How much do you know about climate change?
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Questions and Answers

Which type of climate change is caused by greenhouse gases emitted by human activities?

  • Plate tectonics climate change
  • Natural climate change
  • Anthropogenic climate change (correct)
  • Sun climate change

    • What significantly affects global climate, along with the sun's energy balance?

  • The amount of plastic in the ocean
  • The number of cars on the road
  • The location of continents (correct)
  • The number of trees on the planet

    • What is the main reason for the changing sun's energy balance?

  • The sun's orbit
  • The presence of greenhouse gases (correct)
  • The moon's orbit
  • The earth's orbit

    • What are the negative impacts of climate change on vulnerable populations?

    <p>Loss of housing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines emissions of greenhouse gases?

    <p>Geography, population, and wealth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of mitigation policies?

    <p>To prevent climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the pros and cons of using renewable energy sources to reduce greenhouse gas emissions?

    <p>They may have negative environmental impacts but can reduce greenhouse gas emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential risks and uncertainties associated with carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management?

    <p>They may have unintended consequences and negative impacts on the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best approach to addressing the complex issue of climate change?

    <p>Combining policies and technologies to address its causes and impacts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the UNFCCC?

    <p>To enact measures on climate change adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was the Adaptation Fund launched by the UNFCCC?

    <p>2007</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the focus of research on adaptation initially?

    <p>Ways for vulnerable populations to adapt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the global goal for adaptation established at the Paris agreement?

    <p>To adapt to climate change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between mitigation and adaptation?

    <p>Mitigation and adaptation have equal importance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of adaptation?

    <p>Incremental, transitional, and transformational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common challenge for climate finance for adaptation?

    <p>Lack of funding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some common adaptation priorities?

    <p>Agriculture, freshwater supplies, and health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the ideal characteristics of adaptation?

    <p>Proactive, sustainable, and promoting innovation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Adaptation Fund?

    <p>A fund created by the UNFCCC to address climate change adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the focus of research on adaptation in the past?

    <p>The impacts of climate change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the global goal for adaptation established at the Paris agreement?

    <p>To limit global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge for financing adaptation to climate change?

    <p>Lack of financial resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between incremental and transformational adaptation?

    <p>Incremental adaptation involves small changes, while transformational adaptation involves fundamental changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why adaptation must be addressed with the same priority as mitigation?

    <p>To decrease vulnerability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some common adaptation priorities?

    <p>Freshwater supplies and agriculture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal characteristic of adaptation that involves avoiding unintended negative consequences?

    <p>Avoiding maladaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the IPCC's current approach to incorporating sustainability in adaptation?

    <p>Sustainability is being incorporated in IPCC reports since 2001</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA)?

    <p>A study on the impacts of human actions on ecosystem degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are ecosystem services?

    <p>The benefits people obtain from ecosystems, including provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity (TEEB)?

    <p>A report on the economic benefits of ecosystem services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Total Economic Value (TEV)?

    <p>A framework concerned with the impacts of ecosystem changes on human well-being</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the categories of value in TEV?

    <p>Direct use value, indirect use value, option use value, and non-use value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES)?

    <p>A framework for ecological valuation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of valuation methods for ecosystem services?

    <p>Market-based and non-market-based</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the zonal travel cost model used for?

    <p>Estimating the annual recreational value of islands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of socio-cultural valuation?

    <p>To inform decision-makers and the public about varying perceptions of ecosystem services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected reduction in CO2 emissions by 2030 according to the university's science-based targets?

    <p>63%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using offsetting in the university's carbon management plan?

    <p>To remove difficult emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a Fume Cupboard in a lab?

    <p>To extract air from the lab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the CHP system in the university's Main Boiler House?

    <p>To produce both heat and electricity from a single fuel source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated annual yield of the planned 500kW Wind Turbine on SB?

    <p>1,600,000kWh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated annual fuel cost saving of the planned 1.4MW PV Array on SB?

