Histology of the Liver
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Questions and Answers

What is the liver's location?

  • In the thoracic cavity
  • Outside the body
  • In the abdominal cavity (correct)
  • In the pelvic region

    • Which of the following functions is NOT attributed to the liver?

  • Synthesis of plasma proteins
  • Detoxification of metabolic waste products
  • Synthesis of bile
  • Storage of oxygen (correct)

    • What type of cells are hepatocytes?

  • Epithelial cells (correct)
  • Muscle cells
  • Connective tissue cells
  • Nerve cells

    • What is the main function of Kupffer cells?

    <p>To digest bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the small vein that drains the liver?

    <p>IVC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the connective tissue capsule that surrounds the liver?

    <p>Glisson's capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the space between hepatocytes and sinusoids?

    <p>Peri-sinusoidal space of Disse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?

    <p>Storage of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD)?

    <p>Deterioration of myelin sheath of neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathway of bilirubin excretion?

    <p>RBC – heme – unconjugated bilirubin + plasma albumin - absorbed by hepatocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia?

    <p>Blue light exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the exocrine function of the liver?

    <p>Secretion of bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of gallstone formation?

    <p>Obstruction of bile flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of certain drugs on hepatocytes?

    <p>Increase in smooth ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Ito cells in normal liver?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of blood supply to the liver comes from the hepatic artery?

    <p>30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of hepatocyte nucleus?

    <p>Prominent nucleolus and disperse chromatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in hepatocytes?

    <p>Oxidation and methylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lysosomes in hepatocytes?

    <p>Turnover and degradation of organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of bile flow in the liver?

    <p>Opposite to the direction of blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of bile canaliculi?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of peroxisomes in hepatocytes?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of Ito cells acquiring the features of myofibroblasts?

    <p>Fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the inheritance pattern of disorders of peroxisome function?

    <p>Inherited</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of barbiturates on glucuronyltransferase synthesis?

    <p>It increases the synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a classic hepatic lobule?

    <p>Central vein at center and portal triads at periphery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the zone in the liver acinus with the most oxygen and nutrients?

    <p>Zone I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of liver stem cells?

    <p>To give rise to both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of cirrhosis?

    <p>Formation of nodules with a central mass of disorganized hepatocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of epithelium found in the extrahepatic biliary passages?

    <p>Simple columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the muscular layer in the gallbladder?

    <p>Smooth muscle fibers are present in an interlacing arrangement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the epithelial cells in the gallbladder?

    <p>Absorptive function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the layer of the gallbladder that contains collagen fibers, muscle fibers, and blood vessels?

    <p>Lamina propria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which the liver restores its original mass after surgical removal?

    <p>Regeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Liver Overview

    • The liver is the 2nd largest organ in the body and the largest gland.
    • It receives blood from the portal vein and hepatic artery, and drains into the IVC.

    Functions of the Liver

    • Detoxification of metabolic waste products (e.g., de-amination of amino acids to produce urea)
    • Destruction of spent RBCs
    • Synthesis and secretion of bile
    • Synthesis of plasma proteins (e.g., albumin, clotting factors)
    • Synthesis of plasma lipoproteins
    • Metabolic functions (e.g., glycogen synthesis, gluconeogenesis, storage of glycogen, vitamins, and lipids)
    • Detoxification of various drugs and toxins (e.g., alcohol)

    Stroma of the Liver

    • Connective tissue (Glisson's capsule) surrounds the liver
    • Thick at the hilum, with blood vessels and ducts surrounded by connective tissue
    • Reticular fibers support liver cells and sinusoids

    Hepatic Lobule

    • Hepatocytes are epithelial cells
    • Lobules are the structural unit of the liver (0.7 x 2 mm)
    • Each lobule has a portal area (portal triad), central vein, and 3-6 portal spaces
    • Hepatocytes form interconnecting plates that branch and anastomose

    Portal Triad

    • A branch of the portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct, lymphatics, and nerves
    • Portal vein is the largest structure, thin-walled, and lined with endothelium
    • Hepatic artery is the smallest structure
    • Bile duct is lined with cuboidal epithelium
    • Lymphatics are delicate and collapsed
    • Nerves are present

    Hepatic Sinusoids

    • Dilated veins with incomplete basement membrane
    • Supported by reticular fibers
    • Contain endothelial cells (fenestrated, without diaphragm), Kupffer cells (macrophages), and stellate cells

    Perisinusoidal Space (of Disse)

    • A subendothelial space between hepatocytes and sinusoids
    • Microvilli of hepatocytes project into the space
    • Fat-storing (Ito) cells that store vitamin A are present
    • The space is continuous with sinusoids and drains into lymphatics of the portal triad

    Medical Applications

    • Ito cells acquire myofibroblast features in chronic liver disease
    • Alcoholic liver disease can lead to fibrosis
    • Vitamin A-rich lipid inclusions, uptake, storage, and release of retinoids, and synthesis and secretion of ECM proteins and proteoglycans

    Blood Supply

    • Portal vein (70%) and hepatic artery (30%)
    • Direction of blood flow is from the periphery to the center of the lobule
    • Difference in properties and functions of peripheral and centrolobular hepatocytes

    Hepatocytes

    • Polyhedral cells (20-30µm), eosinophilic, with a large nucleus and binucleate
    • Bile canaliculi are present, and gap junctions exist between hepatocytes
    • Surfaces relate to perisinusoidal space, adjacent hepatocyte, and bile canaliculi

    Fine Structure of Hepatocytes

    • Rough endoplasmic reticulum (protein synthesis)
    • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (oxidation, methylation, and synthesis of bile acids)
    • Golgi apparatus (formation of lysosomes, secretion of proteins, glycoproteins, and lipoproteins)
    • Lysosomes (turnover and degradation of organelles)
    • Mitochondria (oxidative phosphorylation)
    • Peroxisomes (β-oxidation of fatty acids, oxidation of hydrogen peroxide)

    Bile Canaliculi

    • 1-2µm in diameter, limited by the plasma membrane of hepatocytes
    • Tight junctions are present, and canaliculi empty into bile ductules lined by cuboidal cells (cholangiocytes)
    • Bile ducts are present in portal spaces, and the direction of bile flow is opposite to that of blood flow

    Medical Applications

    • Disorders of peroxisome function can lead to inherited diseases (e.g., adrenoleukodystrophy)
    • Jaundice can occur when bilirubin or bilirubin glucuronide is not excreted properly
    • Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia can be treated with blue light exposure
    • Gallstone formation can cause obstruction of bile flow and jaundice

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    Description

    This quiz covers the location, functions, and characteristics of the liver, including its role in detoxification, destruction of spent red blood cells, and synthesis of bile and proteins.

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