Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main function of the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the main function of the sympathetic nervous system?
- To dilate bronchioles
- To release epinephrine and norepinephrine (correct)
- To increase blood flow to the digestive organs
- To reduce heart rate
Where does the sympathetic division originate from?
Where does the sympathetic division originate from?
- Cervical spine
- Sacral spine
- Thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord (correct)
- Lumbar spine
What is the function of the collateral ganglia associated with the enteric nervous system?
What is the function of the collateral ganglia associated with the enteric nervous system?
- To deal with digestion and absorption (correct)
- To activate sweat glands
- To increase blood pressure
- To dilate eyes
What is the nature of sympathetic axons before and after the ganglia?
What is the nature of sympathetic axons before and after the ganglia?
What type of fibers run to the adrenal medulla and are long and myelinated?
What type of fibers run to the adrenal medulla and are long and myelinated?
Which cranial nerve carries fibers to control pupil size?
Which cranial nerve carries fibers to control pupil size?
What type of synapses are activated by acetylcholine (Ach)?
What type of synapses are activated by acetylcholine (Ach)?
Which receptors does the adrenergic system have?
Which receptors does the adrenergic system have?
What is the term used to describe the area of a nerve that houses neurotransmitters but is not at the end like in the somatic nervous system?
What is the term used to describe the area of a nerve that houses neurotransmitters but is not at the end like in the somatic nervous system?
Which reflex must synapse in the CNS?
Which reflex must synapse in the CNS?
What is responsible for autonomic reflexes, especially in the aorta and carotid arteries?
What is responsible for autonomic reflexes, especially in the aorta and carotid arteries?
Where is autonomic control bilateral?
Where is autonomic control bilateral?
Which organ is under parasympathetic tone and only begins to work under activity or disease states?
Which organ is under parasympathetic tone and only begins to work under activity or disease states?
What is responsible for BP and HR increasing when a person stands up and changes head altitude?
What is responsible for BP and HR increasing when a person stands up and changes head altitude?
Which receptors do most organs have for both sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation?
Which receptors do most organs have for both sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation?
What can cause autonomic pain to be felt in an unexpected area?
What can cause autonomic pain to be felt in an unexpected area?
Which hormone is responsible for increasing sodium levels?
Which hormone is responsible for increasing sodium levels?
What is the main function of parathyroid hormone (PH)?
What is the main function of parathyroid hormone (PH)?
What stimulates the retina of the eye to inhibit melatonin secretion?
What stimulates the retina of the eye to inhibit melatonin secretion?
Which gland is found superior to the kidneys and has two parts, the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla?
Which gland is found superior to the kidneys and has two parts, the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla?
What is the main function of thyroid hormone (TH) in the body?
What is the main function of thyroid hormone (TH) in the body?
Which hormone is produced by the pineal gland and affects circadian rhythms and body temperature?
Which hormone is produced by the pineal gland and affects circadian rhythms and body temperature?
What is the most common hormone produced by the adrenal cortex?
What is the most common hormone produced by the adrenal cortex?
What causes an increase in heart rate, contractility, and blood pressure?
What causes an increase in heart rate, contractility, and blood pressure?
Which hormone inhibits follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)?
Which hormone inhibits follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)?
What stimulates the fight or flight response?
What stimulates the fight or flight response?
What causes Cushing’s disease?
What causes Cushing’s disease?
What is the main function of calcitonin?
What is the main function of calcitonin?
What is the main function of thrombopoietin?
What is the main function of thrombopoietin?
Which hormone decreases with aging and can contribute to osteoporosis?
Which hormone decreases with aging and can contribute to osteoporosis?
What is the role of white blood cells (WBC) in the body?
What is the role of white blood cells (WBC) in the body?
What is the main function of plasma in the blood?
What is the main function of plasma in the blood?
Which protein is responsible for transporting fatty acids and steroid hormones in the blood?
Which protein is responsible for transporting fatty acids and steroid hormones in the blood?
What type of cells do lymphoid stem cells become during hematopoiesis?
What type of cells do lymphoid stem cells become during hematopoiesis?
Where does hematopoiesis primarily occur in adults?
Where does hematopoiesis primarily occur in adults?
What is the main function of erythrocytes in the body?
What is the main function of erythrocytes in the body?
What is the primary function of plasma proteins known as globulins?
What is the primary function of plasma proteins known as globulins?
What is a measure of the percentage of red blood cells in blood?
What is a measure of the percentage of red blood cells in blood?
What is an important function of platelets in the body?
What is an important function of platelets in the body?
What is the primary reason that erythrocytes live through anaerobic respiration?
What is the primary reason that erythrocytes live through anaerobic respiration?
What is the primary function of a reticulocyte?
What is the primary function of a reticulocyte?
Why do erythrocytes have a thin middle and a plump periphery?
Why do erythrocytes have a thin middle and a plump periphery?
What materials are essential for producing an erythrocyte?
What materials are essential for producing an erythrocyte?
What happens to erythrocytes after about 120 days?
What happens to erythrocytes after about 120 days?
What is the primary function of hemoglobin in erythrocytes?
