Hormones and Blood Regulation Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which part of the nervous system is responsible for the fight or flight response?

  • Sympathetic nervous system (correct)
  • Enteric nervous system
  • Somatic nervous system
  • Parasympathetic nervous system

    • Where do sympathetic axons become myelinated?

  • After reaching the target effector
  • Before reaching the target effector (correct)
  • In the chain ganglia
  • At the collateral ganglia

    • Which system is associated with digestion and absorption?

  • Somatic nervous system
  • Sympathetic nervous system
  • Enteric nervous system (correct)
  • Parasympathetic nervous system

    • From which part of the spinal cord does the sympathetic division originate?

    <p>Thoracolumbar region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when PLC splits a phospholipid?

    <p>It activates protein kinases to start phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of downregulation in cells?

    <p>Decreased number of receptors due to overstimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the pituitary gland in the endocrine system?

    <p>Storing and secreting hormones produced in the hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is associated with a positive feedback loop during childbirth?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) affect the kidneys?

    <p>Promotes water reabsorption by the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones regulate the activity of the gonads?

    <p>Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does prolactin activate in women?

    <p>Lactation and development of mammary glands if pregnant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates melanin formation in melanocytes in response to UV light?

    <p><strong>MRH</strong> (Melanin-releasing hormone)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Growth hormone promotes which of the following?

    <p><strong>Protein synthesis and tissue building</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) regulates the activity of which gland?

    <p>Thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is triggered by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)?

    <p>Stimulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the anterior pituitary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if too much antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released?

    <p>Enhanced water reabsorption by kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain communicates to the spinal cord through the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the medulla mentioned in the text?

    <p>Control of respiratory rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of chemicals are made by the body?

    <p>Endogenous chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does nicotine have on blood vessels according to the text?

    <p>It constricts blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category do steroid hormones fall into?

    <p>Lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do lipid soluble hormones travel to in order to cause a change in the cell?

    <p>Cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of endocrine hormones as described in the text?

    <p>Controlling reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two large categories into which hormones fall as per the text?

    <p>Amino acids and lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why erythrocytes do not normally leave the blood?

    <p>They lack mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum for energy production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a reticulocyte in the body?

    <p>Maturing into erythrocytes to replace aging cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of hemoglobin in erythrocytes?

    <p>Attaching to oxygen molecules for transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of iron deficient anemia?

    <p>Blood loss from injury or menstruation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a leukocyte during diapedesis?

    <p>It travels through blood vessels and body tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leukocyte intensifies inflammation similar to mast cells?

    <p>Basophil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of B cells in the immune system?

    <p>Producing antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between granular and agranular leukocytes?

    <p><strong>Granular leukocytes</strong> have granules in their cytoplasm while agranular leukocytes do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a pulse oximeter measure in the blood?

    <p>Percent saturation of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of monocytes in the body?

    <p>Cleaning up the body as macrophages and dendritic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by an overproduction of leukocytes that may not function properly?

    <p>Leukemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is responsible for decreasing blood glucose levels by getting glucose into cells that need energy?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is produced in response to atrial stretch and inhibits renin secretion and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?

    <p>Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for releasing hydrochloric acid in response to stomach distention?

    <p>Gastrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does glucagon do in the body?

    <p>Increases blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates blood cell production in the bone marrow?

    <p>Erythropoietin (EPO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is produced by the pancreas and inhibits release of insulin and glucagon?

    <p>Somatostatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is responsible for converting cholecalciferol to its active form of calcitriol?

    <p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of fibroblast growth factor 23?

    <p>Inhibits calcitriol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organ produces insulin like growth factor?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does aldosterone do in the body?

    <p>Keeps blood volume high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is responsible for making a person feel full after eating and regulating bone metabolism?

    <p>Leptin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of erythrocytes in the body?

    <p>Transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates platelet production?

    <p>Thrombopoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does hemopoiesis, the regeneration of blood cells, primarily occur?

    <p>Red marrow in bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is responsible for clotting and is important for coagulation?

    <p>Fibrinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of white blood cells (WBC) in the body?

    <p>Protecting against external and internal threats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone can contribute to osteoporosis if its levels are increased?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of plasma in the blood?

    <p>Removing waste from body cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates resistance to disease and inflammation?

    <p>Cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of platelets in the blood?

    <p>Stopping bleeding through coagulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ mainly produces erythropoietin to stimulate red blood cell production?

    <p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main components of plasma in blood?

    <p>Water and electrolytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of hemoglobin in erythrocytes?

    <p>Transporting carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs for exhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the parathyroid hormone (PH)?

    <p>Increases blood calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is produced by the adrenal medulla?

    <p>Epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the pineal gland in the endocrine system?

    <p>Secretion of melatonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid in response to stomach distention?

    <p>Gastrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of melatonin in the human body?

    <p>Affects circadian rhythms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of testosterone in males?

    <p>Develops secondary sex characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common hormone produced by the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    1

    <p>Increases metabolic rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hormones does the adrenal cortex produce?

    <p>Steroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible effect of increased production of parathyroid hormone (PH)?

    <p>Severe bone cell breakdown and osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for promoting wakefulness by suppressing melatonin secretion?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do sympathetic fibers running to the adrenal medulla have no synapse?

