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Questions and Answers
A 54-year-old man suffered an MCA (Middle Cerebral Artery) stroke and has been attempting to recover at the local emergency room. As the emergency staff are monitoring his symptoms post-stroke, they begin to note his symptoms and where they believe the damage lies. The man is able to produce speech, but unable to make sense of the conversation the nurses attempt to hold with him. Prior to his stroke, his wife expresses that he was a chronic alcoholic, and thus has decreased Vitamin B1 or a thiamine deficiency, indicative of a certain injury. With all of these attributes combined, the doctors are confident that they know what specific condition this man is suffering from. What is the name of this condition, and which lobe of the brain does it primarily affect?
A 54-year-old man suffered an MCA (Middle Cerebral Artery) stroke and has been attempting to recover at the local emergency room. As the emergency staff are monitoring his symptoms post-stroke, they begin to note his symptoms and where they believe the damage lies. The man is able to produce speech, but unable to make sense of the conversation the nurses attempt to hold with him. Prior to his stroke, his wife expresses that he was a chronic alcoholic, and thus has decreased Vitamin B1 or a thiamine deficiency, indicative of a certain injury. With all of these attributes combined, the doctors are confident that they know what specific condition this man is suffering from. What is the name of this condition, and which lobe of the brain does it primarily affect?
During an anatomy lecture, the professor explains a situation where the nerve impulses in the brain are severely delayed due to the absence of myelin sheath around the axons. This could lead to muscle weakness, cognitive impairments and more. Which type of glial cell is responsible in this situation?
During an anatomy lecture, the professor explains a situation where the nerve impulses in the brain are severely delayed due to the absence of myelin sheath around the axons. This could lead to muscle weakness, cognitive impairments and more. Which type of glial cell is responsible in this situation?
When a patient sees a doctor for a deep cut, the doctor explains that five layers of the epidermis have been impacted. What parts of the body have an extra layer of the epidermis?
When a patient sees a doctor for a deep cut, the doctor explains that five layers of the epidermis have been impacted. What parts of the body have an extra layer of the epidermis?
At a meeting with her PCP, a 32-year-old pregnant woman is referred to a physical therapist and sent home with some over-the-counter painkillers to help her manage her sciatica. To help identify her pain as sciatica (pain in the areas innervated by the sciatic nerve), her PCP has her lift her leg while lying down. The patient notices pain when her leg is flexed at around 35 degrees. If the patient's physical therapist wants to know which myotome is most impacted by her sciatica, what should the primary care physician tell the physical therapist?
At a meeting with her PCP, a 32-year-old pregnant woman is referred to a physical therapist and sent home with some over-the-counter painkillers to help her manage her sciatica. To help identify her pain as sciatica (pain in the areas innervated by the sciatic nerve), her PCP has her lift her leg while lying down. The patient notices pain when her leg is flexed at around 35 degrees. If the patient's physical therapist wants to know which myotome is most impacted by her sciatica, what should the primary care physician tell the physical therapist?
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A 65-year-old male was brought to the emergency department after a MVC (motor vehicle collision). During the crash, he hit his head against the steering wheel and then against the seat. He presented in the emergency department with complete paralysis of all of the muscles of the right side of his face. He was diagnosed with a fracture of the temporal bone and injury to one of his cranial nerves. He was immediately brought to the operating room where the affected cranial nerve was repaired in an end-to-end coaptation procedure. Which cranial nerve was damaged in the MVC?
A 65-year-old male was brought to the emergency department after a MVC (motor vehicle collision). During the crash, he hit his head against the steering wheel and then against the seat. He presented in the emergency department with complete paralysis of all of the muscles of the right side of his face. He was diagnosed with a fracture of the temporal bone and injury to one of his cranial nerves. He was immediately brought to the operating room where the affected cranial nerve was repaired in an end-to-end coaptation procedure. Which cranial nerve was damaged in the MVC?
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The Blood Brain barrier does not allow large bacteria to git though, instead it causes the bacteria to stay in the peripheral blood supply. This is important as it prevents most things like bacteria and viruses from getting through and into the Central Nervous System. However it also prevents medication from getting into the CNS. What cell makes up the Blood Brain Barrier?
The Blood Brain barrier does not allow large bacteria to git though, instead it causes the bacteria to stay in the peripheral blood supply. This is important as it prevents most things like bacteria and viruses from getting through and into the Central Nervous System. However it also prevents medication from getting into the CNS. What cell makes up the Blood Brain Barrier?
