterior pituitary?
What is the embryological significance of the forebrain concerning the posterior pituitary?
How does embryonic connective tissue contribute to the development of endocrine organs?
How does embryonic connective tissue contribute to the development of endocrine organs?
What is the role of DHEA secreted by the fetal adrenal cortex?
What is the role of DHEA secreted by the fetal adrenal cortex?
Which zone of the fetal adrenal cortex is responsible for producing aldosterone and when is it critical?
Which zone of the fetal adrenal cortex is responsible for producing aldosterone and when is it critical?
At what gestational week does the fetal pancreas begin to function in maintaining glucose homeostasis?
At what gestational week does the fetal pancreas begin to function in maintaining glucose homeostasis?
How do islet cells in the pancreas develop and what are their types?
How do islet cells in the pancreas develop and what are their types?
What impacts the development of islet cells during fetal development?
What impacts the development of islet cells during fetal development?
Which fetal adrenal cortex layer appears first and what does it secrete?
Which fetal adrenal cortex layer appears first and what does it secrete?
What happens to the fetal adrenal cortex after birth?
What happens to the fetal adrenal cortex after birth?
What signifies the most critical interaction between the placenta and the fetal adrenal glands?
What signifies the most critical interaction between the placenta and the fetal adrenal glands?
What are the main roles of Bowman’s capsule in the urinary system?
What are the main roles of Bowman’s capsule in the urinary system?
How does the structure of the glomerulus contribute to its function in filtration?
How does the structure of the glomerulus contribute to its function in filtration?
Explain the significance of the Juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney.
Explain the significance of the Juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney.
What is the primary function of the Loop of Henle in urine concentration?
What is the primary function of the Loop of Henle in urine concentration?
Describe the mechanisms involved in the process of selective reabsorption in the nephron.
Describe the mechanisms involved in the process of selective reabsorption in the nephron.
What is the role of the aorta in renal blood flow regulation?
What is the role of the aorta in renal blood flow regulation?
How do pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons interact in the renal system?
How do pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons interact in the renal system?
Explain how the body redirects cardiac output to active tissues during renal constriction.
Explain how the body redirects cardiac output to active tissues during renal constriction.
What implications does the redirection of blood flow have on renal function?
What implications does the redirection of blood flow have on renal function?
Describe the relationship between renal blood supply and overall cardiac output.
Describe the relationship between renal blood supply and overall cardiac output.
What is the role of the vasa recta in maintaining the medullary concentration gradient?
What is the role of the vasa recta in maintaining the medullary concentration gradient?
Describe how countercurrent multiplication contributes to urine concentration within the nephron.
Describe how countercurrent multiplication contributes to urine concentration within the nephron.
Explain the significance of recycling urea in the interstitial fluid and ductules.
Explain the significance of recycling urea in the interstitial fluid and ductules.
What anatomical structure plays a key role in establishing a scaled medullary concentration gradient?
What anatomical structure plays a key role in establishing a scaled medullary concentration gradient?
How does the arrangement of the efferent arteriole and vasa recta facilitate renal function?
How does the arrangement of the efferent arteriole and vasa recta facilitate renal function?
What two main components make up a renal lobe?
What two main components make up a renal lobe?
Identify the key structures found in the renal cortex.
Identify the key structures found in the renal cortex.
What is the pathway for waste collection in the kidney from minor calyces to the ureter?
What is the pathway for waste collection in the kidney from minor calyces to the ureter?
Name the primary structures contained within the medullary pyramid.
Name the primary structures contained within the medullary pyramid.
How do minor calyces function in the renal system?
How do minor calyces function in the renal system?
What is the relationship between nephron count and kidney function?
What is the relationship between nephron count and kidney function?
Describe the functional significance of the renal columns.
Describe the functional significance of the renal columns.
What is located at the urinary pole of the nephron?
What is located at the urinary pole of the nephron?
Explain the importance of the collecting ducts in renal physiology.
Explain the importance of the collecting ducts in renal physiology.
What connects the structures of the renal cortex to the minor calyces?
What connects the structures of the renal cortex to the minor calyces?
What structural adaptation do densa cells have that enhances their efficiency?
What structural adaptation do densa cells have that enhances their efficiency?
How do peritubular capillaries differ from the vasa recta in terms of their anatomical position?
How do peritubular capillaries differ from the vasa recta in terms of their anatomical position?
Why do medullary rays increase in size toward the medulla?
Why do medullary rays increase in size toward the medulla?
What role do juxtaglomerular nephrons play in renal function?
What role do juxtaglomerular nephrons play in renal function?
How does the structure of cortical tubules aid in their function?
How does the structure of cortical tubules aid in their function?
What distinguishes proximal convoluted tubules from distal ones in terms of morphology?
What distinguishes proximal convoluted tubules from distal ones in terms of morphology?
In what way does the gradient of cortical nephrons affect their drainage into medullary rays?
In what way does the gradient of cortical nephrons affect their drainage into medullary rays?
What is the significance of cut transversal sections of collecting ducts in histological studies?
What is the significance of cut transversal sections of collecting ducts in histological studies?
What is the physiological importance of the directional formation of glomeruli?
What is the physiological importance of the directional formation of glomeruli?
How does the increase in size of medullary rays relate to nephron function?
How does the increase in size of medullary rays relate to nephron function?
What are the implications of nephron structure for fluid transport across membranes?
What are the implications of nephron structure for fluid transport across membranes?
Why is it essential for nephrons to have efficient transport mechanisms?
Why is it essential for nephrons to have efficient transport mechanisms?
What is the role of collecting ducts within the medullary rays?
What is the role of collecting ducts within the medullary rays?
How does the structural configuration of the proximal convoluted tubule support its function?
How does the structural configuration of the proximal convoluted tubule support its function?
What impact does the arrangement of blood vessels around nephrons have on renal physiology?
What impact does the arrangement of blood vessels around nephrons have on renal physiology?
What structural adaptations enable the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) to engage in active transport?
What structural adaptations enable the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) to engage in active transport?
How do the epithelial cells of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) differ from those in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?
How do the epithelial cells of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) differ from those in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?
What is the primary function of the Loop of Henle in the nephron?
What is the primary function of the Loop of Henle in the nephron?
Describe the histological adaptations of collecting ducts and their significance.
Describe the histological adaptations of collecting ducts and their significance.
What is the role of transitional epithelium in the ureter?
What is the role of transitional epithelium in the ureter?
Explain how urine is moved from the ureters to the bladder.
Explain how urine is moved from the ureters to the bladder.
What is the anatomical relationship of the ureter to the gonadal vessels?
What is the anatomical relationship of the ureter to the gonadal vessels?
What differentiates the muscular layers of the bladder compared to the ureter?
What differentiates the muscular layers of the bladder compared to the ureter?
Identify the significance of the micturition reflex and the nerves involved.
Identify the significance of the micturition reflex and the nerves involved.
How do the upper and lower ureters differ in terms of blood supply?
How do the upper and lower ureters differ in terms of blood supply?
What structural features characterize the bladder's trigone area?
What structural features characterize the bladder's trigone area?
What key role does the peritoneal covering play in the expansion of the bladder?
What key role does the peritoneal covering play in the expansion of the bladder?
How does the structure of the detrusor muscle contribute to bladder function?
How does the structure of the detrusor muscle contribute to bladder function?
Explain the relationship between the ureters and surrounding vasculature.
Explain the relationship between the ureters and surrounding vasculature.
What anatomical structures contribute to the kidney's highly efficient filtration process?
What anatomical structures contribute to the kidney's highly efficient filtration process?
How is the structure of the nephron tubules related to their specific functions?
How is the structure of the nephron tubules related to their specific functions?
What role does the kidney's blood supply play in renal function?
What role does the kidney's blood supply play in renal function?
What processes are involved in the storage and evacuation of urine in the bladder?
What processes are involved in the storage and evacuation of urine in the bladder?
Why is the complex cellular anatomy of the glomerulus significant?
Why is the complex cellular anatomy of the glomerulus significant?
What role does the vasa recta play in the context of the efferent arteriole?
What role does the vasa recta play in the context of the efferent arteriole?
How does countercurrent multiplication function within the nephron?
How does countercurrent multiplication function within the nephron?
What is the primary function of the aorta in relation to blood flow?
What is the primary function of the aorta in relation to blood flow?
What is the significance of the scaled medullary concentration gradient created in the nephron?
What is the significance of the scaled medullary concentration gradient created in the nephron?
How do renal blood flow patterns adjust during times of cardiac output changes?
How do renal blood flow patterns adjust during times of cardiac output changes?
In what way does urea recycling contribute to renal function?
In what way does urea recycling contribute to renal function?
What role do synapses in the renal system play in regulating kidney function?
What role do synapses in the renal system play in regulating kidney function?
What structures are involved in the formation of the medullary concentration gradient?
What structures are involved in the formation of the medullary concentration gradient?
What is the significance of redirecting blood flow from the kidneys during physical activity?
What is the significance of redirecting blood flow from the kidneys during physical activity?
What effects do sympathetic neural signals have on renal blood flow?
What effects do sympathetic neural signals have on renal blood flow?
What role do macula densa cells play in the homeostasis of sodium and chloride levels?
What role do macula densa cells play in the homeostasis of sodium and chloride levels?
Describe the structural features of podocytes and their importance in filtration.