    <p>In a ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of synapse is activated by acetylcholine (Ach)?

    <p>Cholinergic synapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve carries fibers to control pupil size?

    <p>CN III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between cholinergic and adrenergic synapses?

    <p>Type of neurotransmitter released</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of reflex does the efferent response originate in the periphery?

    <p>Short reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a varicosity in the context of autonomic control?

    <p>An area of a nerve that houses neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for orthostatic hypotension?

    <p>To keep a steady flow of oxygen to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system exerts more control over the heart under normal conditions?

    <p>Parasympathetic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of autonomic tone in organ function?

    <p>Saliva production under parasympathetic control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Referred pain" is most commonly felt in which unexpected area?

    <p>Internal organs and deep tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of autonomic reflexes compared to somatic reflexes?

    <p>Afferent signal runs into the ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In autonomic control, where are synapses at target effectors located?

    <p>At terminal ganglia near target effectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nervous System and Response Mechanisms

    • The sympathetic division of the nervous system is responsible for the fight or flight response.
    • Sympathetic axons become myelinated in the preganglionic fibers as they emerge from the thoracolumbar region.
    • The parasympathetic system is associated with digestion and absorption, facilitating energy conservation.

    Endocrine System Functions

    • The pituitary gland plays a crucial role in regulating other endocrine glands and hormonal activities.
    • Oxytocin is associated with a positive feedback loop during childbirth, enhancing uterine contractions.
    • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates kidney function by promoting water reabsorption to concentrate urine.
    • Hormones such as gonadotropins (FSH and LH) regulate the activity of the gonads (ovaries and testes).

    Hormonal Impacts and Feedback

    • Prolactin activates milk production in women.
    • Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) stimulates melanin formation in response to UV light exposure.
    • Growth hormone promotes overall growth and metabolic regulation.
    • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) regulates the activity of the thyroid gland.

    Stress Responses and Regulation

    • Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) triggers the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which influences cortisol secretion.
    • Overproduction of ADH can lead to water retention and hyponatremia (low sodium levels).

    Brain and Control Mechanisms

    • The hypothalamus communicates with the spinal cord through the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus, coordinating autonomic functions.
    • The medulla regulates vital autonomic processes such as heart rate and breathing.

    Chemical Communication

    • The body produces endogenous chemicals like hormones and neurotransmitters that are vital for homeostasis.
    • Nicotine causes vasoconstriction in blood vessels, affecting circulation.
    • Steroid hormones belong to the lipid-soluble category and can directly alter gene expression in target cells.

    Hematological Functions

    • Erythrocytes (red blood cells) primarily function in oxygen transport due to the presence of hemoglobin.
    • The reticulocyte is an immature red blood cell important for monitoring erythropoiesis (red blood cell production).
    • Iron deficient anemia is commonly caused by inadequate dietary iron or absorption issues.
    • A leukocyte can undergo diapedesis, moving through blood vessel walls to reach tissue sites of infection.

    Immune Response Insights

    • B cells are crucial for antibody production in the adaptive immune system.
    • Granular leukocytes (like basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) contain granules with enzymes for pathogen destruction, unlike agranular leukocytes (like lymphocytes and monocytes).
    • A pulse oximeter measures blood oxygen saturation, reflecting respiratory efficiency.

    Hormonal Functions and Regulation

    • Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by facilitating glucose uptake in cells.
    • Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) inhibits renin secretion to decrease blood pressure.
    • Gastrin is released when the stomach distends, stimulating hydrochloric acid secretion for digestion.
    • Glucagon raises blood glucose levels by promoting glycogen breakdown in the liver.
    • Erythropoietin stimulates red blood cell production mainly in the kidneys.

    Components and Characteristics of Blood

    • Blood plasma is primarily composed of water, electrolytes, proteins, hormones, and nutrients.
    • Parathyroid hormone (PH) regulates calcium levels in the body, with increased levels potentially leading to bone resorption.
    • The adrenal medulla produces catecholamines (like adrenaline) that prepare the body for stress.

    Neural Transmission Dynamics

    • Acetylcholine (ACh) activates cholinergic synapses, important for motor control.
    • Cranial nerve III (oculomotor nerve) controls pupil size in response to light.
    • Cholinergic synapses are characterized by ACh use, while adrenergic synapses use norepinephrine for communication.

    Reflex Actions and Autonomic Control

    • Reflexes originating in the periphery are classified as autonomic reflexes.
    • Varicosities in autonomic control are swellings along nerve fibers that release neurotransmitters for local influence.
    • Orthostatic hypotension occurs due to blood pooling in the lower body when standing, causing reduced blood flow to the brain.
    • The parasympathetic system exerts more control over resting physiological processes compared to the sympathetic system.

    Miscellaneous

    • "Referred pain" commonly manifests in areas distant from the actual source of pain.
    • Autonomic reflexes differ from somatic reflexes in that they typically involve involuntary control and regulation of internal organ functions.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge about hormones involved in blood pressure regulation, platelet production, iron release, and the changes in hormonal production with growth and aging. Explore the effects of aging on hormone levels and the influence of time on insulin sensitivity.

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