    <p>£185K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proposed investment for replacing the district heating system on UP campus?

    <p>£18m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main contribution of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA)?

    <p>Provided information on the current state of knowledge concerning the consequences of ecosystem changes for human well-being</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity (TEEB)?

    <p>Underlying economic drivers of ecosystem decline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main objective of valuing ecosystem services?

    <p>Generate better information, identify true costs, improve decision-making, provide a basis for policy formation, and set incentives and regulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a non-market-based method of ecosystem service valuation?

    <p>State preference approaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four categories of Total Economic Value (TEV)?

    <p>Direct use value, indirect use value, option use value, and non-use value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of ecological valuation?

    <p>Functional integrity and health of an ecosystem, often through biophysical indicators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of socio-cultural valuation?

    <p>Non-monetary value of ecosystem services and consider value as a social construction from cultural contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main types of valuation methods for ecosystem services?

    <p>Market-based and non-market-based</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the priority risk areas for climate change risk assessment?

    <p>Flooding and coastal change, health and wellbeing, water shortages, risks to natural capital, food production and trade, and pests, diseases, and invasive non-native species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of air pollution?

    <p>The presence of harmful substances in the air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are greenhouse gases?

    <p>Gases that trap and absorb heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is black carbon?

    <p>A product of incomplete combustion that absorbs solar radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is tropospheric ozone?

    <p>A secondary pollutant that is a large component of current radiative forcing of climate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential unintended consequences associated with mitigation measures?

    <p>Trade-offs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the categories for mitigation measures?

    <p>Conservation, efficiency, abatement, fuel switching, demand management, and behavioral change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trend in UK emissions of pollutants over the past 20-30 years?

    <p>Significant reductions in NOx, SO2, VOC, PM10, and NH3, but not as much in CO2 emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some mitigation measures that could reduce emissions of air quality and climate-active pollutants?

    <p>Fuel switching to lower carbon or renewable sources, combined heat and power, and efficiency improvements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the need for air quality and climate change policies?

    <p>To work together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage increase in visitor spending in the National Forest?

    <p>35.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much carbon does the National Forest store?

    <p>450,000 tonnes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Restoring Resilient Ecosystems?

    <p>UK woodlands and grasslands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the mechanisms used for tree planting in the National Forest?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the ways carbon removal is achieved beyond tree planting?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the increase in tree cover in the National Forest over 30 years?

    <p>6% to 22%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of green social prescribing in the National Forest?

    <p>To improve mental health and wellbeing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the species that have seen an increase in abundance and richness in the National Forest?

    <p>Small mammals, bats, birds, and butterflies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of ecological restoration in the context of climate change?

    <p>Halting and reversing biodiversity loss and climate change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA)?

    <p>The MA was conducted by 1360 experts from 95 countries and review comments from 850 experts and governments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are ecosystem services?

    <p>The benefits people obtain from ecosystems, including provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) 2013?

    <p>A classification of biotic and abiotic ecosystem outputs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Total Economic Value (TEV) framework?

    <p>A framework that presents categories of ecosystem benefits that fit into a standard economic frame of reference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the categories of value in the TEV framework?

    <p>Direct use value, indirect use value, option use value, and non-use value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the zonal travel cost model?

    <p>A model that estimates the annual recreational value of islands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are market-based methods of valuation?

    <p>Hedonic pricing and travel cost methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are non-market-based methods of valuation?

    <p>State preference approaches such as contingent valuation and choice modeling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is socio-cultural valuation?

    <p>An approach that focuses on the non-monetary value of ecosystem services and considers value as a social construction from cultural contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mechanism used by the National Forest to increase tree planting?

    <p>Clearing existing trees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated amount of carbon stored in the National Forest, and how much could be lost due to ash dieback?

    <p>450,000 tonnes stored, 50,000 could be lost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of Restoring Resilient Ecosystems?

