Questions and Answers
What is the pathway for egg travel during ovulation?
What is the process wherein the fertilized oocyte embeds itself in the uterine wall?
What is a mucous membrane around the vaginal opening called?
Which organ contains the growing fetus?
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Where does a prolapsed uterus extend into?
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What are the cells from which oocytes develop called?
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At what stage is the oogonia that has stopped in prophase I known as?
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What is the release of an oocyte from an ovary known as?
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What occurs when a fertilized egg implants and grows outside the main cavity of the uterus?
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What is another name for the fallopian tubes?
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What is the term for the process of producing and releasing milk from the mammary glands in the breasts?
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What are the cells that surround the alveoli and contract to expel milk from the mammary glands called?
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What is the term used for feeding a baby directly from the breasts?
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What triggers the lactation process in preparation for the birth of the baby?
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What is the term for the series of hormonal events that begin when a woman is pregnant and trigger the lactation process?
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What is the name of the scale used to evaluate the health of a baby immediately after birth?
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What is the term used for milk that is released from the mammary glands?
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Which cells give the breast its form and are covered by adipose tissue?
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"Colostrum" contains nutrients and which of the following?
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What is the first major component of the male sex act?
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Which condition is characterized by the consistent inability to sustain an erection?
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What is the term for the condition of the penis becoming flaccid and an overall feeling of satisfaction existing?
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What is the process of engorgement of the erectile tissue with blood that causes the penis to enlarge and become firm called?
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Which part of the penis forms the dorsal portion and is one of the columns of the erectile tissue?
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What is the loose fold of skin that covers the glans penis called?
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What is the term for the absence of a menstrual cycle?
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What is the term for the first episode of menstrual bleeding?
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What is the term for the series of changes that occur in non-pregnant females and lead to menses?
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What is the term for the period of mild hemorrhage during which part of the endometrium is expelled from the uterus?
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Study Notes
Human Cells and Chromosomes
- Human cells contain 46 chromosomes, consisting of 22 pairs of autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes (X and Y)
- Males have XY chromosomes, while females have XX chromosomes
- The gender of a baby is determined by the sperm cell during fertilization
Male Reproductive System
- The scrotal tissue contracts in the absence of sufficient heat, pulling the testes up closer to the body to maintain sperm viability
- Dartos muscle and cremaster muscles regulate the temperature in the testes
- In cold temperatures, the dartos muscle contracts, causing the skin of the scrotum to become firm and wrinkled, while the cremaster muscle contracts, pulling the testes closer to the body
- In warm weather, both muscles relax, causing the skin of the scrotum to become loose and thin, and the testes to descend away from the body
Semen and Male Reproductive Glands
- Semen is a mixture of sperm cells and secretions from the male reproductive glands
- The seminal vesicles produce about 60% of the fluid, the prostate gland contributes approximately 30%, and the testes and bulbourethral glands each contribute 5%
- Secretions of the prostate gland have several functions, including regulating pH, liquefying coagulated semen, and providing lubrication during intercourse
Male Sexual Behavior and the Male Sex Act
- Testosterone is required for normal sex drive
- Emission is the movement of sperm cells, mucus, prostatic secretions, and seminal vesicle secretions into the urethra
- The male sex act involves lubrication of the urethra, neutralization of the acidic urethra, and provision of lubrication during intercourse
Regulation of Sex Hormone Secretion
- Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is produced in the hypothalamus and stimulates the release of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary
- Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) binds to sustentacular cells and stimulates spermatogenesis and secretion of inhibin
- Testosterone has a negative feedback effect on GnRH, LH, and FSH
Female Reproductive System
- The vulva is composed of 5 organs: mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, vestibule, and clitoris
- The perineum is the area located between the vaginal opening and the anus
- Internal female reproductive organs include the body of the uterus
Spermatogenesis
- Spermatogenesis is the formation of sperm cells
- Acrosome is a vesicle that contains enzymes necessary for the sperm cell to penetrate the oocyte
- Spermatogonia are the most peripheral germ cells that divide through mitosis
- Primary spermatocytes are the daughter cells that divide by meiosis and become sperm cells
- Secondary spermatocytes are the product of the first meiotic division
Clinical Impact
- Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the inability to achieve erections
- Infertility in males is often caused by a low sperm cell count
- Oligospermia is a low sperm count, while azoospermia is the absence of sperm in the semen
- Inhibin has a negative feedback effect on FSH secretion
Puberty in Males
- Puberty is a sequence of events by which a child is transformed into a young adult
- Artificial insemination is a method of concentrating sperm cells and inserting them into the female's reproductive tract
- During puberty, testosterone does not completely suppress GnRH release, resulting in increased production of FSH, LH, and testosterone
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Test your knowledge of human anatomy and physiology with questions about hair distribution, skin texture, fat distribution, skeletal muscle growth, changes in the larynx, and the organs making up the external genitalia of the female.
