120 Questions
Which type of nutrition occurs during the pre-implantation stage of pregnancy in humans?
Histiotrophic nutrition
What is the function of the chorion in the development of the placenta?
To allow diffusion of nutrients across a few cells
When does haemotrophic nutrition occur during pregnancy?
During the post-implantation stage
Which hormone maintains the functional endometrium and quiets the uterus during pregnancy?
progesterone
Which hormone enlarges the uterus and develops the breasts during pregnancy?
oestrogen
Which hormone stimulates cortisol production via the fetal H-P-adrenal axis?
CRH
Which hormone decreases glucose metabolism and uses fatty acid metabolism in the mother during pregnancy?
hCS/hPL
Which cells migrate into the gonadal ridge during embryo development?
Primordial germ cells
Which gene regulates the development of testis or ovary?
SRY
What hormone is produced by Sertoli cells in males?
Müllerian inhibitory factor/anti-müllerian hormone
Which ducts degenerate in the absence of testosterone?
Mesonephric or wolfiian ducts
Which layer separates the maternal and fetal blood in the placenta?
Syncytiotrophoblast
What is the function of the placenta?
All of the above
When does the placenta become fully functional after fertilization?
End of Week 12
What is the term for the type of placenta where the chorion in decidua capsularis is compressed?
Discoidal haemochorial placenta
During which stage of pregnancy does haemotrophic nutrition occur in humans?
Post-implantation stage
What is the function of the extraembryonic mesoderm in the placenta?
Formation of fetal capillaries
Which type of nutrition occurs during the pre-implantation stage of pregnancy in humans?
Uterine secretion nutrition
Which hormone is responsible for maintaining the functional endometrium, quieting the uterus, developing the breasts, and increasing respiratory tidal volume during pregnancy?
oestrogen
What hormone maintains the corpus luteum, suppresses the maternal immune system, and stimulates cortisol production via the fetal H-P-adrenal axis?
hCG
Which hormone decreases glucose metabolism and uses fatty acid metabolism in the mother, develops the breasts, and increases maternal metabolism during pregnancy?
hCS/hPL
Which hormone enlarges the uterus, develops the breasts, and later relaxes the pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis during pregnancy?
oestrogen
Which cells are responsible for producing testosterone in males?
Leydig cells
What is the role of the SRY gene in sexual development?
It promotes the development of testis and Sertoli cells
Which ducts degenerate in the absence of testosterone?
Mesonephric ducts
What determines the phenotypic sex of an individual?
Phenotypic sex
Which layer separates the maternal and fetal blood in the placenta?
Syncytiotrophoblast
What is the term for the type of placenta where the chorion in decidua capsularis is compressed?
Discoidal haemochorial placenta
What is the function of the chorion in the development of the placenta?
To transport nutrients from maternal circulation to fetus
When does the placenta become fully functional after fertilization?
End of Week 12
Which type of nutrition occurs during the pre-implantation stage of pregnancy in humans?
Histiotrophic nutrition
When does haemotrophic nutrition occur during pregnancy?
During the post-implantation stage
What is the function of the chorion in the development of the placenta?
To produce hormones
Which hormone maintains the functional endometrium and quiets the uterus during pregnancy?
Progesterone
Which hormone enlarges the uterus, develops the breasts, and later relaxes the pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis during pregnancy?
Estrogen
What determines the phenotypic sex of an individual?
The presence of the SRY gene
Which cells migrate into the gonadal ridge during embryo development?
Primordial germ cells
During which week does the development of the placenta start after fertilization?
Week 2
What is the main function of the placenta in the exchange of substances between the fetus and the mother?
Exchanging gases between the fetus and the mother
Which layer separates the maternal and fetal blood in the placenta?
Syncytiotrophoblast
What is the term for the type of placenta where the chorion in decidua capsularis is compressed?
Discoidal haemochorial placenta
When does the placenta become fully functional after fertilization?
End of Week 12
What is the function of the extraembryonic mesoderm in the placenta?
Transporting nutrients from the maternal circulation to the fetus
Which layer of the placenta is responsible for the production of hormones that regulate maternal and fetal organs?