Describe the structural features of podocytes and their importance in filtration.
How do the characteristics of juxtaglomerular nephrons differ from cortical nephrons?
How do the characteristics of juxtaglomerular nephrons differ from cortical nephrons?
What is the significance of the slit diaphragm in the filtration barrier of the kidney?
What is the significance of the slit diaphragm in the filtration barrier of the kidney?
Explain how the afferent and efferent arterioles contribute to glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
Explain how the afferent and efferent arterioles contribute to glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
What impact do mesangial cells have on kidney function?
What impact do mesangial cells have on kidney function?
How does GFR change when the macula densa detects high sodium and chloride levels?
How does GFR change when the macula densa detects high sodium and chloride levels?
What is the primary function of the renal cortex in relation to nephron structure?
What is the primary function of the renal cortex in relation to nephron structure?
What is the primary function of densa cells in renal anatomy?
What is the primary function of densa cells in renal anatomy?
How do peritubular capillaries differ from the vasa recta?
How do peritubular capillaries differ from the vasa recta?
Explain how medullary rays relate to nephron collections.
Explain how medullary rays relate to nephron collections.
What distinguishes juxtamedullary nephrons from cortical nephrons?
What distinguishes juxtamedullary nephrons from cortical nephrons?
Describe the role of proximal convoluted tubules in renal function.
Describe the role of proximal convoluted tubules in renal function.
Why are medullary rays associated with higher nephron sizes?
Why are medullary rays associated with higher nephron sizes?
What purpose does the structure of densa cells serve in nephron efficiency?
What purpose does the structure of densa cells serve in nephron efficiency?
What cellular characteristics differentiate the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) from the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)?
What cellular characteristics differentiate the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) from the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)?
How does the anatomy of the renal tubules contribute to efficiency?
How does the anatomy of the renal tubules contribute to efficiency?
Explain the epithelial characteristics observed in the thin segments of the Loop of Henle.
Explain the epithelial characteristics observed in the thin segments of the Loop of Henle.
How does aldosterone regulate water permeability in the collecting ducts?
How does aldosterone regulate water permeability in the collecting ducts?
In what way do collecting ducts relate to the function of nephrons?
In what way do collecting ducts relate to the function of nephrons?
Why is the distinction between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons significant?
Why is the distinction between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons significant?
What type of epithelium is found in the ureter, and why is it significant?
What type of epithelium is found in the ureter, and why is it significant?
What role do structural adaptations of nephron segments play in kidney function?
What role do structural adaptations of nephron segments play in kidney function?
Identify the primary muscular layers in the ureter and their arrangement.
Identify the primary muscular layers in the ureter and their arrangement.
What happens during the micturition reflex?
What happens during the micturition reflex?
How do changes in nephron structure reflect their functional roles?
How do changes in nephron structure reflect their functional roles?
What is the significance of the collecting ducts' directionality?
What is the significance of the collecting ducts' directionality?
Describe the anatomical relationship of the ureter with the gonadal vessels.
Describe the anatomical relationship of the ureter with the gonadal vessels.
What is the role of the detrusor muscle in the bladder?
What is the role of the detrusor muscle in the bladder?
How does the bladder accommodate different volumes of urine?
How does the bladder accommodate different volumes of urine?
What is the significance of the trigone area in the bladder?
What is the significance of the trigone area in the bladder?
Explain the significance of the external and internal urethral sphincters in urination.
Explain the significance of the external and internal urethral sphincters in urination.
What is the primary blood supply to the upper ureter?
What is the primary blood supply to the upper ureter?
Describe the unique histological feature of the bladder compared to the ureter.
Describe the unique histological feature of the bladder compared to the ureter.
What do the layers of the bladder wall consist of?
What do the layers of the bladder wall consist of?
What is the primary function of the segmental blood supply in the renal segments?
What is the primary function of the segmental blood supply in the renal segments?
Which autonomic pathway results in increased renal arterial flow?
Which autonomic pathway results in increased renal arterial flow?
What is the primary impact of sympathetic nerve supply on renal function?
What is the primary impact of sympathetic nerve supply on renal function?
Which of the following statements about the autonomic nerve supply to the kidneys is accurate?
Which of the following statements about the autonomic nerve supply to the kidneys is accurate?
Why are fat packs significant at the hilum of the kidney?
Why are fat packs significant at the hilum of the kidney?
Where does the synapse between pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons for the kidneys occur?
Where does the synapse between pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons for the kidneys occur?
What is the primary function of the neural activity directed towards the kidneys?
What is the primary function of the neural activity directed towards the kidneys?
What outcome is expected when blood flow is redirected towards more active tissues?
What outcome is expected when blood flow is redirected towards more active tissues?
Which statement best describes the relationship between renal blood flow and tissue activity?
Which statement best describes the relationship between renal blood flow and tissue activity?
What physiological mechanism is involved in the constriction of renal blood vessels?
What physiological mechanism is involved in the constriction of renal blood vessels?
Which layer of the glomerulus is responsible for cleaning proteinaceous debris?
Which layer of the glomerulus is responsible for cleaning proteinaceous debris?
What primary substance is secreted during the process of urine formation?
What primary substance is secreted during the process of urine formation?
What is the essential mechanism for the establishment of a concentration gradient in the Loop of Henle?
What is the essential mechanism for the establishment of a concentration gradient in the Loop of Henle?
Which cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus respond to blood pressure changes?
Which cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus respond to blood pressure changes?
What significant filtration feature of the glomerulus allows for selective blood filtration?
What significant filtration feature of the glomerulus allows for selective blood filtration?
What are the main components that make up a renal lobe?
What are the main components that make up a renal lobe?
Which part of the nephron is primarily involved in urine concentration?
Which part of the nephron is primarily involved in urine concentration?
What structure serves as the pathway through which urine passes from the major calyces to the bladder?
What structure serves as the pathway through which urine passes from the major calyces to the bladder?
In renal anatomy, what do the medullary pyramids primarily contain?
In renal anatomy, what do the medullary pyramids primarily contain?
What structure cups the papilla to collect waste in the kidney?
What structure cups the papilla to collect waste in the kidney?
Which part of the nephron specifically consists of both proximal and distal elements?
Which part of the nephron specifically consists of both proximal and distal elements?
Which component connects the nephrons to the minor calyx?
Which component connects the nephrons to the minor calyx?
What anatomical feature of the kidney distinguishes the outer layer from the inner medullary tissue?
What anatomical feature of the kidney distinguishes the outer layer from the inner medullary tissue?
Which structure is formed by the convergence of multiple minor calyces?
Which structure is formed by the convergence of multiple minor calyces?
What is the primary function of the vasa recta in the kidney?
What is the primary function of the vasa recta in the kidney?
What is the function of medullary rays in renal anatomy?
What is the function of medullary rays in renal anatomy?
Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the concentration gradient within the renal medulla?
Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the concentration gradient within the renal medulla?
The term 'countercurrent multiplication' primarily refers to which anatomical structures in the kidney?
The term 'countercurrent multiplication' primarily refers to which anatomical structures in the kidney?
How does urea contribute to the formation of the medullary concentration gradient?
How does urea contribute to the formation of the medullary concentration gradient?
What structural relationship does the efferent arteriole have in relation to the vasa recta?
What structural relationship does the efferent arteriole have in relation to the vasa recta?
What is primarily detected by the macula densa cells?
What is primarily detected by the macula densa cells?
Which structure is identified as bridging the gaps between podocyte pedicels?
Which structure is identified as bridging the gaps between podocyte pedicels?
What happens when the macula densa detects low sodium and chloride flow?
What happens when the macula densa detects low sodium and chloride flow?
Which type of nephron primarily concentrates urine by having longer loops of Henle?
Which type of nephron primarily concentrates urine by having longer loops of Henle?
What is the approximate size of the gaps between podocyte pedicels?
What is the approximate size of the gaps between podocyte pedicels?
In which location is the juxtaglomerular nephron primarily found?
In which location is the juxtaglomerular nephron primarily found?
The structure of the afferent and efferent arterioles affects which renal function?
The structure of the afferent and efferent arterioles affects which renal function?
Which cell type is not directly involved in the filtration barrier of the glomerulus?
Which cell type is not directly involved in the filtration barrier of the glomerulus?
What anatomical structure is primarily responsible for transporting urine from the mesonephros to the cloaca?
What anatomical structure is primarily responsible for transporting urine from the mesonephros to the cloaca?
During what week of embryonic development does the mesonephros appear?
During what week of embryonic development does the mesonephros appear?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the mesonephros compared to the pronephros?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the mesonephros compared to the pronephros?
What is the fate of the thoracic nephrotomes in the development of the mesonephros?
What is the fate of the thoracic nephrotomes in the development of the mesonephros?
What anatomical feature grows from the dorsal side of the pelvic mesonephric duct during mesonephros development?
What anatomical feature grows from the dorsal side of the pelvic mesonephric duct during mesonephros development?
What is the primary reason for the mesonephros being referred to as the 'middle' kidney in evolutionary terms?
What is the primary reason for the mesonephros being referred to as the 'middle' kidney in evolutionary terms?
What is the significance of the signalling mechanism in kidney development?
What is the significance of the signalling mechanism in kidney development?
Which of the following adaptations helps organisms face the reverse osmotic challenge when transitioning from sea to land?