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Action potentials allow for signals to travel for cell to cell communication. Sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions primarily move across the cell membrane to send signals. In the process of an action potential, which of the following accurately describes what happens during the repolarization phase?
Action potentials allow for signals to travel for cell to cell communication. Sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions primarily move across the cell membrane to send signals. In the process of an action potential, which of the following accurately describes what happens during the repolarization phase?
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A patient comes in with hives and said that they have tried a new fruit that they think may be the cause for this reaction. Hives are usually caused by food or medicine allergies, but can also be caused by autoimmune diseases, infections, stress, cold weather and more. When hives appear, the body releases histamine, which causes the capillaries to dilate, fluid to leak into tissue (the fluid being plasma from capillaries), and itching. Based on what happens in the body when hives form, what layer of the skin is affected?
A patient comes in with hives and said that they have tried a new fruit that they think may be the cause for this reaction. Hives are usually caused by food or medicine allergies, but can also be caused by autoimmune diseases, infections, stress, cold weather and more. When hives appear, the body releases histamine, which causes the capillaries to dilate, fluid to leak into tissue (the fluid being plasma from capillaries), and itching. Based on what happens in the body when hives form, what layer of the skin is affected?
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Sarah is a biology student studying cellular organelles and their functions. During her lab session, she observes a eukaryotic cell under a high-powered microscope. She notes the presence of mitochondria, ribosomes, a nucleus, and a cell membrane. Her professor asks her to identify the role of mitochondria and explain its significance for cellular activities. After the lab, Sarah researches further and learns that each organelle has a specific function that contributes to the survival and efficiency of the cell. Now, she needs to test her understanding of mitochondria by answering the following question: What is the primary function of mitochondria in a eukaryotic cell?
Sarah is a biology student studying cellular organelles and their functions. During her lab session, she observes a eukaryotic cell under a high-powered microscope. She notes the presence of mitochondria, ribosomes, a nucleus, and a cell membrane. Her professor asks her to identify the role of mitochondria and explain its significance for cellular activities. After the lab, Sarah researches further and learns that each organelle has a specific function that contributes to the survival and efficiency of the cell. Now, she needs to test her understanding of mitochondria by answering the following question: What is the primary function of mitochondria in a eukaryotic cell?
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A patient comes in and is diagnosed with sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is a disease that causes loss of muscle mass, strength and quality. This normally happens with aging. The patient is unable to make quick and explosive movements. What type of muscle is primarily effected by Sarcopenia?
A patient comes in and is diagnosed with sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is a disease that causes loss of muscle mass, strength and quality. This normally happens with aging. The patient is unable to make quick and explosive movements. What type of muscle is primarily effected by Sarcopenia?
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A 35 year old Male enters the ER with recurring seizures. He is diagnosed with epilepsy, and also notes that he has had difficulty relaxing lately. Which neurotransmitter presents the pathology of seizures, and is it excitatory, inhibitory, or both?
A 35 year old Male enters the ER with recurring seizures. He is diagnosed with epilepsy, and also notes that he has had difficulty relaxing lately. Which neurotransmitter presents the pathology of seizures, and is it excitatory, inhibitory, or both?
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A 67 year old female enters the ER with signs of a potential stroke. She is having trouble with speech, as she understands what people are saying but cannot form her own words. The doctor determines she has suffered an ischemic stroke in the middle cerebral artery (MCA), affecting her frontal lobe. What area of the frontal lobe controls production of speech?
A 67 year old female enters the ER with signs of a potential stroke. She is having trouble with speech, as she understands what people are saying but cannot form her own words. The doctor determines she has suffered an ischemic stroke in the middle cerebral artery (MCA), affecting her frontal lobe. What area of the frontal lobe controls production of speech?
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A patient suffering from mild hypothermia is brought to the hospital for treatment. What happens to the blood vessels in the dermis layer of the skin in response to the cold temperatures?
A patient suffering from mild hypothermia is brought to the hospital for treatment. What happens to the blood vessels in the dermis layer of the skin in response to the cold temperatures?
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PhD students are studying the effects of protein manipulation to combat the progression of breast cancer. They're required to have in-depth knowledge of the functions of protein and its contributions to the cells processes. Which of the following functions and responsibilities do not belong to proteins?
