Human Anatomy and Physiology Quiz

Animal Tissues and Organ Systems

• Animal tissues are specialized cells performing a common function

• Key types of animal tissues include epithelial, nervous, muscle, and connective tissues.

• Epithelial Tissue:

  • Provides protection by acting as a barrier against damage/infection.
  • Involved in secretion (hormones, enzymes).
  • Facilitates absorption (nutrients in intestines).
  • Facilitates excretion (waste in kidneys)
  • Types include simple squamous, stratified squamous, simple cuboidal, stratified cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified columnar, and transitional.

• Connective Tissue:

  • Fills spaces, connects tissues, protects and cushions organs.
  • Types include loose and dense connective tissue, adipose tissue, blood, cartilage, and bone.

• Loose Connective Tissue:

  • Flexible, web-like structure composed of cells and proteins.
  • Supports and binds other tissues, providing cushioning and flexibility.

• Dense Connective Tissue:

  • Characterized by densely packed collagen fibers.
  • Provides structural support for tendons, ligaments, and fascia.

• Adipose Tissue:

  • Composed of adipocytes storing fat (triglycerides).
  • Serves as a primary energy reserve, body insulation, and organ cushioning.

• Blood:

  • Contains red blood cells (carry oxygen), white blood cells (fight infections), and platelets (blood clotting).

• Cartilage:

  • Firm, flexible connective tissue comprised of chondrocytes embedded in a matrix of collagen fibers.
  • Provides support, cushioning, and smooth movement at joints.

• Bone:

  • Rigid connective tissue, composed of osteocytes embedded within a matrix of collagen fibers and calcium phosphate.
  • Provides structural support, protects vital organs, and serves as a calcium reservoir.

• Muscle Tissue:

  • Types of muscle tissue include skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.

• Skeletal Muscle:

  • Attached to bones, responsible for voluntary movement.
  • Composed of long, cylindrical fibers with striations.

• Smooth Muscle:

  • Found in organs (stomach, intestines), responsible for involuntary contractions.
  • Composed of spindle-shaped fibers without striations.

• Cardiac Muscle:

  • Found only in the heart, responsible for rhythmic contractions to pump blood.
  • Composed of branched fibers with intercalated discs for coordinated contractions.

• Nervous Tissue:

  • Neurons transmit nerve impulses.
  • Neuroglia supplies nutrients and protection to neurons.
  • The nervous system controls and coordinates bodily functions, including movement, thought, and sensation
  • Consists of brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
  • The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

• Functions of Animal Tissues:

  • Protection, support and structure, movement, and communication

• Regeneration and Repair:

  • Damage to tissues triggers a repair process involving inflammation and regeneration.

• Disorders and Diseases Affecting Animal Tissues:

  • Cancers, inflammation, degenerative diseases, and infections.

Organ Systems

• Skeletal System:
  • Provides support and framework, protects vital organs like brain, heart, and lungs.
  • Bone composition: 50% water, 26% minerals, 20% protein, 4% fat
  • Contains 206 bones on average
• Circulatory System:
  • Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products.
  • Removes carbon dioxide and other waste products.
  • Regulates body temperature, fights infections, and transports immune cells and antibodies.
• Muscular System:
  • Enables movement, stabilizes joints, and produces heat to regulate body temperature.
  • Contains muscles connected to bones by tendons to facilitate movement.
• Urinary System:
  • Filters blood to remove waste products, excess water, and other substances forming urine.
  • Stores urine until elimination, using the urethra to excrete urine from the bladder outside the body.
• Respiratory System:
  • Takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide, essential for life and involves gas exchange and air filtration.
• Digestive System:
  • Digests food into absorbable nutrients for energy and growth
  • Responsible for breaking down food into smaller substances
  • Includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, and anus, along with accessory organs.
• Endocrine System:
  • Produces hormones that regulate various bodily functions, influencing growth, metabolism, and reproduction.
  • Contains glands that secrete hormones.
• Reproductive System:
  • Most complex system in animals, responsible for continuing species.
• Integumentary System:
  • Includes skin, hair, and nails.
  • Skin protects, regulates temperature, and senses the environment.
  • Hair provides insulation.
  • Nails protect fingertips and tools.