Which of the following adaptations helps organisms face the reverse osmotic challenge when transitioning from sea to land?
How does the linear evolution of the kidneys relate to land habitats?
How does the linear evolution of the kidneys relate to land habitats?
What role does preadaptation play in the transition of species returning to the sea?
What role does preadaptation play in the transition of species returning to the sea?
What is the order of kidney development in vertebrates from the earliest to the latest stage?
What is the order of kidney development in vertebrates from the earliest to the latest stage?
In which anatomical region does the pronephros primarily develop?
In which anatomical region does the pronephros primarily develop?
What function do nephrotomes serve in kidney development?
What function do nephrotomes serve in kidney development?
What role does the intermediate mesoderm play during renal ontogeny?
What role does the intermediate mesoderm play during renal ontogeny?
Which kidney type is associated with the thoracic to lumbar region development?
Which kidney type is associated with the thoracic to lumbar region development?
How many distinct types of kidneys develop from the nephric tissues?
How many distinct types of kidneys develop from the nephric tissues?
What anatomical structure does the adult adrenal gland derive from?
What anatomical structure does the adult adrenal gland derive from?
Which aspect of kidney development is primarily influenced by evolutionary pressures?
Which aspect of kidney development is primarily influenced by evolutionary pressures?
Which structure surrounds the kidney itself within the renal fascia?
Which structure surrounds the kidney itself within the renal fascia?
What is the anatomical position of the upper poles of the kidney relative to the diaphragm?
What is the anatomical position of the upper poles of the kidney relative to the diaphragm?
Which muscles is the kidney maximally associated with in terms of its positioning?
Which muscles is the kidney maximally associated with in terms of its positioning?
Which layer of fat encapsulates the kidney but is located outside the renal fascia?
Which layer of fat encapsulates the kidney but is located outside the renal fascia?
Which ribs are associated with the seating of the upper poles of the kidneys?
Which ribs are associated with the seating of the upper poles of the kidneys?
What condition occurs when a kidney fails to ascend during development?
What condition occurs when a kidney fails to ascend during development?
What anatomical feature is characterized by kidneys joining together in the pelvic region?
What anatomical feature is characterized by kidneys joining together in the pelvic region?
During kidney development, what happens to the blood supply as the kidneys ascend?
During kidney development, what happens to the blood supply as the kidneys ascend?
How many renal arteries can be normal for a kidney during its development?
How many renal arteries can be normal for a kidney during its development?
What aspect of the subcardinal venous system is described as 'ladder-like' during development?
What aspect of the subcardinal venous system is described as 'ladder-like' during development?
What does it indicate if the metanephric kidneys become attached in the pelvis?
What does it indicate if the metanephric kidneys become attached in the pelvis?
What is typically associated with the renal pelvis in terms of development?
What is typically associated with the renal pelvis in terms of development?
What happens to the lower renal vessel as the kidneys ascend?
What happens to the lower renal vessel as the kidneys ascend?
What does the Y-shaped formation during renal development refer to?
What does the Y-shaped formation during renal development refer to?
What could be a consequence if the renal arteries exhibit accessory formations?
What could be a consequence if the renal arteries exhibit accessory formations?
What anatomical structure originates from the mesonephric ducts during urogenital development?
What anatomical structure originates from the mesonephric ducts during urogenital development?
At which week of gestation does the anal canal, vagina, and urethra first become present?
At which week of gestation does the anal canal, vagina, and urethra first become present?
What is the significance of the allantois in relation to the bladder?
What is the significance of the allantois in relation to the bladder?
What developmental process occurs during the 6th week regarding the cloaca?
What developmental process occurs during the 6th week regarding the cloaca?
What complication is indicated by stagnant urine in cases of unclosed allantois?
What complication is indicated by stagnant urine in cases of unclosed allantois?
Why is it important to recognize the hindgut origin of the bladder?
Why is it important to recognize the hindgut origin of the bladder?
Which embryological structure does the primordial bladder derive from?
Which embryological structure does the primordial bladder derive from?
What occurs during the ascent of the kidneys in relation to metanephric ducts?
What occurs during the ascent of the kidneys in relation to metanephric ducts?
What role does signalling play in kidney development according to the provided content?
What role does signalling play in kidney development according to the provided content?
In the context of phylogeny, what significance does the mesonephros hold?
In the context of phylogeny, what significance does the mesonephros hold?
What adaptive challenge do fish face when transitioning back to sea from land?
What adaptive challenge do fish face when transitioning back to sea from land?
How does the structure of the kidney help in managing osmotic pressure?
How does the structure of the kidney help in managing osmotic pressure?
What is meant by ‘preadaptation’ in relation to fish returning to life on land?
What is meant by ‘preadaptation’ in relation to fish returning to life on land?
What anatomical structures are involved in the crossing of left paired glands to the right side?
What anatomical structures are involved in the crossing of left paired glands to the right side?
Describe the embryological origin of the bladder lining.
Describe the embryological origin of the bladder lining.
What characteristic appearance do subcardinal veins exhibit during development?
What characteristic appearance do subcardinal veins exhibit during development?
How does the anatomy of the renal veins differ on the left compared to the right side?
How does the anatomy of the renal veins differ on the left compared to the right side?
What is the primary function of the trigone in the bladder?
What is the primary function of the trigone in the bladder?
What anatomical feature explains why the left renal vein is longer than the right?
What anatomical feature explains why the left renal vein is longer than the right?
What is the primary reason for the difference in the vertical positioning of the left and right kidneys?
What is the primary reason for the difference in the vertical positioning of the left and right kidneys?
How does the anatomical location of the hilum relate to kidney function?
How does the anatomical location of the hilum relate to kidney function?
During respiration, how do the kidneys' positions change?
During respiration, how do the kidneys' positions change?
In terms of vascular anatomy, why is it significant that the renal vein is positioned anteriorly to the renal artery?
In terms of vascular anatomy, why is it significant that the renal vein is positioned anteriorly to the renal artery?
What is a pelvic kidney?
What is a pelvic kidney?
Describe horseshoe kidney formation.
Describe horseshoe kidney formation.
What happens to renal arteries during kidney ascent?
What happens to renal arteries during kidney ascent?
What is the subcardinal venous system's appearance during development?
What is the subcardinal venous system's appearance during development?
What are accessory renal arteries?
What are accessory renal arteries?
How many major calyces can form during kidney development?
How many major calyces can form during kidney development?
What does it indicate if kidneys are not bilaterally symmetrical?
What does it indicate if kidneys are not bilaterally symmetrical?
What is the relationship between ureters and major calyces?
What is the relationship between ureters and major calyces?
What two structures can come from the bifurcation of a renal artery?
What two structures can come from the bifurcation of a renal artery?
Why is the left renal vein longer than the right renal vein?
Why is the left renal vein longer than the right renal vein?
What is the role of the subcardinal system in venous development?
What is the role of the subcardinal system in venous development?
How does the position of the kidneys relate to the adrenal glands during development?
How does the position of the kidneys relate to the adrenal glands during development?
What anatomical change occurs to the cardinal veins during development?
What anatomical change occurs to the cardinal veins during development?
What is indicated by the term 'anastomosis' in relation to the subcardinal system?
What is indicated by the term 'anastomosis' in relation to the subcardinal system?
Explain the significance of the ventral orientation in the embryonic cardiovascular system.
Explain the significance of the ventral orientation in the embryonic cardiovascular system.
What implications does having a longer left renal vein have for vascular complications?
What implications does having a longer left renal vein have for vascular complications?
Describe how the kidney's drainage system is adapted during development.
Describe how the kidney's drainage system is adapted during development.
What developmental structure becomes the bladder and is associated with the allantois?
What developmental structure becomes the bladder and is associated with the allantois?
At what week do the anal canal, vagina, and urethra become present in fetal development?
At what week do the anal canal, vagina, and urethra become present in fetal development?
What embryonic structure forms the septum that divides the cloaca?
What embryonic structure forms the septum that divides the cloaca?
What is a potential consequence of an unclosed allantois during fetal development?
What is a potential consequence of an unclosed allantois during fetal development?
What is the significance of recognizing the hind gut's origin in relation to the bladder?
What is the significance of recognizing the hind gut's origin in relation to the bladder?
During what embryonic stage do the mesonephric ducts contribute to the urogenital sinus?
During what embryonic stage do the mesonephric ducts contribute to the urogenital sinus?
What anatomical change occurs to the kidneys during fetal development?
What anatomical change occurs to the kidneys during fetal development?
What anatomical remnant indicates where the allantois connected to the umbilicus?
What anatomical remnant indicates where the allantois connected to the umbilicus?
What structures create the four anatomical lobes of the liver?
What structures create the four anatomical lobes of the liver?
Which ligament is specifically formed from the left coronary ligament?
Which ligament is specifically formed from the left coronary ligament?
How is the caudate lobe of the liver differentiated in relation to the inferior vena cava (IVC)?
How is the caudate lobe of the liver differentiated in relation to the inferior vena cava (IVC)?
What is the primary function of the coronary ligament in the liver?
What is the primary function of the coronary ligament in the liver?
Which features are primarily responsible for identifying the liver lobules in histological sections?
Which features are primarily responsible for identifying the liver lobules in histological sections?
What role does the ligamentum teres play in the anatomy of the liver?
What role does the ligamentum teres play in the anatomy of the liver?