    <p>To examine essential elements for ecosystem restoration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some additional methods for carbon removal beyond tree planting?

    <p>Peatland restoration, enhanced rock weathering, afforestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of sustainable low carbon tourism in the National Forest?

    <p>To reduce carbon emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been the impact of sustainable tourism on the National Forest's visitor numbers, spending, and tourism jobs?

    <p>35.5% increase in visitor numbers, 36.3% increase in visitor spending, 36.5% increase in tourism jobs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the National Forest used for in terms of learning, and what funding has been provided for this purpose?

    <p>Learning infrastructure development, Forest School training, outdoor learning network for schools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is green social prescribing, and how is it being used in the National Forest?

    <p>Using nature-based interventions to improve mental health and wellbeing, through national cross-governmental 'Test and Learn' pilots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the species that have seen an increase in abundance and richness in the National Forest?

    <p>Small mammals, bats, birds, butterflies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are greenhouse gases?

    <p>Gases that have the ability to absorb and trap heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is black carbon?

    <p>A product of incomplete combustion that can absorb solar radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is tropospheric ozone?

    <p>A secondary pollutant and one of the largest single components of the current radiative forcing of climate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the categories of mitigation measures for air pollution and climate change?

    <p>Conservation, efficiency, abatement, fuel switching, demand management, and behavioral change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been the trend in UK emissions of pollutants over the past 20-30 years?

    <p>Significant reductions in NOx, SO2, VOC, PM10, and NH3, but not as much in CO2 emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential unintended consequences associated with mitigation measures?

    <p>Reduced sulfur in fuel leading to increased refinery CO2 emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some mitigation measures that could reduce emissions of air quality and climate-active pollutants?

    <p>Fuel switching to lower carbon or renewable sources, combined heat and power, and efficiency improvements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the need for air quality and climate change policies?

    <p>To work together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some mitigation measures that could increase emissions of air quality pollutants?

    <p>Increased use of diesel in place of petrol, use of biofuels under certain conditions, and incineration instead of landfill</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main categories of mitigation measures for air pollution and climate change?

    <p>Conservation, efficiency, abatement, fuel switching, demand management, and behavioral change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is black carbon (BC)?

    <p>A product of incomplete combustion that can absorb solar radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is tropospheric ozone (O3)?

    <p>A secondary pollutant that contributes to ozone formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current trend in UK emissions of pollutants?

    <p>NOx, SO2, VOC, PM10, and NH3 have significantly decreased, but CO2 emissions have not decreased as much</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some potential unintended consequences associated with mitigation measures?

    <p>Increased refinery CO2 emissions due to reduced sulfur in fuel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current tree cover percentage in the National Forest?

    <p>22%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some mitigation measures that could reduce emissions of air quality and climate-active pollutants?

    <p>Fuel switching to lower carbon or renewable sources, combined heat and power, and efficiency improvements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What measures are used for tree planting in the National Forest?

    <p>Working with local authorities, land acquisition, and grant aid to landowners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some mitigation measures that could increase emissions of air quality pollutants?

    <p>Increased use of diesel in place of petrol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of species have seen an increase in abundance and richness in the National Forest?

    <p>Small mammals, bats, birds, and butterflies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between air quality and climate change policies?

    <p>They are interrelated and should work together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is needed to examine the effects of climate change on regional air quality?

    <p>Improvements in climate models</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much carbon does the National Forest currently store?

    <p>450,000 tonnes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of Restoring Resilient Ecosystems?

    <p>To examine the essential elements required for ecosystem restoration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some methods for carbon removal beyond tree planting in the National Forest?

    <p>Peatland restoration, enhanced rock weathering, afforestation, bioenergy crops, and biochar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been the impact of sustainable low carbon tourism in the National Forest?

    <p>Increase in visitor numbers, spending, and jobs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the National Forest used for in terms of education?

    <p>Forest School training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is green social prescribing in the National Forest?

    <p>Prescribing outdoor activities for mental health and wellbeing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most produced cereal and how is it used in the UK?