Syncytiotrophoblast
Which hormone is responsible for maintaining the functional endometrium, quieting the uterus, developing the breasts, and increasing respiratory tidal volume during pregnancy?
progesterone
Which hormone decreases glucose metabolism and uses fatty acid metabolism in the mother, develops the breasts, and increases maternal metabolism during pregnancy?
hCS/hPL
Which hormone stimulates cortisol production via the fetal H-P-adrenal axis during pregnancy?
CRH
Which hormone enlarges the uterus, develops the breasts, and later relaxes the pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis during pregnancy?
relaxin
Which hormone maintains the corpus luteum, suppresses the maternal immune system, and stimulates cortisol production via the fetal H-P-adrenal axis during pregnancy?
hCG
Which hormone decreases glucose metabolism and uses fatty acid metabolism in the mother, develops the breasts, and increases maternal metabolism during pregnancy?
hCS/hPL
Which hormone stimulates cortisol production via the fetal H-P-adrenal axis during pregnancy?
CRH
Which cells are responsible for producing testosterone in males?
Leydig cells
What is the role of the SRY gene in sexual development?
It produces testis determining factor (TDF)
During which stage of pregnancy does haemotrophic nutrition occur in humans?
Fetal stage
Which hormone stimulates cortisol production via the fetal H-P-adrenal axis?
ACTH
Which hormone enlarges the uterus and develops the breasts during pregnancy?
Estrogen
Which hormone maintains the corpus luteum, suppresses the maternal immune system, and stimulates cortisol production via the fetal H-P-adrenal axis?
Progesterone
What determines the phenotypic sex of an individual?
Phenotypic sex
Which hormone decreases glucose metabolism and uses fatty acid metabolism in the mother, develops the breasts, and increases maternal metabolism during pregnancy?
Progesterone
What hormone is produced by Sertoli cells in males?
Anti-mullerian hormone
Which layer of the placenta separates the maternal and fetal blood?
Syncytiotrophoblast
What is the term for the type of placenta where the chorion in decidua capsularis is compressed?
Discoidal haemochorial placenta
Which cells differentiate into a decidual type of cell during placental development?
Cytotrophoblast
Which stem villi stage is characterized by the differentiation of mesoderm into connective tissue and blood vessels?
Tertiary stem villi
Which week marks the completion of gasttrulation during placental development?
Week 4
Which blood vessels become highly vascularized and project into the maternal blood supply in the placenta?
Umbilical arteries
Which week marks the full functionality of the placenta after fertilization?
Week 12
During which stage of pregnancy does histiotrophic nutrition occur in humans?
Pre-implantation stage
Which layer of the placenta is responsible for the production of hormones that regulate maternal and fetal organs?
Decidua basalis
Which hormone enlarges the uterus, develops the breasts, and later relaxes the pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis during pregnancy?
Estrogen
Which hormone maintains the corpus luteum, suppresses the maternal immune system, and stimulates cortisol production via the fetal H-P-adrenal axis?
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
What is the function of the chorion in the development of the placenta?
Nutrient transfer from mother to fetus
Which hormone decreases glucose metabolism and uses fatty acid metabolism in the mother, develops the breasts, and increases maternal metabolism during pregnancy?
Progesterone
When does the placenta become fully functional after fertilization?
During the first trimester
Which two chromosomes determine the sex of humans and which one contains the gene responsible for determining maleness?
XX and XY; Y chromosome
What is the role of the SRY gene in sexual development?
It regulates the development of testis or ovary
Which hormone increases the size of the uterus, helps breast tissue development, and stimulates relaxation of pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis during pregnancy?
Estrogen
Which hormone decreases glucose metabolism and uses fatty acid metabolism in the mother, develops the breasts, and increases maternal metabolism during pregnancy?
hCS/hPL
Which hormone maintains the corpus luteum, suppresses the maternal immune system, and stimulates cortisol production via the fetal H-P-adrenal axis during pregnancy?
Progesterone
What is the function of the hCT hormone during pregnancy?
