Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for the fight or flight response?
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for the fight or flight response?
- Sympathetic nervous system (correct)
- Enteric nervous system
- Somatic nervous system
- Parasympathetic nervous system
Where do sympathetic axons become myelinated?
Where do sympathetic axons become myelinated?
- After reaching the target effector
- Before reaching the target effector (correct)
- In the chain ganglia
- At the collateral ganglia
Which system is associated with digestion and absorption?
Which system is associated with digestion and absorption?
- Somatic nervous system
- Sympathetic nervous system
- Enteric nervous system (correct)
- Parasympathetic nervous system
From which part of the spinal cord does the sympathetic division originate?
From which part of the spinal cord does the sympathetic division originate?
What happens when PLC splits a phospholipid?
What happens when PLC splits a phospholipid?
What is the result of downregulation in cells?
What is the result of downregulation in cells?
What is the role of the pituitary gland in the endocrine system?
What is the role of the pituitary gland in the endocrine system?
Which hormone is associated with a positive feedback loop during childbirth?
Which hormone is associated with a positive feedback loop during childbirth?
How does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) affect the kidneys?
How does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) affect the kidneys?
Which hormones regulate the activity of the gonads?
Which hormones regulate the activity of the gonads?
What does prolactin activate in women?
What does prolactin activate in women?
What stimulates melanin formation in melanocytes in response to UV light?
What stimulates melanin formation in melanocytes in response to UV light?
Growth hormone promotes which of the following?
Growth hormone promotes which of the following?
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) regulates the activity of which gland?
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) regulates the activity of which gland?
Which action is triggered by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)?
Which action is triggered by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)?
What happens if too much antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released?
What happens if too much antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released?
Which part of the brain communicates to the spinal cord through the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus?
Which part of the brain communicates to the spinal cord through the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus?
What is the primary function of the medulla mentioned in the text?
What is the primary function of the medulla mentioned in the text?
Which type of chemicals are made by the body?
Which type of chemicals are made by the body?
What effect does nicotine have on blood vessels according to the text?
What effect does nicotine have on blood vessels according to the text?
Which category do steroid hormones fall into?
Which category do steroid hormones fall into?
Where do lipid soluble hormones travel to in order to cause a change in the cell?
Where do lipid soluble hormones travel to in order to cause a change in the cell?
What is the primary function of endocrine hormones as described in the text?
What is the primary function of endocrine hormones as described in the text?
What are the two large categories into which hormones fall as per the text?
What are the two large categories into which hormones fall as per the text?
What is the main reason why erythrocytes do not normally leave the blood?
What is the main reason why erythrocytes do not normally leave the blood?
What is the role of a reticulocyte in the body?
What is the role of a reticulocyte in the body?
What is the function of hemoglobin in erythrocytes?
What is the function of hemoglobin in erythrocytes?
What is the most common cause of iron deficient anemia?
What is the most common cause of iron deficient anemia?
What happens to a leukocyte during diapedesis?
What happens to a leukocyte during diapedesis?
Which type of leukocyte intensifies inflammation similar to mast cells?
Which type of leukocyte intensifies inflammation similar to mast cells?
What is the main function of B cells in the immune system?
What is the main function of B cells in the immune system?
What is the difference between granular and agranular leukocytes?
What is the difference between granular and agranular leukocytes?
What does a pulse oximeter measure in the blood?
What does a pulse oximeter measure in the blood?
What is the primary role of monocytes in the body?
What is the primary role of monocytes in the body?
What condition is characterized by an overproduction of leukocytes that may not function properly?
What condition is characterized by an overproduction of leukocytes that may not function properly?
What hormone is responsible for decreasing blood glucose levels by getting glucose into cells that need energy?
What hormone is responsible for decreasing blood glucose levels by getting glucose into cells that need energy?
Which hormone is produced in response to atrial stretch and inhibits renin secretion and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?
Which hormone is produced in response to atrial stretch and inhibits renin secretion and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?
Which hormone is responsible for releasing hydrochloric acid in response to stomach distention?
Which hormone is responsible for releasing hydrochloric acid in response to stomach distention?
What does glucagon do in the body?
What does glucagon do in the body?
Which hormone stimulates blood cell production in the bone marrow?