What developmental origin is associated with the hepatic diverticulum?
What developmental origin is associated with the hepatic diverticulum?
What anatomical structure is associated with the gallbladder impression on the liver?
What anatomical structure is associated with the gallbladder impression on the liver?
Which functional segments of the liver are defined by the portal triads?
Which functional segments of the liver are defined by the portal triads?
What is the primary difference in blood and bile flow direction in the liver?
What is the primary difference in blood and bile flow direction in the liver?
Which zone in the liver acinus is the first to show ischemic necrosis?
Which zone in the liver acinus is the first to show ischemic necrosis?
Which component is NOT part of the biliary system?
Which component is NOT part of the biliary system?
What is the primary role of Kupffer cells in the liver?
What is the primary role of Kupffer cells in the liver?
Which structure is primarily responsible for bile drainage to the duodenum?
Which structure is primarily responsible for bile drainage to the duodenum?
How is the histological composition of the gallbladder primarily characterized?
How is the histological composition of the gallbladder primarily characterized?
What type of cells are primarily responsible for the liver's regenerative capacity?
What type of cells are primarily responsible for the liver's regenerative capacity?
What distinguishes the 'portal lobule' concept from the 'classical lobule' concept?
What distinguishes the 'portal lobule' concept from the 'classical lobule' concept?
Which statement about the liver capsule is true?
Which statement about the liver capsule is true?
What mechanism allows the gallbladder to empty its contents?
What mechanism allows the gallbladder to empty its contents?
Where are sinusoidal capillaries primarily located in the liver?
Where are sinusoidal capillaries primarily located in the liver?
What is the main role of the perisinusoidal space (of Disse)?
What is the main role of the perisinusoidal space (of Disse)?
How is the exocrine pancreas structured?
How is the exocrine pancreas structured?
Why is the left renal vein longer than the right renal vein?
Why is the left renal vein longer than the right renal vein?
What anatomical structure affects the position of the kidneys in relation to each other?
What anatomical structure affects the position of the kidneys in relation to each other?
What are the relationships of the structures at the renal hilum?
What are the relationships of the structures at the renal hilum?
At what lumbar vertebral levels are the kidneys typically located?
At what lumbar vertebral levels are the kidneys typically located?
How does breathing affect the position of the kidneys?
How does breathing affect the position of the kidneys?
What are the three stages of kidney development in humans and their corresponding regions?
What are the three stages of kidney development in humans and their corresponding regions?
Discuss the significance of the ascent of the metanephric kidney in human development.
Discuss the significance of the ascent of the metanephric kidney in human development.
Explain the role of nephrotomes in kidney development.
Explain the role of nephrotomes in kidney development.
What structure develops into the adult kidney from the metanephros?
What structure develops into the adult kidney from the metanephros?
Describe the evolutionary pressures that have influenced renal ontogeny in vertebrates.
Describe the evolutionary pressures that have influenced renal ontogeny in vertebrates.
What is the process of cloacal septation and why is it important for the bladder's trigone?
What is the process of cloacal septation and why is it important for the bladder's trigone?
Which type of fish primarily exhibits pronephros as the first kidney type?
Which type of fish primarily exhibits pronephros as the first kidney type?
How does the pronephros handle excess water in the body?
How does the pronephros handle excess water in the body?
How does the structure of the pronephros differ from that of the metanephros?
How does the structure of the pronephros differ from that of the metanephros?
What environmental challenge does the pronephros address for freshwater fish?
What environmental challenge does the pronephros address for freshwater fish?
In what ways does the differentiation of the intermediate mesoderm contribute to kidney development?
In what ways does the differentiation of the intermediate mesoderm contribute to kidney development?
What anatomical relations must be considered during the ascent of the metanephric kidney?
What anatomical relations must be considered during the ascent of the metanephric kidney?
What is the anatomical origin of the human pronephros?
What is the anatomical origin of the human pronephros?
What role does the glomerulus play in the functioning of pronephros?
What role does the glomerulus play in the functioning of pronephros?
What is the evolutionary significance of the appearance of each type of kidney?
What is the evolutionary significance of the appearance of each type of kidney?
Why is it significant that complex systems like the kidney reduce developmental errors?
Why is it significant that complex systems like the kidney reduce developmental errors?
What result occurs from the osmotic control in cases of freshwater adaptation?
What result occurs from the osmotic control in cases of freshwater adaptation?
How does the position of the pronephros change during development?
How does the position of the pronephros change during development?
What is the primary role of the metanephric duct during kidney development?
What is the primary role of the metanephric duct during kidney development?
How does the production of metanephric urine relate to amniotic fluid?
How does the production of metanephric urine relate to amniotic fluid?
What anatomical changes occur to the kidneys during their ascent in fetal development?
What anatomical changes occur to the kidneys during their ascent in fetal development?
What indicates healthy kidney function concerning amniotic fluid?
What indicates healthy kidney function concerning amniotic fluid?
In what week of gestation does the ascent of the metanephric kidneys begin?
In what week of gestation does the ascent of the metanephric kidneys begin?
What structural formations arise from the repeated bifurcation of the metanephric duct?
What structural formations arise from the repeated bifurcation of the metanephric duct?
What relevance does the timing of fetal kidney ascent have concerning adjacent structures?
What relevance does the timing of fetal kidney ascent have concerning adjacent structures?
Describe the relationship between metanephric urine production and the placenta.
Describe the relationship between metanephric urine production and the placenta.
What anatomical relationship causes the left renal vein to be longer than the right renal vein?
What anatomical relationship causes the left renal vein to be longer than the right renal vein?
Explain how the subcardinal system is repurposed in human anatomy.
Explain how the subcardinal system is repurposed in human anatomy.
Describe the general orientation of the renal veins in relation to the aorta.
Describe the general orientation of the renal veins in relation to the aorta.
What does the term 'ventral' refer to in the context of organ placement?
What does the term 'ventral' refer to in the context of organ placement?
Identify one reason why the subcardinal system is considered an anastomosis.
Identify one reason why the subcardinal system is considered an anastomosis.
How do the supra-cardinal and subcardinal systems differ in their anatomical roles?
How do the supra-cardinal and subcardinal systems differ in their anatomical roles?
What embryological process influences the final position of the kidneys relative to the adrenal glands?
What embryological process influences the final position of the kidneys relative to the adrenal glands?
What anatomical feature does the term 'dorsal' describe in contrast to 'ventral'?
What anatomical feature does the term 'dorsal' describe in contrast to 'ventral'?
How do the subcardinal veins contribute to the development of the inferior vena cava (IVC)?
How do the subcardinal veins contribute to the development of the inferior vena cava (IVC)?
What is the anatomical significance of the trigone area in the bladder?
What is the anatomical significance of the trigone area in the bladder?
Describe the pathway taken by the left adrenal and gonadal veins.
Describe the pathway taken by the left adrenal and gonadal veins.
What embryological origin does the bladder lining derive from, and how is it positioned in males?
What embryological origin does the bladder lining derive from, and how is it positioned in males?
Explain the implications of left paired glands crossing to the right side via subcardinal anastomosis.
Explain the implications of left paired glands crossing to the right side via subcardinal anastomosis.
Which ligaments are primarily responsible for connecting the liver to the anterior body wall?
Which ligaments are primarily responsible for connecting the liver to the anterior body wall?
What anatomical structures create the four lobes of the liver?
What anatomical structures create the four lobes of the liver?
Which statement correctly represents the relationship between the anatomical and functional lobes of the liver?
Which statement correctly represents the relationship between the anatomical and functional lobes of the liver?
Which ligaments contribute to the formation of the lesser omentum?
Which ligaments contribute to the formation of the lesser omentum?
How does the caudate lobe of the liver get created?
How does the caudate lobe of the liver get created?
Which structure plays a role in connecting the stomach and liver?
Which structure plays a role in connecting the stomach and liver?
What determines the features of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas in histological sections?
What determines the features of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas in histological sections?
What is the primary significance of ligaments such as the right coronary ligament in liver anatomy?
What is the primary significance of ligaments such as the right coronary ligament in liver anatomy?
Which liver zone is closest to the hepatic arterioles and demonstrates the first signs of regeneration?
Which liver zone is closest to the hepatic arterioles and demonstrates the first signs of regeneration?
What is the primary role of the hepatic capsule?
What is the primary role of the hepatic capsule?
Which anatomical component is primarily concerned with venous drainage in the liver lobule concept?
Which anatomical component is primarily concerned with venous drainage in the liver lobule concept?
What type of epithelium lines the bile ducts found in the portal triads?
What type of epithelium lines the bile ducts found in the portal triads?
Which component primarily delivers bile into the duodenum?
Which component primarily delivers bile into the duodenum?
Which structure is characterized by sinusoids that allow direct contact between hepatocytes and blood?
Which structure is characterized by sinusoids that allow direct contact between hepatocytes and blood?
What is the main function of hepatocytes in the liver?
What is the main function of hepatocytes in the liver?
What defines the 'portal lobule' concept in liver anatomy?
What defines the 'portal lobule' concept in liver anatomy?
Why does the liver have a jelly-like consistency?
Why does the liver have a jelly-like consistency?
What cells in the liver play a critical role in regeneration and vitamin A storage?
What cells in the liver play a critical role in regeneration and vitamin A storage?
Which of the following structures is primarily involved in concentrating bile?
