Human Anatomy and Physiology Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of saturated fatty acids?

They contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.

They have no double bonds between carbon atoms. (correct)

They have a higher melting point than unsaturated fatty acids.

They are liquid at room temperature.

Which process requires energy to move substances across the cell membrane?

Passive transport

Active transport (correct)

Osmosis

Diffusion

Which phase of mitosis involves the separation of chromosomes?

Prophase

Anaphase (correct)

Metaphase

Telophase

What term describes molecules that possess both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions?

Amphipathic Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue is responsible for movement?

Muscle tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing new strands of DNA during replication?

Polymerase Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of chondrocytes?

Find in cartilage Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transport mechanism involves engulfing materials into the cell?

Endocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes gross anatomy from microscopic anatomy?

Gross anatomy focuses on structures visible to the naked eye. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of feedback mechanism amplifies changes in the body?

Positive feedback Signup and view all the answers

Which level of organization is made up of different tissues working together?

Organ Signup and view all the answers

What are the four basic requirements for human life?

Temperature, Oxygen, Nutrients, Atmospheric Pressure Signup and view all the answers

In anatomical position, how is the body oriented?

Standing upright with arms at the sides and palms facing forward Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following defines the sagittal plane?

Divides the body into left and right sections. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between anabolism and catabolism?

Anabolism is the building up of molecules, while catabolism is the breaking down of molecules. Signup and view all the answers

What describes an ionic bond?

A bond created by the attraction of opposite charges. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Gross vs. Microscopic Anatomy

Gross anatomy studies structures visible to the naked eye, like organs and systems.
Microscopic anatomy examines structures at the cellular level, like tissues and cells.

Physiology

Physiology explores the functions of living organisms and their parts.

Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment, essential for optimal functioning.
Negative feedback mechanisms counteract changes to maintain stability, like regulating body temperature.
Positive feedback mechanisms amplify changes, like during blood clotting.

Organizational Levels

Cells are the fundamental units of life.
Tissues are groups of similar cells working together for a specific function.
Organs are structures composed of different tissues collaborating for a common purpose.
Systems are collections of organs working together to achieve a larger goal.

Metabolism

Anabolism involves the building up of molecules through synthesis.
Catabolism breaks down molecules via degradation.

Requirements for Human Life

Temperature, atmospheric pressure, nutrients, and oxygen are crucial for human survival.

Anatomical Position

Anatomical position refers to the body standing upright, facing forward with arms at sides and palms facing forward.

Directional Terms

Anterior refers to the front of the body.
Posterior describes the back of the body.
Superior indicates a position above or higher than another.
Inferior indicates a position below or lower than another.

Planes of the Body

Sagittal plane divides the body into left and right sections.
Transverse plane divides the body into superior and inferior sections.
Frontal plane divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.

Chemistry Basics

Atomic number represents the number of protons in an atom, defining the element.
Atomic weight is the average weight of an element's isotopes.
Isotopes are variants of an element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
Ionic bonds form through the transfer of electrons between atoms.
Covalent bonds form through the sharing of electrons between atoms.

Macromolecules

Triglycerides (TAGs) are lipids composed of glycerol and three fatty acids.
Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between carbon atoms.
Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.

Cell Membrane

Hydrophilic regions are water-attracting.
Hydrophobic regions are water-repelling.
Amphipathic molecules have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts.

Transport Mechanisms

Passive transport moves substances down their concentration gradient without using energy.
Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy expenditure.
Endocytosis involves engulfing materials to bring them into the cell.
Exocytosis expels materials from the cell.

DNA and RNA

DNA replication copies DNA:
- Helicase unwinds the DNA double helix.
- Polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands.
RNA plays a vital role in protein synthesis.
Transcription synthesizes mRNA from DNA.
Translation synthesizes proteins from mRNA.

Cell Cycle

Mitosis is the process of cell division:
- Prophase: Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align in the center of the cell.
- Anaphase: Chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell.
- Telophase: The nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes.

Tissue Types

Four primary types of tissue:
- Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and lines cavities.
- Connective tissue supports and binds other tissues (includes bone, blood, adipose tissue).
- Muscle tissue enables movement (includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle).
- Nervous tissue transmits impulses for communication (includes neurons and neuroglia).

Connective Tissue

Matrix is the extracellular material providing structural support.
Fibers include collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers.
Cells include:
- Fibroblasts produce fibers and ground substance.
- Adipocytes store fat.
- Chondrocytes are cells found in cartilage.

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts in human anatomy and physiology, including the distinction between gross and microscopic anatomy, the importance of homeostasis, and the organizational levels of life. Test your knowledge on how these systems maintain the functions of living organisms.