PhD students are studying the effects of protein manipulation to combat the progression of breast cancer. They're required to have in-depth knowledge of the functions of protein and its contributions to the cells processes. Which of the following functions and responsibilities do not belong to proteins?
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A 41 year old female was admitted to the hospital presenting with numbness in her hands and lips accompanied by general fatigue. Upon further testing, she was diagnosed with severe hypocalcemia. Which of the following interventions would be more effective in addressing her condition?
A 41 year old female was admitted to the hospital presenting with numbness in her hands and lips accompanied by general fatigue. Upon further testing, she was diagnosed with severe hypocalcemia. Which of the following interventions would be more effective in addressing her condition?
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Irene, a 78 year old female, presents in the emergency room with her daughter. Irene's daughters explained that over the last two hours, her mother had been very agitated, had both weakness and numbness on her left side, and slurred speech. The daughter also notes that her mother did not used to be like this. Prior to today, she was very reserved and did not get upset easily. Since it has only been two hours since Irene's symptoms began, she is rushed to CT in order to confirm a suspected diagnosis. Following the scan, it is made clear that she has had or is having an ACA stroke. Based on Irene's symptoms and CT results, what lobe or region of the brain is likely heavily involved?
Irene, a 78 year old female, presents in the emergency room with her daughter. Irene's daughters explained that over the last two hours, her mother had been very agitated, had both weakness and numbness on her left side, and slurred speech. The daughter also notes that her mother did not used to be like this. Prior to today, she was very reserved and did not get upset easily. Since it has only been two hours since Irene's symptoms began, she is rushed to CT in order to confirm a suspected diagnosis. Following the scan, it is made clear that she has had or is having an ACA stroke. Based on Irene's symptoms and CT results, what lobe or region of the brain is likely heavily involved?
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Ted, a 41 year old male, presents in the emergency room following a spinal cord injury two months ago. Ted now has hypertension (caused by an overactive sympathetic response), excessive sweating of his arms and neck, and bradycardia when taking a carotid pulse. Following an analysis of Ted's symptoms and diagnostic testing, Ted is diagnosed with autonomic dysreflexia. Given this diagnosis, where is the injury likely located in the spinal cord?
Ted, a 41 year old male, presents in the emergency room following a spinal cord injury two months ago. Ted now has hypertension (caused by an overactive sympathetic response), excessive sweating of his arms and neck, and bradycardia when taking a carotid pulse. Following an analysis of Ted's symptoms and diagnostic testing, Ted is diagnosed with autonomic dysreflexia. Given this diagnosis, where is the injury likely located in the spinal cord?
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Jenna, a 64 year old female, has been in the hospital for weeks following a traumatic brain injury, TBI. This TBI has caused her to be in a vegetative state and she is completely dependent on her caretakers. The unit that she is on lacks the necessary staff to ensure that she is turned frequently enough to prevent bed sores. Unfortunately, Jenna developed pressure sores near her tailbone. There is a full-thickness loss of skin that extends to the subcutaneous tissue but does not cross the fascia beneath it. Additionally, the lesions are foul-smelling. However, the tendon and bone are not involved. Based on this information provided, what stage is Jenna's pressure wound?
Jenna, a 64 year old female, has been in the hospital for weeks following a traumatic brain injury, TBI. This TBI has caused her to be in a vegetative state and she is completely dependent on her caretakers. The unit that she is on lacks the necessary staff to ensure that she is turned frequently enough to prevent bed sores. Unfortunately, Jenna developed pressure sores near her tailbone. There is a full-thickness loss of skin that extends to the subcutaneous tissue but does not cross the fascia beneath it. Additionally, the lesions are foul-smelling. However, the tendon and bone are not involved. Based on this information provided, what stage is Jenna's pressure wound?
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Anna, a 24 year old female is training to run the Boston Marathon this upcoming spring. After a blood test, it is found that she has a high mitochondria count in the blood. Her muscle fiber size is also seen to be extremely small. Which fiber type correlates with Anna's distance running and test results?
Anna, a 24 year old female is training to run the Boston Marathon this upcoming spring. After a blood test, it is found that she has a high mitochondria count in the blood. Her muscle fiber size is also seen to be extremely small. Which fiber type correlates with Anna's distance running and test results?