    <p>Corn for animal feed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rising global demand for meat products and what are the implications of this trend?

    <p>Poultry, which contributes to food waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main source of plant protein and what is the problem with over-reliance on it?

    <p>Soy, which is used mostly for human food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the value of food waste and what is its equivalent in terms of GHG emissions?

    <p>£19 billion a year and 25 million tonnes of GHG emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approach to reduce emissions that involves processes such as cover cropping, crop rotation, and reduced tillage?

    <p>Regenerative agriculture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of recycling waste materials from the farm in reducing emissions?

    <p>It reduces the need for synthetic fertilizers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential GHG savings of increasing farmland woodland and hedgerows?

    <p>0.7 MtCO2e per year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Climate Change: Causes, Impacts, and Responses

    • Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns caused by natural and human activities.
    • Two types of climate change are natural (e.g., plate tectonics, the sun, the earth's orbit) and caused by greenhouse gases emitted by human activities (e.g., burning fossil fuels).
    • The location of continents and the formation of ice sheets and ocean circulation significantly affect global climate.
    • The sun's energy balance is changing due to increasing levels of greenhouse gases, which trap heat and increase internal energy.
    • Climate change can have negative impacts on health, food production, housing, and work, especially for vulnerable populations.
    • Emissions of greenhouse gases are determined by technology, population, and affluence, and the amount of GDP consumed by a society.
    • Responses to climate change include adaptation, mitigation, and geoengineering.
    • Mitigation policies aim to prevent climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, while adaptation policies aim to respond to its negative impacts.
    • Renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, biomass, and hydroelectricity, can reduce greenhouse gas emissions but have pros and cons.
    • Nuclear energy and carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) are options to reduce emissions but are controversial due to safety and waste disposal issues.
    • Carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management are experimental approaches to removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere but have potential risks and uncertainties.
    • Overall, climate change is a complex issue that requires a combination of policies and technologies to address its causes and impacts.

    Climate Change Adaptation: History, Challenges, and Strategies

    • UNFCCC was created in 1992 to enact measures on climate change adaptation.
    • Research on adaptation was driven by vulnerability and impacts, and later focused on ways for vulnerable populations to adapt.
    • Adaptations were rarely recognized by UNFCCC as they assumed a reduction in GHG emissions would be enough to control problems.
    • The Adaptation Fund was launched by the UNFCCC in 2007, which became operational in 2009.
    • In 2015, a global goal for adaptation was established at the Paris agreement.
    • The number of chapters on adaptation in IPCC reports gradually increased since 2001, and sustainability is now being incorporated.
    • Mitigation is not enough because climate change is already occurring, and we continue to rely on fossil fuels.
    • Adaptation must be addressed with the same priority as mitigation, according to the UNFCCC conference in Mexico in 2010.
    • There are three types of adaptation: incremental, transitional, and transformational.
    • Ideal characteristics of adaptation include being complementary to mitigation, decreasing vulnerability, avoiding maladaptation, promoting innovation, being interdisciplinary, proactive, and sustainable.
    • Climate finance is a challenge for adaptation, with estimates ranging from $49-171 billion per year by 2030 needed to adapt to climate change.
    • Common adaptation priorities include agriculture, freshwater supplies, health, energy, fisheries, and local livelihoods. Developing countries have prepared climate change strategies and action plans, but financing and capacity are challenges.

    Understanding the Valuation of Ecosystem Services

    • The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) 2000 found that human actions have led to ecosystem degradation, with gains in human well-being and economic development coming at a growing cost.

    • The MA was the largest assessment of Earth's ecosystem health, with 1360 experts from 95 countries and review comments from 850 experts and governments.

    • The MA provided authoritative information on the current state of knowledge concerning the consequences of ecosystem changes for human well-being, and identified response options and priorities.

    • The MA framework helped to incorporate the environmental dimension into sustainable development policy and planning, and provided planning and management tools.