Which hormone stimulates blood cell production in the bone marrow?
What hormone is produced by the pancreas and inhibits release of insulin and glucagon?
What hormone is produced by the pancreas and inhibits release of insulin and glucagon?
Which organ is responsible for converting cholecalciferol to its active form of calcitriol?
Which organ is responsible for converting cholecalciferol to its active form of calcitriol?
What is the role of fibroblast growth factor 23?
What is the role of fibroblast growth factor 23?
What organ produces insulin like growth factor?
What organ produces insulin like growth factor?
What does aldosterone do in the body?
What does aldosterone do in the body?
What hormone is responsible for making a person feel full after eating and regulating bone metabolism?
What hormone is responsible for making a person feel full after eating and regulating bone metabolism?
What is the primary role of erythrocytes in the body?
What is the primary role of erythrocytes in the body?
Which hormone stimulates platelet production?
Which hormone stimulates platelet production?
Where does hemopoiesis, the regeneration of blood cells, primarily occur?
Where does hemopoiesis, the regeneration of blood cells, primarily occur?
Which protein is responsible for clotting and is important for coagulation?
Which protein is responsible for clotting and is important for coagulation?
What is the primary function of white blood cells (WBC) in the body?
What is the primary function of white blood cells (WBC) in the body?
Which hormone can contribute to osteoporosis if its levels are increased?
Which hormone can contribute to osteoporosis if its levels are increased?
What is the main function of plasma in the blood?
What is the main function of plasma in the blood?
Which hormone stimulates resistance to disease and inflammation?
Which hormone stimulates resistance to disease and inflammation?
What is the primary function of platelets in the blood?
What is the primary function of platelets in the blood?
Which organ mainly produces erythropoietin to stimulate red blood cell production?
Which organ mainly produces erythropoietin to stimulate red blood cell production?
What are the main components of plasma in blood?
What are the main components of plasma in blood?
What is the function of hemoglobin in erythrocytes?
What is the function of hemoglobin in erythrocytes?
What is the main function of the parathyroid hormone (PH)?
What is the main function of the parathyroid hormone (PH)?
Which of the following hormones is produced by the adrenal medulla?
Which of the following hormones is produced by the adrenal medulla?
What is the primary role of the pineal gland in the endocrine system?
What is the primary role of the pineal gland in the endocrine system?
Which hormone stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid in response to stomach distention?
Which hormone stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid in response to stomach distention?
What is the main function of melatonin in the human body?
What is the main function of melatonin in the human body?
Which of the following is a function of testosterone in males?
Which of the following is a function of testosterone in males?
What is the most common hormone produced by the adrenal cortex?
What is the most common hormone produced by the adrenal cortex?
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What type of hormones does the adrenal cortex produce?
What type of hormones does the adrenal cortex produce?
What is a possible effect of increased production of parathyroid hormone (PH)?
What is a possible effect of increased production of parathyroid hormone (PH)?
Which hormone is responsible for promoting wakefulness by suppressing melatonin secretion?
Which hormone is responsible for promoting wakefulness by suppressing melatonin secretion?
Where do sympathetic fibers running to the adrenal medulla have no synapse?
Where do sympathetic fibers running to the adrenal medulla have no synapse?
What type of synapse is activated by acetylcholine (Ach)?
What type of synapse is activated by acetylcholine (Ach)?
Which cranial nerve carries fibers to control pupil size?
Which cranial nerve carries fibers to control pupil size?
What is the main difference between cholinergic and adrenergic synapses?
What is the main difference between cholinergic and adrenergic synapses?
In which type of reflex does the efferent response originate in the periphery?
In which type of reflex does the efferent response originate in the periphery?
What is a varicosity in the context of autonomic control?
What is a varicosity in the context of autonomic control?
What is the primary reason for orthostatic hypotension?
What is the primary reason for orthostatic hypotension?
Which system exerts more control over the heart under normal conditions?
Which system exerts more control over the heart under normal conditions?
What is an example of autonomic tone in organ function?
What is an example of autonomic tone in organ function?
"Referred pain" is most commonly felt in which unexpected area?
"Referred pain" is most commonly felt in which unexpected area?
What is a characteristic of autonomic reflexes compared to somatic reflexes?