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A mother brings her son to his primary care doctor. He was recently diagnosed with Trisomy 21, and she wants to understand his condition better so she can care for him effectively. The doctor explains that an abnormality occurred during the division of reproductive cells, causing an extra chromosome to be added to the fertilized egg. Which cell division process and stage does this syndrome affect?
A mother brings her son to his primary care doctor. He was recently diagnosed with Trisomy 21, and she wants to understand his condition better so she can care for him effectively. The doctor explains that an abnormality occurred during the division of reproductive cells, causing an extra chromosome to be added to the fertilized egg. Which cell division process and stage does this syndrome affect?
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A 75 year old woman was brought to the hospital by her caregiver because of her memory-loss, disorientation to her environment and time, and when the neuroimaging came back, it showed dysfunctioning in the hippocampus and temporal lobe part of the brain. Which neurotransmitter is most likely to have been related to this condition?
A 75 year old woman was brought to the hospital by her caregiver because of her memory-loss, disorientation to her environment and time, and when the neuroimaging came back, it showed dysfunctioning in the hippocampus and temporal lobe part of the brain. Which neurotransmitter is most likely to have been related to this condition?
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Ian was hiking in the mountains when he suddenly slipped and fell, hitting his head on a rock. After the fall, he experienced dizziness, confusion, and difficulty coordinating his movements. Which part of his brain is most likely affected?
Ian was hiking in the mountains when he suddenly slipped and fell, hitting his head on a rock. After the fall, he experienced dizziness, confusion, and difficulty coordinating his movements. Which part of his brain is most likely affected?
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Alyssa has been experiencing redness, swelling, and itching on her skin after spending a long day at the beach. She also noticed some blisters forming on her shoulders. Which part of her body is most likely affected?
Alyssa has been experiencing redness, swelling, and itching on her skin after spending a long day at the beach. She also noticed some blisters forming on her shoulders. Which part of her body is most likely affected?
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When Nicky does a bicep curl, she notices her arm bends at the ebow as she lifts the weight. Which muscle is acting as the agonist during this movement?
When Nicky does a bicep curl, she notices her arm bends at the ebow as she lifts the weight. Which muscle is acting as the agonist during this movement?
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Tay-Sachs disease is a rare, inherited neurodegenerative disease where the affected person does not have enough beta-hexosaminidase A enzymes. Without this enzyme, there's an excessive accumulation of lipids known as gangliosides in the brain and nerve cells. The lack of which organelle is responsible for this accumulation of gangliosides?
Tay-Sachs disease is a rare, inherited neurodegenerative disease where the affected person does not have enough beta-hexosaminidase A enzymes. Without this enzyme, there's an excessive accumulation of lipids known as gangliosides in the brain and nerve cells. The lack of which organelle is responsible for this accumulation of gangliosides?
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A patient enters the clinic for a check-up and informs you that they were previously diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Exposure to HIV enhances monocyte migration across the blood brain barrier, leading to alterations in the expression and function of certain transport proteins. The breakdown of the blood brain barrier by the migrating monocytes can lead to neurocognitive dysfunctions, such as decreased concentration, memory, information processing, learning, psychomotor speed, incoordination, and tremor. Which neuroglia is responsible for maintaining the blood brain barrier?
A patient enters the clinic for a check-up and informs you that they were previously diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Exposure to HIV enhances monocyte migration across the blood brain barrier, leading to alterations in the expression and function of certain transport proteins. The breakdown of the blood brain barrier by the migrating monocytes can lead to neurocognitive dysfunctions, such as decreased concentration, memory, information processing, learning, psychomotor speed, incoordination, and tremor. Which neuroglia is responsible for maintaining the blood brain barrier?
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A 65 year old male presents in the ED after a minor fall, though he believes to have hit his head. The patient can speak fluently with normal rhythm and grammar, but the words he is using do not seem to make sense, or sound like “word salad.” Which area of the brain likely was affected by this injury?
A 65 year old male presents in the ED after a minor fall, though he believes to have hit his head. The patient can speak fluently with normal rhythm and grammar, but the words he is using do not seem to make sense, or sound like “word salad.” Which area of the brain likely was affected by this injury?
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A 6 year old boy presents to the ER with serious blistering, redness, and pain surrounding a burn from a direct flame on a family camping trip. After further examination, it is determined he has no localized pain to the injury, but serious pain surrounding the burn. It was also found that there was damage all the way through the epidermis and dermis, down to the subcutaneous tissue. What classification would this burn fall under?