Which of the following structures is primarily involved in concentrating bile?
In the histology of the exocrine pancreas, which cells line the first portion of the duct system?
In the histology of the exocrine pancreas, which cells line the first portion of the duct system?
What is the primary role of Kupffer cells in the liver?
What is the primary role of Kupffer cells in the liver?
Which of the following best describes the vascular layout of the classical lobule?
Which of the following best describes the vascular layout of the classical lobule?
In the gallbladder histology, which feature aids in water reabsorption?
In the gallbladder histology, which feature aids in water reabsorption?
Flashcards
Cloacal Septation
Cloacal Septation
The division of the cloaca (a common opening) into separate openings for the urinary, reproductive, and digestive tracts.
Rectovesical Pouch
Rectovesical Pouch
A space between the rectum and bladder, where fluid can collect (in males).
Parietal Peritoneum
Parietal Peritoneum
The lining of the abdominal wall and pelvic cavity.
Male Reproductive Tract Orientation
Male Reproductive Tract Orientation
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Female Reproductive Tract Orientation
Female Reproductive Tract Orientation
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Pelvic Viscera Orientation
Pelvic Viscera Orientation
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Peritoneal Pouches/Mesenteries
Peritoneal Pouches/Mesenteries
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Rectum & Anus
Rectum & Anus
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Reproductive Tracts
Reproductive Tracts
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Blood/Nerve/Lymphatics
Blood/Nerve/Lymphatics
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Fetal-Maternal Interface
Fetal-Maternal Interface
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Pelvic Inlet
Pelvic Inlet
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Rectal Curve
Rectal Curve
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Fetal-maternal interface
Fetal-maternal interface
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Chorionic plate
Chorionic plate
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Basal plate
Basal plate
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Spiral arteries
Spiral arteries
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Hypogastric nerve
Hypogastric nerve
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Pelvic splanchnic nerves
Pelvic splanchnic nerves
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Autonomic nerve supply (male)
Autonomic nerve supply (male)
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Fetal-maternal blood barrier
Fetal-maternal blood barrier
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Uterus Anteflexion
Uterus Anteflexion
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Uterine Expansion
Uterine Expansion
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Vagina Orientation
Vagina Orientation
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Broad Ligament
Broad Ligament
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Mesosalpinx
Mesosalpinx
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Mesovarium
Mesovarium
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Mesometrium
Mesometrium
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Ovary Position
Ovary Position
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Uterosacral Ligaments
Uterosacral Ligaments
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Cardinal Ligaments
Cardinal Ligaments
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Round Ligament
Round Ligament
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Uterine Artery
Uterine Artery
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Internal Iliac Artery Branches
Internal Iliac Artery Branches
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Umbilical Artery
Umbilical Artery
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Obturator Artery
Obturator Artery
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Anterior Pelvic Structures
Anterior Pelvic Structures
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Uterovesical Pouch
Uterovesical Pouch
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Rectouterine Pouch (of Douglas)
Rectouterine Pouch (of Douglas)
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Rectum vs. Colon
Rectum vs. Colon
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Pararectal fossae
Pararectal fossae
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Rectovesical/Rectouterine Pouch (middle third)
Rectovesical/Rectouterine Pouch (middle third)
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Bladder structure
Bladder structure
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Trigone (bladder)
Trigone (bladder)
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Clinical significance of pouches
Clinical significance of pouches
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Pelvic Viscera Orientation
Pelvic Viscera Orientation
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Pelvic Inlet Angle
Pelvic Inlet Angle
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Rectal Curve
Rectal Curve
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Peritoneal Pouches/Mesenteries
Peritoneal Pouches/Mesenteries
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Fetal-Maternal Interface
Fetal-Maternal Interface
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Blood/Nerve/Lymphatics (Pelvic)
Blood/Nerve/Lymphatics (Pelvic)
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Reproductive Tracts (Male/Female)
Reproductive Tracts (Male/Female)
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Rectum and Anus
Rectum and Anus
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Ovarian blood supply
Ovarian blood supply
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Suspensory ligament
Suspensory ligament
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Uterine blood supply
Uterine blood supply
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Arcuate arteries
Arcuate arteries
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Radial arteries
Radial arteries
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Spiral arteries
Spiral arteries
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Anastomosis
Anastomosis
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Ovarian artery route
Ovarian artery route
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Uterovesical Pouch
Uterovesical Pouch
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Rectouterine Pouch (of Douglas)
Rectouterine Pouch (of Douglas)
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Rectum vs. Colon
Rectum vs. Colon
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Pararectal Fossae
Pararectal Fossae
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Rectovesical/Rectouterine Pouch
Rectovesical/Rectouterine Pouch
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Bladder Structure
Bladder Structure
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Bladder Trigone
Bladder Trigone
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Clinical Significance of Pouches
Clinical Significance of Pouches
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Penis Structure
Penis Structure
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Corpora Cavernosa
Corpora Cavernosa
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Corpus Spongiosum
Corpus Spongiosum
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Tunica Albuginea
Tunica Albuginea
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Uterus Orientation
Uterus Orientation
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Anteverted Cervix
Anteverted Cervix
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Erection Mechanism
Erection Mechanism
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Cervix Fornices
Cervix Fornices
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Parasympathetic Nerve Supply (Female Pelvis)
Parasympathetic Nerve Supply (Female Pelvis)
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Myometrium Innervation
Myometrium Innervation
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Lymphatic Drainage (Gonads)
Lymphatic Drainage (Gonads)
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Pelvic Viscera Lymph Nodes
Pelvic Viscera Lymph Nodes
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Lymphatic Drainage (Perineum)
Lymphatic Drainage (Perineum)
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Urogenital Sinus Mesoderm
Urogenital Sinus Mesoderm
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Cloaca Division (6th week)
Cloaca Division (6th week)
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Urinary Tract (12th week)
Urinary Tract (12th week)
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Triangular Pyramid of the Bladder
Triangular Pyramid of the Bladder
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Bladder Surfaces
Bladder Surfaces
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Bladder Points
Bladder Points
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Ductus Deferens
Ductus Deferens
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Ejaculatory Ducts
Ejaculatory Ducts
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Prostate Gland
Prostate Gland
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Metanephric Duct
Metanephric Duct
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Proliferative (oestradiol)
Proliferative (oestradiol)
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Uterine Milk
Uterine Milk
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Cervix Function
Cervix Function
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Ectocervix
Ectocervix
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Vaginal Epithelium
Vaginal Epithelium
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Vaginal Rugae
Vaginal Rugae
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Testis Tunica Vaginalis
Testis Tunica Vaginalis
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Vaginal pH
Vaginal pH
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Oestrogen & Mucous
Oestrogen & Mucous
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Progesterone & Mucous
Progesterone & Mucous
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Ovary Cortex
Ovary Cortex
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Ovary Medulla
Ovary Medulla
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Primordial Follicle
Primordial Follicle
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Primary Oocyte
Primary Oocyte
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Ovarian Follicles
Ovarian Follicles
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Uterine Regions
Uterine Regions
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Uterine Layers
Uterine Layers
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Uterine Function Layer
Uterine Function Layer
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Fallopian Tube Regions
Fallopian Tube Regions
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Fertilization Site
Fertilization Site
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Uterine Contractions
Uterine Contractions
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Endometrial Regeneration
Endometrial Regeneration
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Endometrial Phases
Endometrial Phases
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Seminiferous Tubules
Seminiferous Tubules
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Lobules of Testis
Lobules of Testis
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Tunica Albuginea
Tunica Albuginea
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Rete Testis
Rete Testis
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Efferent Ductules
Efferent Ductules
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Epididymis
Epididymis
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Vas Deferens
Vas Deferens
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Sertoli Cells
Sertoli Cells
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Leydig Cells
Leydig Cells
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Spermatogonia
Spermatogonia
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Primary Spermatocytes
Primary Spermatocytes
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Spermatozoa
Spermatozoa
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Smooth Muscle
Smooth Muscle
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Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
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Seminal Vesicles Function
Seminal Vesicles Function
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Prostate Gland Zones
Prostate Gland Zones
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Bulbourethral Glands
Bulbourethral Glands
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Stellate Lumen Function
Stellate Lumen Function
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Vasectomy Effectiveness
Vasectomy Effectiveness
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Granulosa cells
Granulosa cells
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Thecal cells
Thecal cells
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Zona pellucida
Zona pellucida
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Antrum
Antrum
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Dominant follicle
Dominant follicle
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Corpus luteum
Corpus luteum
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Corpus albicans
Corpus albicans
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Cumulus oophorus
Cumulus oophorus
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Corona radiata
Corona radiata
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Atresia
Atresia
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Proliferative (oestradiol)
Proliferative (oestradiol)
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Uterine Milk
Uterine Milk
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Cervix Function
Cervix Function
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Ectocervix
Ectocervix
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Vaginal Epithelium
Vaginal Epithelium
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Vaginal Rugae
Vaginal Rugae
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Testis Tunica Vaginalis
Testis Tunica Vaginalis
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Vaginal pH
Vaginal pH
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Uterine milk production by uterine glands
Uterine milk production by uterine glands
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Small Uterine glands
Small Uterine glands
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Ovarian Cortex
Ovarian Cortex
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Primordial Follicle
Primordial Follicle
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Primary Oocyte
Primary Oocyte
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Ovarian Medulla
Ovarian Medulla
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Follicle Structure
Follicle Structure
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Female Reproductive Tract Transport
Female Reproductive Tract Transport
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Uterine Layers
Uterine Layers
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Ovarian Hormones
Ovarian Hormones
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Uterine Muscle Function
Uterine Muscle Function
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Ampulla and Isthmus Differences
Ampulla and Isthmus Differences
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Uterine Lining (Endometrium)
Uterine Lining (Endometrium)
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Ampulla Location
Ampulla Location