What is the primary function of hemoglobin in erythrocytes?
What does a pulse oximeter measure in the blood?
What does a pulse oximeter measure in the blood?
What condition is characterized by the shape of the erythrocyte being changed and carrying less oxygen?
What condition is characterized by the shape of the erythrocyte being changed and carrying less oxygen?
What is the primary role of neutrophils among granular leukocytes?
What is the primary role of neutrophils among granular leukocytes?
What is the main function of basophils among granular leukocytes?
What is the main function of basophils among granular leukocytes?
What is the primary function of lymphocytes in the immune system?
What is the primary function of lymphocytes in the immune system?
What can be a cause of vitamin deficient anemia?
What can be a cause of vitamin deficient anemia?
Which part of the brain communicates with the spinal cord through the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus?
Which part of the brain communicates with the spinal cord through the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus?
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for increasing heart output and constricting blood vessels?
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for increasing heart output and constricting blood vessels?
Which type of chemicals come from outside the body and can have a broad range of effects on the autonomic nervous system?
Which type of chemicals come from outside the body and can have a broad range of effects on the autonomic nervous system?
Which drug enhances the sympathetic response by firing all preganglionic fibers in both divisions?
Which drug enhances the sympathetic response by firing all preganglionic fibers in both divisions?
What is the function of anticholinergic drugs in relation to the parasympathetic response?
What is the function of anticholinergic drugs in relation to the parasympathetic response?
What is characteristic of hormones from amino acids?
What is characteristic of hormones from amino acids?
Which hormone receptor does not cause a second messenger response inside the cell?
Which hormone receptor does not cause a second messenger response inside the cell?
What is the role of cyclic adenosine phosphate (cAMP) as a second messenger?
What is the role of cyclic adenosine phosphate (cAMP) as a second messenger?
What is the function of phosphodiesterase (PDE) in relation to cAMP?
What is the function of phosphodiesterase (PDE) in relation to cAMP?
What does phospholipase C (PLC) do when activated by a G protein?
What does phospholipase C (PLC) do when activated by a G protein?
What is the alternate second messenger activated by some hormones?
What is the alternate second messenger activated by some hormones?
What type of hormones come from cholesterol and have longer half-lives?
What type of hormones come from cholesterol and have longer half-lives?
What is the process that happens when a cell decreases the number of receptors due to excessive stimulation?
What is the process that happens when a cell decreases the number of receptors due to excessive stimulation?
What effect enables one hormone to facilitate the action of another hormone?
What effect enables one hormone to facilitate the action of another hormone?
Which gland serves as the command center for the endocrine system?
Which gland serves as the command center for the endocrine system?
Which hormone, associated with childbirth, is secreted by the posterior pituitary during a positive feedback loop?
Which hormone, associated with childbirth, is secreted by the posterior pituitary during a positive feedback loop?
What connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland?
What connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland?
Which hormone regulates thyroid activity by activating thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?
Which hormone regulates thyroid activity by activating thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?
What substance is the center of hormone production in the thyroid gland and is dependent on iodine?
What substance is the center of hormone production in the thyroid gland and is dependent on iodine?
Which hormone stimulates melanin formation in response to UV light?
Which hormone stimulates melanin formation in response to UV light?
What is the main function of growth hormone (GH) in the body?
What is the main function of growth hormone (GH) in the body?
Which hormone signals the anterior pituitary to release gonadotropins, regulating reproductive activity?
Which hormone signals the anterior pituitary to release gonadotropins, regulating reproductive activity?
What is the primary function of estrogen?
What is the primary function of estrogen?
Which hormone is responsible for decreasing blood glucose levels by facilitating glucose entry into cells?
Which hormone is responsible for decreasing blood glucose levels by facilitating glucose entry into cells?
What stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid in the stomach in response to stomach distention?
What stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid in the stomach in response to stomach distention?
What hormone is produced by the pancreas and increases blood glucose levels through glycogenolysis?
What hormone is produced by the pancreas and increases blood glucose levels through glycogenolysis?
Which organ is responsible for the production of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in response to atrial stretch?
Which organ is responsible for the production of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in response to atrial stretch?
What is the primary role of erythropoietin (EPO) in the body?
What is the primary role of erythropoietin (EPO) in the body?
What hormone, produced by the kidneys, leads to aldosterone production to maintain high blood volume?
What hormone, produced by the kidneys, leads to aldosterone production to maintain high blood volume?
What is the primary function of leptin, produced by adipose tissue?
What is the primary function of leptin, produced by adipose tissue?
What is the active form of vitamin D, converted from cholecalciferol in the kidneys?
What is the active form of vitamin D, converted from cholecalciferol in the kidneys?
What is the main function of thymosins produced by the thymus?
What is the main function of thymosins produced by the thymus?
Which hormone is an intermediate stimulus to help bone growth and is produced by the liver?
Which hormone is an intermediate stimulus to help bone growth and is produced by the liver?
What is the main function of fibroblast growth factor 23 which is produced by the skeleton?
What is the main function of fibroblast growth factor 23 which is produced by the skeleton?
