Hormones and Blood Regulation
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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of the sympathetic nervous system?

  • To dilate bronchioles
  • To release epinephrine and norepinephrine (correct)
  • To increase blood flow to the digestive organs
  • To reduce heart rate

    • Where does the sympathetic division originate from?

  • Cervical spine
  • Sacral spine
  • Thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord (correct)
  • Lumbar spine

    • What is the function of the collateral ganglia associated with the enteric nervous system?

  • To deal with digestion and absorption (correct)
  • To activate sweat glands
  • To increase blood pressure
  • To dilate eyes

    • What is the nature of sympathetic axons before and after the ganglia?

    <p>Before the ganglia, they are unmyelinated and short; after the ganglia, they are myelinated and long</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fibers run to the adrenal medulla and are long and myelinated?

    <p>Sympathetic fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve carries fibers to control pupil size?

    <p>CN III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of synapses are activated by acetylcholine (Ach)?

    <p>Cholinergic synapses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors does the adrenergic system have?

    <p>Alpha and beta receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the area of a nerve that houses neurotransmitters but is not at the end like in the somatic nervous system?

    <p>Varicosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reflex must synapse in the CNS?

    <p>Long reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for autonomic reflexes, especially in the aorta and carotid arteries?

    <p>Baroreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is autonomic control bilateral?

    <p>At the target effectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is under parasympathetic tone and only begins to work under activity or disease states?

    <p>Heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for BP and HR increasing when a person stands up and changes head altitude?

    <p>Orthostatic hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors do most organs have for both sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation?

    <p>Adrenergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause autonomic pain to be felt in an unexpected area?

    <p>Referred pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for increasing sodium levels?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of parathyroid hormone (PH)?

    <p>Increasing blood calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the retina of the eye to inhibit melatonin secretion?

    <p>Photons of light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is found superior to the kidneys and has two parts, the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla?

    <p>Adrenal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of thyroid hormone (TH) in the body?

    <p>Regulating metabolic rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is produced by the pineal gland and affects circadian rhythms and body temperature?

    <p>Melatonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common hormone produced by the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes an increase in heart rate, contractility, and blood pressure?

    <p>Increased levels of T3 and T4 hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone inhibits follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)?

    <p>Inhibin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the fight or flight response?

    <p>Epinephrine and norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes Cushing’s disease?

    <p>Too much cortisol production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of calcitonin?

    <p>Decreasing blood calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of thrombopoietin?

    <p>Stimulating platelet production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone decreases with aging and can contribute to osteoporosis?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of white blood cells (WBC) in the body?

    <p>Protecting from external and internal threats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of plasma in the blood?

    <p>Carrying oxygen and nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is responsible for transporting fatty acids and steroid hormones in the blood?

    <p>Albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells do lymphoid stem cells become during hematopoiesis?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does hematopoiesis primarily occur in adults?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of erythrocytes in the body?

    <p>Carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of plasma proteins known as globulins?

    <p>Acting as antibodies or immunoglobulins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a measure of the percentage of red blood cells in blood?

    <p>Hematocrit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important function of platelets in the body?

    <p>Stopping bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason that erythrocytes live through anaerobic respiration?

    <p>They lack mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a reticulocyte?

    <p>To form mature erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do erythrocytes have a thin middle and a plump periphery?

    <p>To increase surface area for gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What materials are essential for producing an erythrocyte?

    <p>Iron, copper, zinc, and B vitamins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to erythrocytes after about 120 days?

    <p>They are recycled and used again</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hemoglobin in erythrocytes?

    <p>Attach to oxygen molecules for transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a pulse oximeter measure in the blood?

    <p>Percent saturation of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by the shape of the erythrocyte being changed and carrying less oxygen?

    <p>Sickle cell anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of neutrophils among granular leukocytes?

    <p>Quickly respond to bacterial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of basophils among granular leukocytes?

    <p>Intensify inflammation like mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lymphocytes in the immune system?

    <p>Produce antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a cause of vitamin deficient anemia?

    <p>Lack of vitamin B12 or folate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain communicates with the spinal cord through the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus?

    <p>Forebrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the nervous system is responsible for increasing heart output and constricting blood vessels?

    <p>Sympathetic division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of chemicals come from outside the body and can have a broad range of effects on the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Exogenous chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug enhances the sympathetic response by firing all preganglionic fibers in both divisions?

    <p>Nicotine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of anticholinergic drugs in relation to the parasympathetic response?

    <p>Reduce the parasympathetic response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of hormones from amino acids?

    <p>They have shorter half-lives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone receptor does not cause a second messenger response inside the cell?

    <p>Thyroid hormone receptor in the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cyclic adenosine phosphate (cAMP) as a second messenger?

    <p>It allows for an intense response to a small amount of hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of phosphodiesterase (PDE) in relation to cAMP?

    <p>It turns off cAMP production quickly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does phospholipase C (PLC) do when activated by a G protein?

    <p>Splits a phospholipid into diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol triphosphate (IP3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the alternate second messenger activated by some hormones?

    <p>Calcium ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hormones come from cholesterol and have longer half-lives?

    <p>Steroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that happens when a cell decreases the number of receptors due to excessive stimulation?

    <p>Downregulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect enables one hormone to facilitate the action of another hormone?

    <p>Permissive effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland serves as the command center for the endocrine system?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone, associated with childbirth, is secreted by the posterior pituitary during a positive feedback loop?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland?

    <p>Infundibulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone regulates thyroid activity by activating thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?

    <p>Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance is the center of hormone production in the thyroid gland and is dependent on iodine?

    <p>Colloid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates melanin formation in response to UV light?

    <p>[MRH]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of growth hormone (GH) in the body?

    <p>[GH] promotes protein synthesis and tissue building.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone signals the anterior pituitary to release gonadotropins, regulating reproductive activity?

    <p>[GnRH]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of estrogen?

    <p>Develops the reproductive system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for decreasing blood glucose levels by facilitating glucose entry into cells?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid in the stomach in response to stomach distention?

    <p>Gastrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is produced by the pancreas and increases blood glucose levels through glycogenolysis?

    <p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is responsible for the production of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in response to atrial stretch?

    <p>Heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of erythropoietin (EPO) in the body?

    <p>Stimulates blood cell production in bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone, produced by the kidneys, leads to aldosterone production to maintain high blood volume?

    <p>Renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of leptin, produced by adipose tissue?

    <p>Makes a person feel full after eating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the active form of vitamin D, converted from cholecalciferol in the kidneys?

    <p>Calcitriol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of thymosins produced by the thymus?

    <p>Helps develop T lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is an intermediate stimulus to help bone growth and is produced by the liver?

    <p>Insulin like growth factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of fibroblast growth factor 23 which is produced by the skeleton?

    <p>Inhibits calcitriol production</p> Signup and view all the answers

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