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Uterine Contractions
Uterine Contractions
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Seminiferous Tubules
Seminiferous Tubules
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Lobules
Lobules
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Tunica Albuginea
Tunica Albuginea
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Rete Testis
Rete Testis
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Efferent Ductules
Efferent Ductules
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Epididymis
Epididymis
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Vas Deferens
Vas Deferens
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Sertoli Cells
Sertoli Cells
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Leydig Cells
Leydig Cells
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Germ Cells (Peripheral)
Germ Cells (Peripheral)
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Spermatogonia
Spermatogonia
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Spermatozoa
Spermatozoa
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Smooth Muscle (epididymis/vas deferens)
Smooth Muscle (epididymis/vas deferens)
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Seminal Vesicles
Seminal Vesicles
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Prostate Gland
Prostate Gland
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Bulbourethral Glands
Bulbourethral Glands
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Stellate Lumen
Stellate Lumen
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Vasectomy Site
Vasectomy Site
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Granulosa cells
Granulosa cells
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Thecal cells
Thecal cells
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Zona pellucida
Zona pellucida
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Antrum
Antrum
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Dominant follicle
Dominant follicle
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Cumulus oophorus
Cumulus oophorus
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Corona radiata
Corona radiata
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Corpus luteum
Corpus luteum
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Corpus albicans
Corpus albicans
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Uterine tube
Uterine tube
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Breast Anatomy (Lactating)
Breast Anatomy (Lactating)
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Suspensory Ligaments
Suspensory Ligaments
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Lactiferous Ducts
Lactiferous Ducts
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Breast Lobules
Breast Lobules
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Lactation's Importance
Lactation's Importance
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Lactiferous sinuses
Lactiferous sinuses
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Suspensory ligaments
Suspensory ligaments
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Glandular tissue location
Glandular tissue location
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Arterial supply (breast)
Arterial supply (breast)
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Lymphatic drainage (breast)
Lymphatic drainage (breast)
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Milk Ejection Reflex
Milk Ejection Reflex
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Alveolar Cells
Alveolar Cells
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Breast Development Stages
Breast Development Stages
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Milk Line Formation
Milk Line Formation
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Pubertal Breast Development (External)
Pubertal Breast Development (External)
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium (Keratinized)
Stratified Squamous Epithelium (Keratinized)
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Sebaceous Gland (Nipple)
Sebaceous Gland (Nipple)
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Lactiferous Duct
Lactiferous Duct
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Dense Connective Tissue (Breast)
Dense Connective Tissue (Breast)
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Inactive Breast (Histology)
Inactive Breast (Histology)
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Lactogenesis
Lactogenesis
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Lactation
Lactation
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Involution (breast)
Involution (breast)
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Hormonal control of milk secretion
Hormonal control of milk secretion
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Milk ejection reflex
Milk ejection reflex
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Lactational Amenorrhoea
Lactational Amenorrhoea
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Mean duration of Amenorrhoea
Mean duration of Amenorrhoea
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GnRH release during lactation
GnRH release during lactation
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Alveoli
Alveoli
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Lactiferous ducts
Lactiferous ducts
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Breast Anatomy (lactating)
Breast Anatomy (lactating)
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Suspensory Ligaments
Suspensory Ligaments
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Lactiferous Ducts
Lactiferous Ducts
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Mammary Glands
Mammary Glands
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Lactation's importance
Lactation's importance
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Lactiferous sinuses
Lactiferous sinuses
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Suspensory ligaments
Suspensory ligaments
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Glandular tissue nipple proximity
Glandular tissue nipple proximity
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Inactive breast composition
Inactive breast composition
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Breast blood supply lateral branches
Breast blood supply lateral branches
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium (Nipple)
Stratified Squamous Epithelium (Nipple)
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Sebaceous Glands (Nipple)
Sebaceous Glands (Nipple)
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Dense Connective Tissue (Breast)
Dense Connective Tissue (Breast)
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Lactiferous Ducts (Breast)
Lactiferous Ducts (Breast)
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Myoepithelial Cells (Breast)
Myoepithelial Cells (Breast)
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Milk Ejection Reflex
Milk Ejection Reflex
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Alveolar Cells
Alveolar Cells
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Breast Development
Breast Development
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Pubertal Breast Development Stages
Pubertal Breast Development Stages
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Milk Line
Milk Line
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Proliferation Stage (Breast Development)
Proliferation Stage (Breast Development)
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Lactogenesis
Lactogenesis
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Lactation
Lactation
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Involution (Breast)
Involution (Breast)
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Hormonal Control of Milk Secretion
Hormonal Control of Milk Secretion
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Lactational Amenorrhea
Lactational Amenorrhea
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GnRH Release (Lactation)
GnRH Release (Lactation)
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Alveoli
Alveoli
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Myoepithelial Cells
Myoepithelial Cells
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Lactiferous Duct
Lactiferous Duct
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Gonad Descent
Gonad Descent
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Ligament Remnants (Female)
Ligament Remnants (Female)
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External Genitalia Formation
External Genitalia Formation
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Cloacal Urogenital Sinus
Cloacal Urogenital Sinus
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Gender differences (external)
Gender differences (external)
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Scrotal Heat Exchange
Scrotal Heat Exchange
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Persistent Müllerian Duct Syndrome
Persistent Müllerian Duct Syndrome
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Paramesonephric duct disintegration (male)
Paramesonephric duct disintegration (male)
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Reproductive Tract Development
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Gonad Development
Gonad Development
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Primordial Germ Cells
Primordial Germ Cells
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Genital Tract Development
Genital Tract Development
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Sexual Dimorphism
Sexual Dimorphism
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Gonad Formation
Gonad Formation
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SRY gene
SRY gene
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Sertoli cells
Sertoli cells
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Leydig cells
Leydig cells
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Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH)
Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH)
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Oogonia
Oogonia
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Primordial follicle
Primordial follicle
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Mesonephric duct
Mesonephric duct
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Paramesonephric duct
Paramesonephric duct
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Gubernaculum
Gubernaculum
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Gonad Descent
Gonad Descent
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Ligament Remnants (Female)
Ligament Remnants (Female)
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External Genitalia Formation
External Genitalia Formation
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Female External Genitalia
Female External Genitalia
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Cloacal Septum
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Scrotal Heat Exchange
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Persistent Müllerian Duct Syndrome
Persistent Müllerian Duct Syndrome
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Mesonephric Duct
Mesonephric Duct
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Primordial germ cells (PGC)
Primordial germ cells (PGC)
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Sexually dimorphic reproductive tracts
Sexually dimorphic reproductive tracts
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Urogenital development
Urogenital development
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Gonads
Gonads
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Development of genital tracts
Development of genital tracts
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Gonadal Differentiation
Gonadal Differentiation
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SRY Gene
SRY Gene
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Sertoli Cells
Sertoli Cells
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Leydig Cells
Leydig Cells
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Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH)
Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH)
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Primordial Follicle
Primordial Follicle
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Oogonia
Oogonia
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Mesonephric Duct
Mesonephric Duct
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Gubernaculum
Gubernaculum
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Para-mesonephric Duct
Para-mesonephric Duct
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Scarpa's fascia
Scarpa's fascia
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Colles' fascia
Colles' fascia
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Buck's fascia
Buck's fascia
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Perineal body
Perineal body
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Perineal membrane
Perineal membrane
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Dorsal nerve of penis/clitoris
Dorsal nerve of penis/clitoris
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Perineal muscles
Perineal muscles
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Evolution of perineum
Evolution of perineum
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Perineum Definition
Perineum Definition
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Perineal Triangles
Perineal Triangles
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Anococcygeal Raphe
Anococcygeal Raphe
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Perineal Body
Perineal Body
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Pudendal Nerve Function
Pudendal Nerve Function
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Deep Transverse Perineal Muscle
Deep Transverse Perineal Muscle
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External Urethral Sphincter
External Urethral Sphincter
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Pudendal Nerve Pathway
Pudendal Nerve Pathway
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Perineal Membrane
Perineal Membrane
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Perineal body
Perineal body
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Compressor urethrae
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Maternal Iodine Deficiency
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Late Fetal TH Impact
Late Fetal TH Impact
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Axolotl Lung Development
Axolotl Lung Development
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Thyroid Gland Location
Thyroid Gland Location
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Iodine Importance
Iodine Importance
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Fetal Thyroid Development
Fetal Thyroid Development
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Pharyngeal arch contributions
Pharyngeal arch contributions
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Parathyroid development
Parathyroid development
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Thymus development
Thymus development
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Thyroid C-cells
Thyroid C-cells
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Adrenal gland origin
Adrenal gland origin
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Medullary cells
Medullary cells
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Calcitonin release
Calcitonin release
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Thyroid release
Thyroid release
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Fetal adrenal cortex development
Fetal adrenal cortex development
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Fetal adrenal zones
Fetal adrenal zones
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Fetal endocrine pancreas development