What is a characteristic of autonomic reflexes compared to somatic reflexes?
In autonomic control, where are synapses at target effectors located?
In autonomic control, where are synapses at target effectors located?
Study Notes
Nervous System and Response Mechanisms
- The sympathetic division of the nervous system is responsible for the fight or flight response.
- Sympathetic axons become myelinated in the preganglionic fibers as they emerge from the thoracolumbar region.
- The parasympathetic system is associated with digestion and absorption, facilitating energy conservation.
Endocrine System Functions
- The pituitary gland plays a crucial role in regulating other endocrine glands and hormonal activities.
- Oxytocin is associated with a positive feedback loop during childbirth, enhancing uterine contractions.
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates kidney function by promoting water reabsorption to concentrate urine.
- Hormones such as gonadotropins (FSH and LH) regulate the activity of the gonads (ovaries and testes).
Hormonal Impacts and Feedback
- Prolactin activates milk production in women.
- Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) stimulates melanin formation in response to UV light exposure.
- Growth hormone promotes overall growth and metabolic regulation.
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) regulates the activity of the thyroid gland.
Stress Responses and Regulation
- Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) triggers the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which influences cortisol secretion.
- Overproduction of ADH can lead to water retention and hyponatremia (low sodium levels).
Brain and Control Mechanisms
- The hypothalamus communicates with the spinal cord through the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus, coordinating autonomic functions.
- The medulla regulates vital autonomic processes such as heart rate and breathing.
Chemical Communication
- The body produces endogenous chemicals like hormones and neurotransmitters that are vital for homeostasis.
- Nicotine causes vasoconstriction in blood vessels, affecting circulation.
- Steroid hormones belong to the lipid-soluble category and can directly alter gene expression in target cells.
Hematological Functions
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells) primarily function in oxygen transport due to the presence of hemoglobin.
- The reticulocyte is an immature red blood cell important for monitoring erythropoiesis (red blood cell production).
- Iron deficient anemia is commonly caused by inadequate dietary iron or absorption issues.
- A leukocyte can undergo diapedesis, moving through blood vessel walls to reach tissue sites of infection.
Immune Response Insights
- B cells are crucial for antibody production in the adaptive immune system.
- Granular leukocytes (like basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) contain granules with enzymes for pathogen destruction, unlike agranular leukocytes (like lymphocytes and monocytes).
- A pulse oximeter measures blood oxygen saturation, reflecting respiratory efficiency.
Hormonal Functions and Regulation
- Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by facilitating glucose uptake in cells.
- Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) inhibits renin secretion to decrease blood pressure.
- Gastrin is released when the stomach distends, stimulating hydrochloric acid secretion for digestion.
- Glucagon raises blood glucose levels by promoting glycogen breakdown in the liver.
- Erythropoietin stimulates red blood cell production mainly in the kidneys.
Components and Characteristics of Blood
- Blood plasma is primarily composed of water, electrolytes, proteins, hormones, and nutrients.
- Parathyroid hormone (PH) regulates calcium levels in the body, with increased levels potentially leading to bone resorption.
- The adrenal medulla produces catecholamines (like adrenaline) that prepare the body for stress.
Neural Transmission Dynamics
- Acetylcholine (ACh) activates cholinergic synapses, important for motor control.
- Cranial nerve III (oculomotor nerve) controls pupil size in response to light.
- Cholinergic synapses are characterized by ACh use, while adrenergic synapses use norepinephrine for communication.
Reflex Actions and Autonomic Control
- Reflexes originating in the periphery are classified as autonomic reflexes.
- Varicosities in autonomic control are swellings along nerve fibers that release neurotransmitters for local influence.
- Orthostatic hypotension occurs due to blood pooling in the lower body when standing, causing reduced blood flow to the brain.
- The parasympathetic system exerts more control over resting physiological processes compared to the sympathetic system.
Miscellaneous
- "Referred pain" commonly manifests in areas distant from the actual source of pain.
- Autonomic reflexes differ from somatic reflexes in that they typically involve involuntary control and regulation of internal organ functions.
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Description
Test your knowledge about hormones involved in blood pressure regulation, platelet production, iron release, and the changes in hormonal production with growth and aging. Explore the effects of aging on hormone levels and the influence of time on insulin sensitivity.