A 6 year old boy presents to the ER with serious blistering, redness, and pain surrounding a burn from a direct flame on a family camping trip. After further examination, it is determined he has no localized pain to the injury, but serious pain surrounding the burn. It was also found that there was damage all the way through the epidermis and dermis, down to the subcutaneous tissue. What classification would this burn fall under?
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A 25 year old female presents to the clinic with skin nodules and following her consultation, her physician diagnoses her with squamous cell carcinoma. Her physician determines that excessive exposure to UV radiation from tanning beds is most likely the cause and recommends she begin treatment immediately. The physician is concerned with the rapid spread of the cancer because what type of cell is being affected?
A 25 year old female presents to the clinic with skin nodules and following her consultation, her physician diagnoses her with squamous cell carcinoma. Her physician determines that excessive exposure to UV radiation from tanning beds is most likely the cause and recommends she begin treatment immediately. The physician is concerned with the rapid spread of the cancer because what type of cell is being affected?
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The endoplasmic reticulum plays a pivotal role in lipid and protein biosynthesis and calcium store regulation, determining its essential role in cell function. The maintenance of ER homeostasis is critical to cell survival. When homeostasis of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is disrupted, ER stress ensues, and adaptive processes occur. Which of the following is NOT a result of a change in Homeostasis in the Rough endoplasmic reticulum?
The endoplasmic reticulum plays a pivotal role in lipid and protein biosynthesis and calcium store regulation, determining its essential role in cell function. The maintenance of ER homeostasis is critical to cell survival. When homeostasis of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is disrupted, ER stress ensues, and adaptive processes occur. Which of the following is NOT a result of a change in Homeostasis in the Rough endoplasmic reticulum?
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After experiencing repeated seizures, the doctors run genetic testing on their 15-year-old male patient to find that the patient has inherited a mitochondrial disease that inhibits his body from producing proper levels of ATP. As the brain has one of the highest energy requirements to function, the symptoms manifest in the form of seizures. Without a functioning mitochondria, small amounts of ATP can still be produced via anaerobic respiration that takes place in the cytoplasm. What is the name of this process and how many net ATP are produced per cycle?
After experiencing repeated seizures, the doctors run genetic testing on their 15-year-old male patient to find that the patient has inherited a mitochondrial disease that inhibits his body from producing proper levels of ATP. As the brain has one of the highest energy requirements to function, the symptoms manifest in the form of seizures. Without a functioning mitochondria, small amounts of ATP can still be produced via anaerobic respiration that takes place in the cytoplasm. What is the name of this process and how many net ATP are produced per cycle?
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A patient is brought into the emergency room. He is experiencing muscle aches, muscle spasm in his throat making it difficult for him to breath. After some tests are run he is diagnosed with hypocalcemia which causes very low levels of calcium in your blood. What would be needed to increase the levels of calcium in the patient's body?
A patient is brought into the emergency room. He is experiencing muscle aches, muscle spasm in his throat making it difficult for him to breath. After some tests are run he is diagnosed with hypocalcemia which causes very low levels of calcium in your blood. What would be needed to increase the levels of calcium in the patient's body?
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A patient presents to the ER with a burn that penetrates the hypodermis. What type of burn would this be classified as?
A patient presents to the ER with a burn that penetrates the hypodermis. What type of burn would this be classified as?
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Which of the following describes the function of CN VIII?
Which of the following describes the function of CN VIII?
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What is the difference between action potential and graded potential?
What is the difference between action potential and graded potential?
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The nervous system contains several classes of neuroglial cells which help to support and maintain the function of both the central and peripheral nervous system. The depositing of a-synuclein or a-syns are key markers for neurological disease like Parkinsons. Recent studies have shown that one key neuroglial cell within the central nervous system is crucial in the uptake of a-syns intracellularly. Therefore, their mechanism of action is through intracellular clearing of proteins to reduce disease transmission associated with a-syns. For clinical context, a-syn protein aggregation evokes both the innate immune response and the adaptive immune response. This presentation may lead to neuroinflammation which the neuroglial cell also responds to. Based on this information, which type of neuroglial cell is implicated in maintaining homeostasis and reducing disease presentation?