Fetal endocrine pancreas development
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Endocrine pancreas islet cells
Endocrine pancreas islet cells
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Fetal adrenal function timing
Fetal adrenal function timing
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Fetal endocrine pancreas influence
Fetal endocrine pancreas influence
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Importance of fetal islet cell number
Importance of fetal islet cell number
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Importance of fetal cortex regressing
Importance of fetal cortex regressing
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Aorta constriction
Aorta constriction
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Renal blood flow
Renal blood flow
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Pre-synaptic neurons
Pre-synaptic neurons
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Post-synaptic neuron
Post-synaptic neuron
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Synapse
Synapse
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Glomerular filtration rate
Glomerular filtration rate
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Renal corpuscle
Renal corpuscle
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Glomerulus structure
Glomerulus structure
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Juxtaglomerular cells (JGC)
Juxtaglomerular cells (JGC)
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Loop of Henle
Loop of Henle
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Renal Lobe
Renal Lobe
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Renal Cortex
Renal Cortex
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Medullary Pyramid
Medullary Pyramid
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Nephron
Nephron
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Glomerulus
Glomerulus
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Collecting Duct
Collecting Duct
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Minor Calyx
Minor Calyx
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Major Calyx
Major Calyx
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Renal Pelvis
Renal Pelvis
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Ureter
Ureter
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Counter current multiplication
Counter current multiplication
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Vasa Recta
Vasa Recta
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Medullary Concentration Gradient
Medullary Concentration Gradient
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Urea Recycling
Urea Recycling
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Efferent Arteriole
Efferent Arteriole
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Densa cells
Densa cells
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Peritubular capillaries
Peritubular capillaries
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Vasa recta
Vasa recta
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Medullary rays
Medullary rays
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Juxtaglomerular nephrons
Juxtaglomerular nephrons
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Cortical nephrons
Cortical nephrons
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Collecting ducts
Collecting ducts
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Glomeruli
Glomeruli
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Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
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Cortical tubules structure and function
Cortical tubules structure and function
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Proximal convoluted tubule
Proximal convoluted tubule
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Distal tubule thick section
Distal tubule thick section
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Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
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Straight tubules
Straight tubules
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Gradient of cortical nephron
Gradient of cortical nephron
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Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
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Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
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Loop of Henle
Loop of Henle
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Collecting Duct (CD)
Collecting Duct (CD)
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Ureter Histology
Ureter Histology
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Ureter Function
Ureter Function
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Bladder Histology
Bladder Histology
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Bladder Function
Bladder Function
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Urethra
Urethra
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Urethra Layers
Urethra Layers
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Peristalsis
Peristalsis
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Retroperitoneal
Retroperitoneal
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Micturition
Micturition
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Kidney Gross Anatomy
Kidney Gross Anatomy
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Renal Histology
Renal Histology
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Nephron Structure
Nephron Structure
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Urine Formation Process
Urine Formation Process
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Ureter Anatomy
Ureter Anatomy
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Aorta's role in kidney blood flow
Aorta's role in kidney blood flow
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Synapse location (kidneys)
Synapse location (kidneys)
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Renal Blood Flow Control
Renal Blood Flow Control
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Cardiac output & tissue blood flow
Cardiac output & tissue blood flow
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Pre-synaptic/Post-synaptic neurons
Pre-synaptic/Post-synaptic neurons
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Countercurrent Multiplication
Countercurrent Multiplication
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Vasa Recta
Vasa Recta
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Medullary Concentration Gradient
Medullary Concentration Gradient
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Urea Recycling
Urea Recycling
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Efferent Arteriole
Efferent Arteriole
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Macula Densa Cells
Macula Densa Cells
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Juxtaglomerular Cells
Juxtaglomerular Cells
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Renin Release
Renin Release
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Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
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Cortical Nephron
Cortical Nephron
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Juxtamedullary Nephron
Juxtamedullary Nephron
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Basement Membrane (Bowman's Capsule)
Basement Membrane (Bowman's Capsule)
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Podocytes
Podocytes
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Densa Cells
Densa Cells
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Peritubular Capillaries
Peritubular Capillaries
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Vasa Recta
Vasa Recta
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Medullary Rays
Medullary Rays
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Juxtaglomerular Nephrons
Juxtaglomerular Nephrons
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Cortical Nephrons
Cortical Nephrons
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Collecting Ducts
Collecting Ducts
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Proximal Convoluted Tubules
Proximal Convoluted Tubules
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Glomeruli
Glomeruli
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Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
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Countercurrent Exchange
Countercurrent Exchange
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Renal Tubules
Renal Tubules
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Cortical Tubules
Cortical Tubules
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PCT Thick Section
PCT Thick Section
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Active Transport in PCT
Active Transport in PCT
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PCT Microvilli
PCT Microvilli
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DCT vs PCT cells
DCT vs PCT cells
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Loop of Henle Thick segments
Loop of Henle Thick segments
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Loop of Henle Thin segments
Loop of Henle Thin segments
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Collecting Duct Cells
Collecting Duct Cells
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Ureter Histology
Ureter Histology
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Ureter Peristalsis
Ureter Peristalsis
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Urinary bladder histology
Urinary bladder histology
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Bladder Detrusor Muscle
Bladder Detrusor Muscle
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Retroperitoneal Ureter
Retroperitoneal Ureter
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Ureter Relations
Ureter Relations
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Urethra Sphincters
Urethra Sphincters
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Micturition Reflex
Micturition Reflex
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Aorta
Aorta
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Synapse
Synapse
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Renal Blood Flow
Renal Blood Flow
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Cardiac Output
Cardiac Output
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Blood Redistribution
Blood Redistribution
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Renal Blood Supply Segments
Renal Blood Supply Segments
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Renal Blood Vessels
Renal Blood Vessels
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Renal Nerve Supply
Renal Nerve Supply
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Segmental Renal Blood Supply
Segmental Renal Blood Supply
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Autonomic Renal Regulation
Autonomic Renal Regulation
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Glomerular Filtration
Glomerular Filtration
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Renal Corpuscle
Renal Corpuscle
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Glomerulus
Glomerulus
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Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
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Countercurrent Flow
Countercurrent Flow
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Renal Lobe
Renal Lobe
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Renal Cortex
Renal Cortex
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Medullary Pyramid
Medullary Pyramid
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Nephron
Nephron
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Minor Calyx
Minor Calyx
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Major Calyx
Major Calyx
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Renal Pelvis
Renal Pelvis
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Loop of Henle
Loop of Henle
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Collecting Duct
Collecting Duct
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Papilla
Papilla
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Countercurrent Multiplication
Countercurrent Multiplication
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Vasa Recta
Vasa Recta
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Medullary Concentration Gradient
Medullary Concentration Gradient
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Urea Recycling
Urea Recycling
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Efferent Arteriole
Efferent Arteriole
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Macula densa function
Macula densa function
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Juxtaglomerular cells
Juxtaglomerular cells
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GFR
GFR
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Cortical Nephrons
Cortical Nephrons
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Juxtaglomerular nephrons
Juxtaglomerular nephrons
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Podocytes
Podocytes
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Basement Membrane
Basement Membrane
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Slit diaphragm
Slit diaphragm
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Renal Ontogeny
Renal Ontogeny
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Pronephros
Pronephros
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Mesonephros
Mesonephros
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Metanephros
Metanephros
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Urogenital Ridge
Urogenital Ridge
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Intermediate Mesoderm (IMM)
Intermediate Mesoderm (IMM)
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Kidney Ascent
Kidney Ascent
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Cloacal Septation
Cloacal Septation
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µ reducing developmental error
µ reducing developmental error
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Mesonephros phylogeny
Mesonephros phylogeny
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Reverse osmotic challenge
Reverse osmotic challenge
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Tubular network & mesonephric duct
Tubular network & mesonephric duct
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Signalling ontogenetically
Signalling ontogenetically
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Mesonephros Function
Mesonephros Function
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Mesonephros vs. Pronephros
Mesonephros vs. Pronephros
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Metanephros Ontogeny
Metanephros Ontogeny
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Metanephric Duct Origin
Metanephric Duct Origin
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Mesonephric Regression
Mesonephric Regression
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Metanephric Ducts
Metanephric Ducts
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Renal Ascendancy
Renal Ascendancy
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Accessory Renal Arteries
Accessory Renal Arteries
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Pelvic Kidney
Pelvic Kidney
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Horseshoe Kidney
Horseshoe Kidney
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Renal Calyces
Renal Calyces
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Major Calyx
Major Calyx
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Renal Pelvis
Renal Pelvis
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Subcardinal Venous System
Subcardinal Venous System
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Renal Vessels
Renal Vessels
