Biology Chapter 1 Review

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Questions and Answers

What is anatomy?

Study of diseases

Study of cells

Study of the shape and structure of the body (correct)

Study of the body's function

What does physiology study?

Environmental interactions

Cellular makeup

Shape of body parts

Function of the body's parts (correct)

List the levels of structural organization.

Atomic, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

What are atoms?

Building blocks of matter, combine to form molecules Signup and view all the answers

What are cells?

Smallest units of all living things Signup and view all the answers

Define tissues.

Groups of similar cells that have a common function Signup and view all the answers

What is an organ?

Two or more tissue types that perform a specific function for the body Signup and view all the answers

What is an organ system?

Group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose Signup and view all the answers

Define organism.

Sum total of all structural levels working together Signup and view all the answers

List the human organ systems.

Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the integumentary system?

Protects and waterproofs the body Signup and view all the answers

What is homeostasis?

Body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is a receptor?

Sensor that monitors and responds to changes (stimuli) in the environment Signup and view all the answers

What does the control center do?

Determines level at which a variable is to be maintained and analyzes received information Signup and view all the answers

Define effector.

Provides means for control center's response to stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What kind of feedback mechanism reduces the original stimulus?

Negative feedback Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical position?

Standard position for study; body erect, face-front, feet parallel, arms down, palms forward Signup and view all the answers

Define superior in anatomical terms.

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body Signup and view all the answers

Define inferior in anatomical terms.

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'ventral' mean?

Toward or at the front of the body Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'dorsal' indicate?

Toward or at the backside of the body Signup and view all the answers

Define proximal.

Close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk Signup and view all the answers

Define distal.

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy is the study of the structure and shape of the body, while physiology focuses on the function of body parts.

Levels of Structural Organization

Six levels: atomic, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism, represent the hierarchy of structural organization in the body.

Basic Units of Life

Atoms are the building blocks of matter and combine to create molecules.
Cells are the smallest units of all living things.
Tissues consist of groups of similar cells performing a common function.
Organs are composed of two or more tissue types working together for a specific function.
Organ systems are groups of organs that collaborate to achieve a common purpose.
An organism is the complete sum of all structural levels functioning together.

Human Organ Systems

Eleven major organ systems: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive.

Integumentary System

Provides external body coverage, protects, waterproofs, secretes salts and urea through sweat, and assists in regulating body temperature.

Skeletal System

Comprised of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints; it supports the body, protects organs, creates a framework for muscles, and is involved in blood formation.

Muscular System

Facilitates body movement, locomotion, facial expressions, maintaining posture, and producing heat.

Nervous System

Acts as a fast-acting control system, responding to internal and external changes via muscle and gland activation.

Endocrine System

Features glands that secrete hormones regulating growth, reproduction, and cellular nutrient use.

Cardiovascular System

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen and nutrients; the heart pumps the blood throughout the body.

Lymphatic System

Removes fluid from blood vessels, disposes of debris, and supports immune function through white blood cells.

Respiratory System

Ensures a constant supply of oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide through gas exchange.

Digestive System

Breaks down food into absorbable units for distribution to body cells, with indigestible remnants eliminated as feces.

Urinary System

Eliminates nitrogenous waste, regulates bodily water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.

Reproductive System

Male: testes produce sperm and hormones; females have ovaries that produce eggs, with structures supporting fertilization and fetal development.

Necessary Life Functions

Eight essential functions include maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth.

Survival Needs

Five basic needs: nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, and atmospheric pressure.

Homeostasis

This refers to the body's ability to sustain relatively stable internal conditions despite external changes.

Feedback Mechanisms

Receptors monitor environmental changes (stimuli); afferent pathways convey signals to control centers that analyze information and determine responses.
Effectors provide means for responses through efferent pathways.
Negative feedback mechanisms diminish the original stimulus; positive feedback enhances the response for significant events.

Anatomical Terminology and Positions

Standard anatomical position: body erect, face forward, feet parallel, arms down, palms facing forward.
Directional terms: superior (above), inferior (below), ventral (front), dorsal (back), medial (midline), lateral (away from midline), proximal (near attachment), distal (farther from attachment), superficial (near the surface), deep (further inside).

Body Regions

Terminologies for different body regions include:
- Cephalic (head)
- Thoracic (chest)
- Abdominal (trunk below ribs)
- Pelvic (hip)
- Lumbar (lower back)
- Digital (fingers/toes)
- Gluteal (buttocks)

Body Cavities

Dorsal cavity includes cranial and spinal cavities.
Ventral cavity encompasses the thoracic (lungs and heart) and abdominopelvic cavities, separated by the diaphragm.
Mediastinum divides the thoracic cavity into right and left portions.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge of human anatomy and physiology with these flashcards from Chapter 1. Explore the structure and functions of the human body, including various levels of structural organization. A great way to prepare for your biology exams!