Increases maternal metabolism
Which hormone stimulates cortisol production via the fetal H-P-adrenal axis during pregnancy?
CRH
During which stage of development do primordial germ cells migrate into the gonadal ridge?
During embryonic development
Which cells produce müllerian inhibitory factor/anti-müllerian hormone (MIF/AMH)?
Sertoli cells
Which cells produce testosterone in males?
Leydig cells
Which cells produce melanin inhibitory factor?
Primordial germ cells
Which ducts turn into the epididymis and the ductus deferens?
Mesonephric ducts
When does the ongoing influence of testosterone promote testicular descent?
During fetal development
What happens if there is no SRY gene present?
No testes determining factor is produced
What determines the genetic sex of an individual?
Presence of the Y chromosome
What determines the phenotypic sex of an individual?
Presence of the SRY gene
What are the meiotic events that occur during spermatogenesis?
Meiosis I and Meiosis II
What determines the sex of a sperm?
The presence of an X or Y chromosome
What is the role of the SRY gene in sexual development?
It produces testis determining factor (TDF) which promotes testis and Sertoli cell development
What are the two types of daughter cells produced during spermatogenesis?
Type A daughter cells and Type B daughter cells
What is the function of the Sertoli cells?
They support the development of sperm cells
What is the function of the Leydig cells?
They produce testosterone
What is the function of the Müllerian inhibitory factor (MIF/AMH)?
It inhibits the development of Müllerian ducts in males
What is the process by which the testes descend into the scrotum?
Testicular descent
What determines the genetic sex of an individual?
The presence or absence of the Y chromosome
What are the roles of progesterone during pregnancy?
Progesterone maintains the functional endometrium, quietens the uterus, develops breasts, and increases respiratory tidal volume.
What are the roles of hCS/hPL during pregnancy?
hCS/hPL decreases glucose metabolism and uses fatty acid metabolism in the mother, and develops breasts.
What are the roles of CRH during pregnancy?
CRH stimulates cortisol production via the fetal H-P-adrenal axis.
What are the roles of hCT during pregnancy?
hCT decreases glucose metabolism and uses fatty acid metabolism in the mother, and develops breasts.
What hormones are responsible for the enlargement of the uterus, development of breasts, and relaxation of pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis during pregnancy?
Estrogen and relaxin are responsible for these changes.
What is the function of the SRY gene in sexual development?
The SRY gene on the Y chromosome controls 'maleness' and determines genetic sex, gonadal sex, and phenotypic sex.
What determines the sex of an individual in humans?
The sex chromosomes (X and Y) determine the sex of an individual. Females have XX chromosomes, while males have XY chromosomes.
What are the functions of the placenta in maternal and fetal circulation?
The placenta transports nutrients from maternal circulation to the fetus, exchanges gases between the fetus and mother (CO2), excretes fetal waste into the maternal compartment, has an immunomodulatory role in maternal acceptance of the fetus, delivers maternal antibodies to the fetus (passive immunity), and produces hormones that regulate maternal and fetal organs.
Describe the process of placental development from Week 2 to Week 4½.
Placental development starts from the beginning of Week 2 and is fully functional by the end of Week 12 after fertilization. During this time, the extra-embryonic mesoderm lines the cytotrophoblast and forms the chorion and chorionic villi. The chorion and villi of the embryo combine with the maternal decidua basalis to form the true placenta. The chorionic villi become highly vascularized and project into the maternal blood supply. The maternal and fetal blood are separated by syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast, villus connective tissue, and fetal capillary endothelium.
What is the structure of the placenta at Week 13?
At Week 13, the placenta is discoidal and haemochorial. The chorion in the decidua capsularis is compressed, and the placenta is fully functional by this stage. The maternal and fetal blood are in direct contact with each other, separated by syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast, villus connective tissue, and fetal capillary endothelium.
What is the role of the syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast, villus connective tissue, and fetal capillary endothelium in the placenta?
These structures separate the maternal and fetal blood in the placenta. They allow for the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste, and other substances between the maternal and fetal circulation.
What is the function of the chorion in the development of the placenta?
