Human Anatomy Chapter - Urinary System

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Questions and Answers

What gives urine its characteristic pigment?

  • Bilirubin
  • Urea
  • Creatine
  • Urobilin (correct)

Which of the following substances is reabsorbed in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)?

  • Ammonia ($NH_4$)
  • Urea
  • Drugs
  • Creatine (correct)

Which part of the nephron primarily reabsorbs urea?

  • Loop of Henle (correct)
  • Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
  • Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
  • Collecting Ducts

The peristaltic contractions of the Ureters are directly responsible for what action?

<p>Propelling urine to the bladder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT primarily reabsorbed or secreted in the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)?

<p>Creatine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The urinary bladder is located directly behind which structure?

<p>Symphysis Pubis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The micturition reflex involves which spinal cord segments?

<p>S2-S4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the male urethra is the least dilatable?

<p>Membranous (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics describes the glomerular filtration barrier's permeability?

<p>Impermeable to proteins, permeable to glucose. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the renal tubule?

<p>Reabsorption and Secretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the nephron does the most significant reabsorption of sodium chloride (NaCl) occur?

<p>Thick Ascending Limb of the Loop of Henle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which segment of the nephron is also known as the 'Diluting Segment' due to its impermeability to water?

<p>Early Distal Convoluted Tubule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Aquaporin-1 in the Loop of Henle?

<p>Water reabsorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone primarily regulates calcium reabsorption in the early distal convoluted tubule?

<p>Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the collecting duct, which cells are responsible for acid secretion and bicarbonate transport?

<p>Intercalated Cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of H+ secretion in the renal tubules?

<p>To control pH balance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of the renal medulla?

<p>Filtering liquid waste, balancing electrolytes, and regulating acidity in the bloodstream. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of blood flow entering into the kidneys?

<p>Aorta, Renal Artery, Segmental Artery, Interlobar Artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what vertebral levels are the kidneys typically located?

<p>T12-L3, with the right kidney slightly lower. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood and forming urine?

<p>Nephron (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure directly collects urine from a single renal pyramid?

<p>Minor calyx (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nephroptosis, or inferior displacement of the kidney, is most likely due to atrophy of which structure?

<p>Renal Capsule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The kidneys receive approximately how much blood per minute?

<p>1.2 - 1.3 L/min (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The kidney punch test assesses kidney health through gentle percussion. A positive test, indicating potential kidney issues, is characterized by what?

<p>Pain at the costovertebral angle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary stimulus for the sacral reflex involved in urination?

<p>Urine volume of 300 ml (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age are children typically toilet trained according to the provided information?

<p>2-3 years old (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of incontinence is associated with increased abdominal pressure, such as during sneezing or coughing?

<p>Stress incontinence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is responsible for the contraction during urination?

<p>Detrusor muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an indication of a neurogenic bladder?

<p>Flaccid or atonic bladder condition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) for males?

<p>125 ml/min (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily determines Net Oncotic Pressure in the glomeruli?

<p>Albumin concentration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus?

<p>40 mmHg (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism leads to an increase in GFR when blood flow increases?

<p>Myogenic Mechanism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered an ideal filtration marker for measuring GFR?

<p>Inulin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What response occurs when GFR is low, triggered by decreased blood flow?

<p>Dilation of afferent arteriole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Angiotensin II in the RAAS system?

<p>Increases blood volume (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor would cause a decrease in GFR through constriction?

<p>Release of adenosine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Renal Artery

Supplies oxygenated blood to the kidneys.

Renal Vein

Carries deoxygenated blood away from the kidneys.

Renal Cortex

The outer layer of the kidney responsible for filtering blood.

Renal Medulla

Inner region of the kidney that manages waste filtration and fluid balance.

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Renal Pelvis

Collects urine from the major calyces before it passes to the ureter.

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Glomerular Filtration Rate

The rate at which blood is filtered in the kidneys, typically 125 mL/min.

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Nephron

The functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood.

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Renal Capsule

The protective layer surrounding the kidney.

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Fluid Osmolarity Regulation

Managing the concentration of solutes in bodily fluids; normal is 290 mOsmoles/L.

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Gluconeogenesis

Formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, particularly during prolonged fasting.

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Sacral Plexus Reflex

Involuntary reflex that helps control urination; involves the S2-S4 spinal segments.

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Detrusor Muscle Response

Muscle contraction triggers urination; sphincter relaxes during this process.

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Incontinence Types

Includes functional, urge, stress, and overflow incontinence, each with different causes.

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Bowman's Capsule

A structure in the nephron that encases tuft capillaries for filtration.

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Afferent Arteriole

Blood vessel supplying blood to the glomerulus in the nephron.

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Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Part of the renal tubule where reabsorption of water and nutrients occurs.

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Loop of Henle

Section of nephron responsible for concentrating urine by reabsorbing water and solutes.