    • The MA findings have been used for decision-making, assessment, capacity building, and research.

    • Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems, including provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services.

    • The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity (TEEB) 2007 was founded on the MA's concept of ecosystem services, and focused on the underlying economic drivers of ecosystem decline.

    • Valuing ecosystem services can generate better information, identify true costs, improve decision-making, provide a basis for policy formation, and set incentives and regulations.

    • Total Economic Value (TEV) is a framework concerned with the impacts of ecosystem changes on human well-being, and presents categories of ecosystem benefits that fit into a standard economic frame of reference.

    • The TEV categories of value include direct use value, indirect use value, option use value, and non-use value.

    • The Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) 2013 recognizes the main categories of ecosystem outputs as provisioning, regulating, and cultural services, and classifies biotic and abiotic ecosystem outputs.

    • Valuing ecosystem services/disservices can help raise awareness, account for national income and well-being contributions, provide detailed policy analyses, and contribute to alleviating poverty. However, there are moral/ethical, technical, and systemic challenges to ecosystem valuation.Valuation Methods for Ecosystem Services: Types, Applications, and Limitations

    • Two main types of valuation methods for ecosystem services: market-based and non-market-based

    • Market-based methods include hedonic pricing and travel cost methods, which estimate the value of a good based on its characteristics and the cost of traveling to access it

    • Hedonic pricing can be complex and requires large amounts of data, while travel cost methods are sensitive to statistical methods

    • Non-market-based methods include state preference approaches, such as contingent valuation and choice modeling, which elicit values through surveys and hypothetical markets

    • Contingent valuation is sensitive to biases in survey design and implementation, while choice modeling can be complex and burdensome for respondents

    • Ecological valuation assesses the functional integrity and health of an ecosystem, often through biophysical indicators

    • Socio-cultural valuation focuses on the non-monetary value of ecosystem services and considers value as a social construction from cultural contexts

    • Sociocultural valuation can inform decision-makers and the public about varying perceptions of ecosystem services and can be used for priority setting and instrument development

    • The priority risk areas for climate change risk assessment include flooding and coastal change, health and wellbeing, water shortages, risks to natural capital, food production and trade, and pests, diseases, and invasive non-native species

    • The zonal travel cost model estimates the annual recreational value of islands at approximately US$17.9 million and predicts a 20% loss of value resulting from a proposed port expansion larger than the expanded port’s projected annual revenue of US$3.1 million

    • Hedonic pricing models have been used to estimate the disamenity costs of landfill sites in the UK, which were found to be between £1.52 and £2.18 per tonne of waste

    • State preference approaches have been used to inform landfill tax levels and planning decisions, and to estimate willingness to pay for mangrove protection and preservation efforts for forests and biodiversity.

    Understanding the Valuation of Ecosystem Services

    • The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) 2000 found that human actions have led to ecosystem degradation, with gains in human well-being and economic development coming at a growing cost.

    • The MA was the largest assessment of Earth's ecosystem health, with 1360 experts from 95 countries and review comments from 850 experts and governments.

    • The MA provided authoritative information on the current state of knowledge concerning the consequences of ecosystem changes for human well-being, and identified response options and priorities.

    • The MA framework helped to incorporate the environmental dimension into sustainable development policy and planning, and provided planning and management tools.

    • The MA findings have been used for decision-making, assessment, capacity building, and research.

    • Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems, including provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services.

    • The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity (TEEB) 2007 was founded on the MA's concept of ecosystem services, and focused on the underlying economic drivers of ecosystem decline.

    • Valuing ecosystem services can generate better information, identify true costs, improve decision-making, provide a basis for policy formation, and set incentives and regulations.

    • Total Economic Value (TEV) is a framework concerned with the impacts of ecosystem changes on human well-being, and presents categories of ecosystem benefits that fit into a standard economic frame of reference.

    • The TEV categories of value include direct use value, indirect use value, option use value, and non-use value.

