Questions and Answers
What is anatomy?
What does physiology study?
List the levels of structural organization.
Atomic, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
What are atoms?
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What are cells?
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Define tissues.
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What is an organ?
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What is an organ system?
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Define organism.
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List the human organ systems.
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What is the main function of the integumentary system?
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What is homeostasis?
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What is a receptor?
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What does the control center do?
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Define effector.
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What kind of feedback mechanism reduces the original stimulus?
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What is the anatomical position?
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Define superior in anatomical terms.
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Define inferior in anatomical terms.
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What does the term 'ventral' mean?
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What does the term 'dorsal' indicate?
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Define proximal.
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Define distal.
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Study Notes
Anatomy and Physiology
- Anatomy is the study of the structure and shape of the body, while physiology focuses on the function of body parts.
Levels of Structural Organization
- Six levels: atomic, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism, represent the hierarchy of structural organization in the body.
Basic Units of Life
- Atoms are the building blocks of matter and combine to create molecules.
- Cells are the smallest units of all living things.
- Tissues consist of groups of similar cells performing a common function.
- Organs are composed of two or more tissue types working together for a specific function.
- Organ systems are groups of organs that collaborate to achieve a common purpose.
- An organism is the complete sum of all structural levels functioning together.
Human Organ Systems
- Eleven major organ systems: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive.
Integumentary System
- Provides external body coverage, protects, waterproofs, secretes salts and urea through sweat, and assists in regulating body temperature.
Skeletal System
- Comprised of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints; it supports the body, protects organs, creates a framework for muscles, and is involved in blood formation.
Muscular System
- Facilitates body movement, locomotion, facial expressions, maintaining posture, and producing heat.
Nervous System
- Acts as a fast-acting control system, responding to internal and external changes via muscle and gland activation.
Endocrine System
- Features glands that secrete hormones regulating growth, reproduction, and cellular nutrient use.
Cardiovascular System
- Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen and nutrients; the heart pumps the blood throughout the body.
Lymphatic System
- Removes fluid from blood vessels, disposes of debris, and supports immune function through white blood cells.
Respiratory System
- Ensures a constant supply of oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide through gas exchange.
Digestive System
- Breaks down food into absorbable units for distribution to body cells, with indigestible remnants eliminated as feces.
Urinary System
- Eliminates nitrogenous waste, regulates bodily water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.
Reproductive System
- Male: testes produce sperm and hormones; females have ovaries that produce eggs, with structures supporting fertilization and fetal development.
Necessary Life Functions
- Eight essential functions include maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth.
Survival Needs
- Five basic needs: nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, and atmospheric pressure.
Homeostasis
- This refers to the body's ability to sustain relatively stable internal conditions despite external changes.
Feedback Mechanisms
- Receptors monitor environmental changes (stimuli); afferent pathways convey signals to control centers that analyze information and determine responses.
- Effectors provide means for responses through efferent pathways.
- Negative feedback mechanisms diminish the original stimulus; positive feedback enhances the response for significant events.
Anatomical Terminology and Positions
- Standard anatomical position: body erect, face forward, feet parallel, arms down, palms facing forward.
- Directional terms: superior (above), inferior (below), ventral (front), dorsal (back), medial (midline), lateral (away from midline), proximal (near attachment), distal (farther from attachment), superficial (near the surface), deep (further inside).
Body Regions
- Terminologies for different body regions include:
- Cephalic (head)
- Thoracic (chest)
- Abdominal (trunk below ribs)
- Pelvic (hip)
- Lumbar (lower back)
- Digital (fingers/toes)
- Gluteal (buttocks)
Body Cavities
- Dorsal cavity includes cranial and spinal cavities.
- Ventral cavity encompasses the thoracic (lungs and heart) and abdominopelvic cavities, separated by the diaphragm.
- Mediastinum divides the thoracic cavity into right and left portions.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge of human anatomy and physiology with these flashcards from Chapter 1. Explore the structure and functions of the human body, including various levels of structural organization. A great way to prepare for your biology exams!