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Thick Ascending Limb

Part of the loop of Henle impermeable to water but allows NaCl reabsorption.

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Distal Convoluted Tubule

Segment of nephron after the loop of Henle, regulating ions and reabsorption.

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Principal Cells

Cells in the collecting duct involved in Na reabsorption and regulated by ADH.

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Acid-Base Secretion

The process of transferring H+ ions to maintain pH balance in urine.

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Urethra

The tube that carries urine from the bladder to the external environment.

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Detrusor Muscle

Smooth muscle of the bladder wall that contracts to expel urine.

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Micturition Reflex

The involuntary response that allows urination when the bladder fills.

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Urolithiasis

The formation of stones in the urinary tract.

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Collecting Ducts

Tube in the nephron where water reabsorption occurs and urine is concentrated.

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Renal Functions

Processes including filtration, electrolyte balance, and blood pressure regulation.

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Urine Composition

Urine consists of 95% water and 5% waste products.

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Net Filtration Pressure (NFP)

The pressure that drives filtration in the kidneys, defined as Net Hydrostatic Pressure minus Net Oncotic Pressure.

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Hydrostatic Pressure

The force exerted by fluid against the capillary wall, critical for glomerular filtration.

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Oncotic Pressure

The pressure exerted by proteins in the blood plasma, mainly albumin, that influences fluid movement.

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Filtration Marker

Substances used to measure glomerular filtration rate, ideal is inulin; creatinine is the second best.

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Myogenic Mechanism

A homeostatic response that maintains renal blood flow and GFR via blood vessel contraction or dilation.

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RAAS

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, a hormone system regulating blood pressure and fluid balance.

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Angiotensin II

A powerful vasoconstrictor produced in the RAAS that increases blood volume and blood pressure.

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Macula Densa

A group of cells that sense NaCl concentration and help regulate GFR through vasodilation or constriction.

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Study Notes

Kidney Anatomy

  • The renal artery supplies oxygenated blood to the kidneys
  • The renal vein carries deoxygenated blood away from the kidneys
  • The renal pelvis collects urine from the major calyces
  • The renal cortex is the outer layer of the kidney
  • The renal medulla filters waste and retains fluids
  • The renal medulla adjusts the acid balance in the bloodstream
  • Renal pyramids help filter blood and concentrate water
  • Renal columns are between the renal pyramids, supporting structures
  • The renal capsule encases the kidney and anchors it to surrounding tissue

Kidney (2)

  • Kidneys are retroperitoneal, located behind the peritoneum
  • Landmarks: T12 to L3
  • Covered with renal capsule, fat, and anchored to floating ribs
  • Blood supply: aorta, renal artery, segmental artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, cortical radiating artery, afferent arterioles, glomerular capillaries, efferent arterioles, peritubular capillaries, cortical radiating veins, arcuate veins, and interlobar veins

Kidney Nephron

  • Functional unit of the kidneys (800,000-1,000,000 at birth)
  • Does not regenerate after approximately 10 years
  • Estimated filtration rate: 125 mL/min

Kidney Parts

  • Renal capsule envelops the glomerulus
  • Glomerulus: a tuft of capillaries inside Bowman's capsule; filters blood
  • Bowman's capsule: filters sugar and proteins from blood
  • Renal tubules reabsorb and secrete substances
  • Proximal convoluted tubule: permeable to water, reabsorbs water
  • Loop of Henle: thin descending limb: permeable to water; thick ascending limb: impermeable to water
  • Distal convoluted tubule : permeable to electrolytes, not water
  • Cortical collecting duct & medullary collecting duct
  • Collecting ducts reabsorb water and ions.

Kidney Urine Formation

  • Urine is 95% water, 5% waste products
  • Urine pH ranges from 4-8
  • Urobilin gives urine its pigment

Urine Pathway

  • Urine flows from renal cortex to renal pyramids, then to minor calyces, major calyces, renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

Ureters

  • Muscular tubes that propel urine to the bladder
  • Peristaltic contractions move urine

Lower Urinary Tract

  • Urinary bladder: temporary urine storage (500 mL) ; located behind the symphysis pubis
  • Urethra: tube from bladder to external environment; length varies by sex
  • Internal/external urethral sphincters control urine release

Renal Functions

  • Filtration of plasma: removing waste from blood in glomerulus
  • Regulation of water and electrolyte balance
  • Blood pressure regulation (RAAS)
  • Regulation of fluid osmolarity
  • Acid-base regulation
  • Hormone secretion
  • Gluconeogenesis (glucose formation) for prolonged fasting

Renal Autoregulation

  • Homeostatic mechanisms maintain renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
  • Myogenic mechanism: blood vessel constriction/dilation triggered by pressure
  • Tubuloglomerular feedback: adjusted GFR based on sodium concentration in the tubule

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

  • Regulates blood pressure and volume
  • Envolves complex hormone interactions
  • Main action: increased blood pressure and volume or vasoconstriction

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