The chorion, along with the chorionic villi, combines with the maternal decidua basalis to form the true placenta. It plays a crucial role in the exchange of gases and nutrients between the fetus and mother.
What is the term for the type of placenta where the chorion in decidua capsularis is compressed?
The term for this type of placenta is discoidal haemochorial placenta.
What are the functions of the placenta in maternal and fetal circulation?
The placenta transports nutrients from maternal circulation to the fetus, exchanges gases between the fetus and mother (CO2), excretes fetal waste into the maternal compartment, has an immunomodulatory role in maternal acceptance of the fetus, delivers maternal antibodies to the fetus (passive immunity), and produces hormones that regulate maternal and fetal organs.
Explain the basic development, structure, and function of the placenta.
The placenta is an organ that develops during pregnancy and plays a crucial role in providing nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus. It forms from the interaction between the embryonic trophoblast cells and the maternal endometrium. The placenta consists of two main layers: the fetal-derived chorion and the maternal-derived decidua. The chorion contains chorionic villi that project into the maternal blood spaces, allowing for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products. The decidua provides support and protection for the developing embryo/fetus. The placenta also produces hormones, such as human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), progesterone, and estrogen, which regulate maternal and fetal physiological processes.
Describe the impact of pregnancy and placental hormones on the maternal anatomy, metabolism, and physiology of major body systems.
Pregnancy and placental hormones have significant effects on the maternal body. During pregnancy, the uterus enlarges as a result of increased cell size and number. The breasts undergo changes to prepare for lactation, including growth and increased vascularity. The cardiovascular system adapts to accommodate increased blood volume and cardiac output. The respiratory system experiences changes, such as increased oxygen consumption and tidal volume. The endocrine system is also affected, with increased production of hormones like progesterone and estrogen by the placenta. These hormones regulate various physiological processes in the mother, including metabolism, immune function, and fluid balance.
Apply the principles of sexual differentiation to the development of the reproductive tract.
Sexual differentiation of the reproductive tract involves the determination of sex and the subsequent development of male or female reproductive structures. The presence of the Y chromosome and the SRY gene determine the development of testes. The testes then release testosterone, which stimulates the development of the male reproductive tract, including the Wolffian ducts and the differentiation of the external genitalia. In the absence of testosterone, the Müllerian ducts develop into the female reproductive tract, and the external genitalia differentiate into the female phenotype. The process of sexual differentiation is complex and involves the interplay of various genetic and hormonal factors.
What are the two types of nutrition that occur during different stages of pregnancy?
During the pre-implantation stage (up to blastocyst stage), nutrients are derived from uterine secretions, a process known as histiotrophic nutrition. After implantation, nutrients are derived from maternal blood, a process known as hemotrophic nutrition.
Explain the role of the chorion in the development of the placenta.
The chorion is a fetal-derived membrane that plays a crucial role in the development of the placenta. It contains chorionic villi, finger-like projections that extend into the maternal blood spaces in the uterus. These villi facilitate the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the maternal and fetal circulations. The chorion also produces hormones, such as human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which maintains the corpus luteum and supports early pregnancy, and other hormones involved in regulating maternal and fetal physiological processes.
What is the significance of the extraembryonic mesoderm in placental development?
The extraembryonic mesoderm is a layer of cells that forms during placental development. It plays a crucial role in the formation of blood vessels within the developing placenta. These blood vessels are essential for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the maternal and fetal circulations. The extraembryonic mesoderm also contributes to the structural support of the developing placenta.
Which cells are responsible for producing hormones in the placenta?
The syncytiotrophoblast cells, which are part of the chorionic villi, are responsible for producing hormones in the placenta. These hormones include human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), progesterone, and estrogen. These hormones play crucial roles in maintaining pregnancy, regulating maternal physiological processes, and supporting fetal development.
Test your knowledge on the hormones and processes involved in pregnancy with this quiz. Explore concepts such as diffusion across tissue layers, endometrium maintenance, myometrium contractions, breast tissue development, uterus enlargement, pelvic relaxation, and the role of hormones like progesterone, oestrogen, and hCG.
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