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Questions and Answers
Which of the following provides the BEST definition of a state of equilibrium?
Which of the following provides the BEST definition of a state of equilibrium?
Which statement best describes the relationship between Anatomy and Physiology?
Which statement best describes the relationship between Anatomy and Physiology?
If your body temperature drops, what type of mechanism is responsible for returning it to normal?
If your body temperature drops, what type of mechanism is responsible for returning it to normal?
Which of the following activities would indicate that a novel object may be a living organism?
Which of the following activities would indicate that a novel object may be a living organism?
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Physiological processes include:
Physiological processes include:
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Which of the following functions is dependent on the nervous system?
Which of the following functions is dependent on the nervous system?
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Which system provides protection from the environment and takes part in temperature control?
Which system provides protection from the environment and takes part in temperature control?
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Which of the following systems does NOT interact with all the others?
Which of the following systems does NOT interact with all the others?
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How does negative feedback maintain a stable internal environment?
How does negative feedback maintain a stable internal environment?
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Which of the following statements about homeostasis is consistent with the idea of a dynamic equilibrium?
Which of the following statements about homeostasis is consistent with the idea of a dynamic equilibrium?
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Which of the following is suitable for long-distance communication within the body?
Which of the following is suitable for long-distance communication within the body?
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The fluid mosaic model implies that:
The fluid mosaic model implies that:
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What CANNOT drive the passive movement of substances across the cell membrane?
What CANNOT drive the passive movement of substances across the cell membrane?
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Which of the following statements about the major divisions of the nervous system is correct?
Which of the following statements about the major divisions of the nervous system is correct?
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Which of the following statements about the divisions of the efferent branch of the nervous system is correct?
Which of the following statements about the divisions of the efferent branch of the nervous system is correct?
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Which of the following distinguishes an axon from a dendrite?
Which of the following distinguishes an axon from a dendrite?
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At equilibrium potential there is no net flow of ions because:
At equilibrium potential there is no net flow of ions because:
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The movement of ions in and out of a neuron as a result of electrical activity:
The movement of ions in and out of a neuron as a result of electrical activity:
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The sodium-potassium pump:
The sodium-potassium pump:
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The threshold of a neuron is determined by:
The threshold of a neuron is determined by:
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Study Notes
Equilibrium
- A state of equilibrium is achieved when opposing forces or processes are balanced.
- The key is that both forces are active and balanced.
Anatomy and Physiology
- Anatomy describes the structures of an organism.
- Physiology describes the functions of those structures.
- They are interconnected, as the function of a structure is determined by its form.
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment.
- It relies on negative feedback mechanisms that oppose deviations from the set point.
- Homeostasis is a dynamic equilibrium, meaning it constantly adjusts to changing conditions.
Physiological Processes
- Physiological processes are the activities that occur within an organism to maintain life.
- Examples include respiration, gas exchange, and temperature control.
Systems of the Body
- The integumentary system (skin) provides protection from the environment and helps regulate temperature.
- The nervous system is responsible for coordinated responses to stimuli.
- The circulatory system transports nutrients and oxygen throughout the body.
- The endocrine system produces hormones that regulate various bodily functions.
- The musculoskeletal system provides support and movement.
Negative Feedback
- Negative feedback is a mechanism that counteracts deviations from a set point.
- It helps to maintain homeostasis by restoring the balance.
- Negative feedback loops involve a sensor, a control center, and an effector.
Communication Systems
- The nervous system uses electrical signals (action potentials) for rapid, short-distance communication.
- The endocrine system uses chemical messengers (hormones) for slower, long-distance communication.
Cell Membrane
- The fluid mosaic model describes the cell membrane as a flexible structure composed of lipids and proteins.
- The membrane is semi-permeable, meaning it allows some substances to pass through while blocking others.
- Passive transport does not require energy and relies on gradients like chemical or electrical gradients.
Nervous System
- The afferent division of the nervous system carries sensory information from the body to the central nervous system.
- The efferent division of the nervous system carries motor commands from the central nervous system to the body.
- The somatic division of the efferent nervous system controls voluntary movements.
- The autonomic division of the efferent nervous system controls involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion.
Neuron Structure
- Axons are long, slender extensions of neurons that transmit signals away from the cell body.
- Dendrites are branched extensions of neurons that receive signals from other neurons.
Equilibrium Potential
- At the equilibrium potential, there is no net movement of ions across the membrane.
- This is due to the balance between chemical and electrical gradients.
Action Potential
- The movement of ions during an action potential significantly alters the concentration gradients of sodium and potassium ions.
- The sodium-potassium pump actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, maintaining normal concentration gradients.
Threshold of a Neuron
- The threshold of a neuron is the level of depolarization required to trigger an action potential.
- It is determined by the voltage-gated ion channels in the neuron's membrane.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts in anatomy and physiology, focusing on equilibrium, homeostasis, and the physiological processes that maintain life. Explore how the structures and functions of biological systems interrelate, and understand the mechanisms that support life in organisms.