The nervous system contains several classes of neuroglial cells which help to support and maintain the function of both the central and peripheral nervous system. The depositing of a-synuclein or a-syns are key markers for neurological disease like Parkinsons. Recent studies have shown that one key neuroglial cell within the central nervous system is crucial in the uptake of a-syns intracellularly. Therefore, their mechanism of action is through intracellular clearing of proteins to reduce disease transmission associated with a-syns. For clinical context, a-syn protein aggregation evokes both the innate immune response and the adaptive immune response. This presentation may lead to neuroinflammation which the neuroglial cell also responds to. Based on this information, which type of neuroglial cell is implicated in maintaining homeostasis and reducing disease presentation?
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Injuries during childbirth can cause long term complications to motor movement and sensory perception at the appendages. Injuries at a plexus during birth may be the result of stretching, compression, or tearing at the branch. Brachial plexus birth palsy or BPBO causes paralysis at one site of the body and is the result of tractional injury during childbirth. When diagnosing, physicians typically conduct a clinical examination that does not require secondary cross-sectional imaging. What movements would be impacted based on damage to the brachial plexus?
Injuries during childbirth can cause long term complications to motor movement and sensory perception at the appendages. Injuries at a plexus during birth may be the result of stretching, compression, or tearing at the branch. Brachial plexus birth palsy or BPBO causes paralysis at one site of the body and is the result of tractional injury during childbirth. When diagnosing, physicians typically conduct a clinical examination that does not require secondary cross-sectional imaging. What movements would be impacted based on damage to the brachial plexus?
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A 25-year-old marathon runner develops a painful blister on their heel after buying and breaking in a new pair of running shoes. The blister is filled with clear fluid and has formed on the back of their foot where there was the most friction. What layer of the skin is primarily involved in this response, and further, what is its purpose?
A 25-year-old marathon runner develops a painful blister on their heel after buying and breaking in a new pair of running shoes. The blister is filled with clear fluid and has formed on the back of their foot where there was the most friction. What layer of the skin is primarily involved in this response, and further, what is its purpose?
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A 30-year-old male sustains a fracture to his femur after falling from a height. He is brought to the emergency room with significant pain and difficulty moving his leg. Why is this injury considered particularly serious compared to other fractures?
A 30-year-old male sustains a fracture to his femur after falling from a height. He is brought to the emergency room with significant pain and difficulty moving his leg. Why is this injury considered particularly serious compared to other fractures?
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A 40-year-old patient presents with fatigue and muscle weakness. Laboratory tests reveal a mitochondrial disorder that impairs the production of ATP. Why does this primarily affect muscle cells?
A 40-year-old patient presents with fatigue and muscle weakness. Laboratory tests reveal a mitochondrial disorder that impairs the production of ATP. Why does this primarily affect muscle cells?
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A few weeks after a motor vehicle accident, a 40-year old patient came into the hospital with abnormal sharp and stabbing pain in their upper limbs. The doctor diagnosed them with Central Pain Syndrome which is a neurological condition that affects the way you feel pain and is caused by damage to the spinal cord or brain. What tract is most likely affected by this condition?
A few weeks after a motor vehicle accident, a 40-year old patient came into the hospital with abnormal sharp and stabbing pain in their upper limbs. The doctor diagnosed them with Central Pain Syndrome which is a neurological condition that affects the way you feel pain and is caused by damage to the spinal cord or brain. What tract is most likely affected by this condition?
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Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a common disorder that can affect any individual who has experienced trauma in which there was bodily injury, therefore establishing a disturbance in their thought processing. Those affected may feel frightened, helpless, or afraid as a result of a catastrophic event. Even a certain touch or sound can trigger severe emotions in those with PTSD. What part of the brain plays a significant role in PTSD and anxiety?
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a common disorder that can affect any individual who has experienced trauma in which there was bodily injury, therefore establishing a disturbance in their thought processing. Those affected may feel frightened, helpless, or afraid as a result of a catastrophic event. Even a certain touch or sound can trigger severe emotions in those with PTSD. What part of the brain plays a significant role in PTSD and anxiety?
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Study Notes
General Study Notes
- These notes are compiled from various sources, likely exam questions and answers.
- Focuses on anatomy, physiology, and some aspects of pathology related to human systems.
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Description
These study notes cover key topics in human anatomy, physiology, and related pathology. Compiled from various sources, they are designed to assist in exam preparation for students. Enhance your understanding of complex human systems with these comprehensive resources.