    • The Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) 2013 recognizes the main categories of ecosystem outputs as provisioning, regulating, and cultural services, and classifies biotic and abiotic ecosystem outputs.

    • Valuing ecosystem services/disservices can help raise awareness, account for national income and well-being contributions, provide detailed policy analyses, and contribute to alleviating poverty. However, there are moral/ethical, technical, and systemic challenges to ecosystem valuation.Valuation Methods for Ecosystem Services: Types, Applications, and Limitations

    • Two main types of valuation methods for ecosystem services: market-based and non-market-based

    • Market-based methods include hedonic pricing and travel cost methods, which estimate the value of a good based on its characteristics and the cost of traveling to access it

    • Hedonic pricing can be complex and requires large amounts of data, while travel cost methods are sensitive to statistical methods

    • Non-market-based methods include state preference approaches, such as contingent valuation and choice modeling, which elicit values through surveys and hypothetical markets

    • Contingent valuation is sensitive to biases in survey design and implementation, while choice modeling can be complex and burdensome for respondents

    • Ecological valuation assesses the functional integrity and health of an ecosystem, often through biophysical indicators

    • Socio-cultural valuation focuses on the non-monetary value of ecosystem services and considers value as a social construction from cultural contexts

    • Sociocultural valuation can inform decision-makers and the public about varying perceptions of ecosystem services and can be used for priority setting and instrument development

    • The priority risk areas for climate change risk assessment include flooding and coastal change, health and wellbeing, water shortages, risks to natural capital, food production and trade, and pests, diseases, and invasive non-native species

    • The zonal travel cost model estimates the annual recreational value of islands at approximately US$17.9 million and predicts a 20% loss of value resulting from a proposed port expansion larger than the expanded port’s projected annual revenue of US$3.1 million

    • Hedonic pricing models have been used to estimate the disamenity costs of landfill sites in the UK, which were found to be between £1.52 and £2.18 per tonne of waste

    • State preference approaches have been used to inform landfill tax levels and planning decisions, and to estimate willingness to pay for mangrove protection and preservation efforts for forests and biodiversity.

    Climate Change and Sustainable Living in the National Forest

    • The National Forest in the Midlands was once coal mines but has been transformed into a sustainable living and working area against climate change.
    • The forest has planted 9 million trees in 30 years, increasing tree cover from 6% to 22%.
    • Tree planting mechanisms include working with local authorities, land acquisition, and grant aid to landowners.
    • The forest has seen an increase in species abundance and richness, including small mammals, bats, birds, and butterflies.
    • The forest stores 450,000 tonnes of carbon, but ash dieback could reduce this by 50,000.
    • Restoring Resilient Ecosystems aims to unpick and examine the essential elements required for ecosystem restoration, focusing on UK woodlands and grasslands.
    • Ecological restoration is seen as an important tool in halting and reversing biodiversity loss and climate change.
    • Carbon removal beyond tree planting includes peatland restoration, enhanced rock weathering, afforestation, bioenergy crops, and biochar.
    • Sustainable low carbon tourism, forest accommodation, and sustainable design principles are used to reduce carbon emissions.
    • The National Forest has seen a 35.5% increase in visitor numbers, 36.3% increase in visitor spending, and 36.5% increase in tourism jobs.
    • The forest is used for learning, with funding for infrastructure development, Forest School training, and an outdoor learning network for schools.
    • The forest is also used for green social prescribing to improve mental health and wellbeing, with national cross-governmental 'Test and Learn' pilots.

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    Test your knowledge about climate change with this informative quiz! Learn about the causes, impacts, and responses to this complex issue. Discover the differences between natural and human-induced climate change, and the ways in which greenhouse gases affect our planet. Explore the potential negative impacts on health, food production, housing, and work, and the policies and technologies that can help mitigate these effects. Challenge yourself with questions about renewable energy sources, nuclear energy, and carbon capture and sequestration, and test your understanding of

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