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Kidney Position
Kidney Position
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Renal Support Structures
Renal Support Structures
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Kidney Upper Pole Position
Kidney Upper Pole Position
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Ureter Configurations
Ureter Configurations
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Major Calyces
Major Calyces
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Urogenital Sinus Mesoderm
Urogenital Sinus Mesoderm
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Cloaca Division (6th week)
Cloaca Division (6th week)
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Mesonephric Duct
Mesonephric Duct
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Allantois
Allantois
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Primordial Bladder
Primordial Bladder
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Urachus
Urachus
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Metanephric Duct
Metanephric Duct
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Anal Canal, Vagina, Urethra Formation (12th week)
Anal Canal, Vagina, Urethra Formation (12th week)
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µ reducing developmental error
µ reducing developmental error
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Mesonephros phylogeny
Mesonephros phylogeny
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Reverse osmotic challenge
Reverse osmotic challenge
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Signalling ontogenetically
Signalling ontogenetically
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Tubular network connection
Tubular network connection
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Left Kidney Position
Left Kidney Position
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Left Renal Vein Length
Left Renal Vein Length
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Kidney Hilum Location
Kidney Hilum Location
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Renal Vein Position
Renal Vein Position
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Renal Artery Position
Renal Artery Position
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Metanephric ducts extension
Metanephric ducts extension
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Kidney ascent
Kidney ascent
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Renal blood vessels changes
Renal blood vessels changes
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Subcardinal venous system
Subcardinal venous system
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Pelvic kidney
Pelvic kidney
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Horseshoe kidney
Horseshoe kidney
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Multiple renal arteries
Multiple renal arteries
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Formation of major calyces
Formation of major calyces
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Accessory vessels
Accessory vessels
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Renal pelvis formation
Renal pelvis formation
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Ventral Subcardinal System
Ventral Subcardinal System
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Left Renal Vein Length
Left Renal Vein Length
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Subcardinal Veins
Subcardinal Veins
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Anastomosis of Veins
Anastomosis of Veins
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Kidney Inferior Position
Kidney Inferior Position
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Cardinal Veins
Cardinal Veins
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Ventral vs. Dorsal
Ventral vs. Dorsal
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Kidney Development
Kidney Development
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Subcardinal vein anastomosis
Subcardinal vein anastomosis
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Left cardinal vein obliteration
Left cardinal vein obliteration
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IVC on right side
IVC on right side
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Left adrenal/gonadal vein joining left renal
Left adrenal/gonadal vein joining left renal
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Bladder lining origin
Bladder lining origin
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Urogenital Sinus Mesoderm origin
Urogenital Sinus Mesoderm origin
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Cloaca Division (6th week)
Cloaca Division (6th week)
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Allantois's role
Allantois's role
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Urinary Tract Formation (12th week)
Urinary Tract Formation (12th week)
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Mesonephric Duct's role
Mesonephric Duct's role
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Bladder Structure
Bladder Structure
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Allantois to Bladder
Allantois to Bladder
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Cloaca Septum Formation
Cloaca Septum Formation
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Liver Anatomical Lobes
Liver Anatomical Lobes
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Coronary Ligament
Coronary Ligament
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Liver Lobules
Liver Lobules
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Bile Duct Sections
Bile Duct Sections
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Falciform Ligament
Falciform Ligament
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Lesser Omentum
Lesser Omentum
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Liver Triads
Liver Triads
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Histology of the Gallbladder
Histology of the Gallbladder
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Liver Lobes
Liver Lobes
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Functional Liver Segments
Functional Liver Segments
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Principal Line
Principal Line
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Liver Parenchyma
Liver Parenchyma
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Liver Sinusoids
Liver Sinusoids
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Lobule Concepts
Lobule Concepts
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Blood/Bile Flow
Blood/Bile Flow
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Liver Acinus
Liver Acinus
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Hepatocyte Zones
Hepatocyte Zones
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Hepatocytes
Hepatocytes
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Liver Capsule
Liver Capsule
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Biliary System Components
Biliary System Components
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Gallbladder Histology
Gallbladder Histology
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Pancreas Histology
Pancreas Histology
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Renal Ontogeny
Renal Ontogeny
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Pronephros
Pronephros
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Mesonephros
Mesonephros
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Metanephros
Metanephros
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Metanephros
Metanephros
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Urogenital Ridge
Urogenital Ridge
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Pronephros
Pronephros
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Intermediate Mesoderm
Intermediate Mesoderm
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Kidney Ascent
Kidney Ascent
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Glomerulus
Glomerulus
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Cloacal Septation
Cloacal Septation
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Coelomic Cavity
Coelomic Cavity
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Pronephric Duct
Pronephric Duct
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Human Pronephros Ontogeny
Human Pronephros Ontogeny
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Nephrotome
Nephrotome
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Adaptation (Pronephros)
Adaptation (Pronephros)
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Vertebrate Kidney Evolution
Vertebrate Kidney Evolution
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Water Movement (Pronephros)
Water Movement (Pronephros)
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Left Kidney Position
Left Kidney Position
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Left Renal Vein Length
Left Renal Vein Length
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Hilum Location
Hilum Location
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Renal Artery Position
Renal Artery Position
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Ureter Position
Ureter Position
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Metanephric Kidney Development
Metanephric Kidney Development
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Amniotic Fluid Production
Amniotic Fluid Production
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Metanephric Duct Bifurcation
Metanephric Duct Bifurcation
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Metanephric Blastema
Metanephric Blastema
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Fetal Kidney Function
Fetal Kidney Function
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Mesonephros Regression
Mesonephros Regression
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Amniotic Fluid Volume
Amniotic Fluid Volume
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Kidney Ascent
Kidney Ascent
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Ventral Position
Ventral Position
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Subcardinal Veins
Subcardinal Veins
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Kidney's Under Adrenal
Kidney's Under Adrenal
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Left Renal Vein Length
Left Renal Vein Length
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Anastomosis
Anastomosis
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Cardinal Veins Obliteration
Cardinal Veins Obliteration
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Subcardinal System Repurposing
Subcardinal System Repurposing
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Dorsal Position
Dorsal Position
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Subcardinal Veins
Subcardinal Veins
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Left Cardinal Vein Obliteration
Left Cardinal Vein Obliteration
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Subcardinal Anastomoses
Subcardinal Anastomoses
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Left Adrenal/Gonadal Vein Drainage
Left Adrenal/Gonadal Vein Drainage
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Bladder Origin
Bladder Origin
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Liver Lobes
Liver Lobes
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Coronary Ligaments
Coronary Ligaments
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Liver Lobules
Liver Lobules
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Biliary Ducts
Biliary Ducts
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Hepatocytes
Hepatocytes
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Gallbladder
Gallbladder
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Pancreas Exocrine
Pancreas Exocrine
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Bile Flow
Bile Flow
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Liver Functional Segments
Liver Functional Segments
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Principal Line of the Liver
Principal Line of the Liver
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Liver Parenchyma
Liver Parenchyma
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Hepatocyte Parenchyma
Hepatocyte Parenchyma
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Liver Sinusoids
Liver Sinusoids
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Liver Lobules
Liver Lobules
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Blood & Bile Flow (Liver)
Blood & Bile Flow (Liver)
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Bile Canaliculi
Bile Canaliculi
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Liver Acinus
Liver Acinus
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Liver Zones (Acinus)
Liver Zones (Acinus)
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Hepatocytes
Hepatocytes
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Liver Capsule
Liver Capsule
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Biliary System Components
Biliary System Components
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Study Notes
Pelvic Viscera
- Pelvic organs are positioned in relation to the pelvic brim and pelvic orientation
- Male and Female pelvises have similar structural features regarding organs, but in different orientations
- Peritoneum and pelvic pouches differ between the sexes and include the rectovesical pouch (male) and the rectouterine pouch (female)
- The rectum, unlike the colon, doesn't have taenia coli, it's divided into thirds; it is continuous with the sigmoid colon
- The bladder is a smooth muscle sac lined by transitional epithelium, derived from the hindgut; the trigone is the area of ureter input and urethral output
Blood Supply and Inneravtion
- The internal iliac arteries branch into various arteries supplying the pelvic organs in both males and females
- There are unique branches to the reproductive organs (e.g., uterine, ovarian, vaginal).
- The autonomic nerve supply to the pelvic viscera in both sexes: the sympathetic (T10-L2), the parasympathetic, the pudendal nerve.
- These nerves control pelvic organs' functions and pain signalling.
- The myometrium, unlike the organs, is not innervated by the autonomic nervous system, but it's more responsive to the hormonal changes
Fetal-Maternal Interface
- The fetal-maternal interface is at the chorionic plate covered in syncytiotrophoblast epithelium; the basal and chorionic plate provide the fetal-maternal blood barrier
- Blood from the mother and fetus do not mix
- Spiral arteries feed the villi with oxygen and nutrients and are critical in transferring hormones from the mother to fetus and waste from the fetus to the mother
Penile Anatomy
- The corpora cavernosa (high-pressure blood during erection) and corpus spongiosum (patency for sperm) are significant in penile anatomy and function, which includes the tunica albuginea that's white fibrous tissue located around the dorsal vessels of the penis, nerves, veins, and arteries.
- The penis has superficial (& Dartos) fascia and underlying layers of tissue.
Uterus and Ligaments
- The uterus has a very important role in the female reproductive process
- The uterus and its ligaments are amazing; they are held in place through the urogenital hiatus and the sacrospinal ligament.
- The uterus's ligaments are critical in maintaining placement of the uterus during pregnancy.
Summary of Parts
- The summary section notes the placement and relationships of the major components of the male and female reproductive tracts and the role of their fascia, pouches, ligaments, and sphincters (internal and external).
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Description
This quiz explores key concepts in male and female pelvic anatomy, including the rectovesical pouch, the peritoneum's role, and the fetal-maternal interface. It covers anatomical orientations, nervous supply, and the function of various structures in reproductive health. Test your knowledge on these crucial aspects of human anatomy.
