84 Questions
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?
Sympathetic
Where do sympathetic axons become unmyelinated?
After reaching the target effector
Which part of the spinal cord gives rise to the sympathetic division of the ANS?
Thoracolumbar system
What is the function of the collateral ganglia in the sympathetic division of the ANS?
To coordinate digestion and absorption
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Influencing emotional states and communicating with the forebrain
How does the amygdala contribute to brain function?
Influencing memory and emotional response
Which drugs enhance the sympathetic response?
Nicotine, cocaine, and caffeine
What is the main function of the endocrine system?
Maintaining homeostasis by slow-acting hormones and controlling reproduction
Which hormones fall into the category of amino acids?
Amines, peptides, and proteins
What is the role of lipid soluble hormones in the body?
They need help from proteins to travel through the cardiovascular system
What is the most used second messenger for amino acid hormones?
$cAMP$
What does phosphorylate mean in the context of hormone activation?
To add a phosphate group to a molecule
How does the autocrine system function in cellular communication?
It secretes a chemical to cause an adjustment to itself.
What is the effect of sympathomimetic drugs on the sympathetic response?
Enhancing the sympathetic response
How do steroid hormones differ from amino acid hormones?
Amino acid hormones come from cholesterol and lipid-soluble hormones have longer half-lives.
What is the role of phosphodiesterase (PDE) in cellular response to hormones?
Deactivating second messengers such as cAMP.
What is the main function of the parathyroid hormone (PH)?
Increases blood calcium levels
Which gland produces the hormones aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens?
Adrenal cortex
What is the effect of melatonin on the body?
Affects circadian rhythms and body temperature
What is the role of the gonadotropins?
Inhibit follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
What is the function of the tryiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) hormones?
Regulate the body’s metabolic rate
Which hormone increases sodium levels in the body?
Aldosterone
What is the main function of calcitonin released by the thyroid gland?
Decreases blood calcium levels
What happens as a result of stimulation of the adrenal medulla due to danger or stress?
Fight or flight response
How does photonic stimulation of the retina affect melatonin secretion?
Decreases melatonin secretion
What happens as a result of an increase in parathyroid hormone (PH) production as we get older?
Increased blood calcium levels
What is the role of androgen production from the adrenal glands?
Supplements estrogen production in females after menopause
How do thyroxine (T4) and tryiodothyronine (T3) hormones affect heart rate and blood pressure?
Increase heart rate, increase blood pressure
What hormone is responsible for stimulating the release of hydrochloric acid in response to stomach distention?
Gastrin
Which hormone is produced by the placenta and plays a role in preparing the breasts for lactation?
Human placental lactogen (hPL)
What hormone inhibits the release of insulin and glucagon from the pancreas?
Somatostatin
Which hormone is responsible for regulating bone metabolism and making a person feel full after eating?
Leptin
Which hormone is secreted by the heart in response to atrial stretch and inhibits renin secretion and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Which organ is responsible for the production of erythropoietin (EPO) in response to low oxygen?
Kidneys
What hormone, produced by the pancreas, decreases blood glucose levels by getting glucose into cells that need energy?
Insulin
Which hormone is involved in the synthesis of progesterone and helps soften pubic symphysis for easier childbirth?
Relaxin
What hormone stimulates blood cell production in the bone marrow?
Thrombopoietin
What hormone is secreted by adipose tissue and regulates bone metabolism?
Osteocalcin
Which organ is responsible for the production of cholecalciferol, the inactive form of vitamin D?
Skin
Which hormone, produced by the placenta, protects the fetus from immune rejection?
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
What happens when a certain amount of hormone or drug is floating in the blood?
The cells decrease the number of receptors
Which effect describes a hormone enabling another hormone to act?
Permissive effect
What is the role of the posterior pituitary gland?
Store and secrete hormones produced in the hypothalamus
Which hormone is commonly known as vasopressin?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
What stimulates growth during puberty and signals the anterior pituitary to release gonadotropins?
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
What does too much growth hormone (GH) lead to?
Gigantism
Which hormone activates lactation in women and development of mammary glands if pregnant?
Prolactin
What stimulates melanin formation in response to UV light?
Melanin-releasing hormone (MRH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) regulates the activity of which gland?
Thyroid gland
What connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?
The infundibulum
What does ADH cause the kidneys to do?
Reabsorb more water
Where does oxytocin come from?
Posterior pituitary gland
What is the function of a reticulocyte?
To develop into mature erythrocytes
Why do erythrocytes live through anaerobic respiration?
Because they lack mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum
What is the main function of hemoglobin in erythrocytes?
To transport oxygen
What is the cause of anemia?
A shortage of hemoglobin or RBC’s
Which condition is characterized by a change in the shape of erythrocytes and reduced oxygen-carrying capacity?
Sickle cell anemia
What is the role of neutrophils among granular leukocytes?
Attacking bacteria
What is the main function of B cells among lymphocytes?
Producing antibodies
What is the result of leukopenia?
Too few leukocytes
What is the cause of leukemia?
Overproduction of leukocytes that may not be able to mature
Which leukocyte works by intensifying inflammation like mast cells?
Basophil
What is the function of monocytes among leukocytes?
Turning into macrophages to clean up the body
What is the main difference between granular and agranular leukocytes?
Granular leukocytes last for a shorter duration compared to agranular leukocytes.
What is the main function of thrombopoietin?
Increasing platelet production
Which hormone can contribute to osteoporosis?
Parathyroid hormone
What is the main function of white blood cells (WBC)?
Protecting the body from bacteria and viruses
What is the main function of plasma in blood?
Transporting oxygen and nutrients
What is the main function of albumin, the most common plasma protein?
Transporting fatty acids and steroid hormones
Where does hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis occur?
Bone marrow
Which cells differentiate into lymphocytes responsible for immunity from disease?
Lymphoid stem cells
What are cytokines responsible for in the body?
Stimulating resistance to disease
What is the function of erythropoietin?
Enhancing differentiation and production of blood cells
What is the main function of fibrinogen?
Important for clotting
How long does it take to replace blood plasma after donation?
24 hours
What are the formed elements that last a few hours to a few weeks?
Erythrocytes, WBC, and platelets
Which type of fibers running to the adrenal medulla have no synapse in a ganglia?
Long and myelinated fibers
Which cranial nerve carries fibers to control pupil size?
CN III
Which system is referred to as the cranial sacral system?
Parasympathetic system
Which type of synapses are activated by acetylcholine?
Cholinergic synapses
What kind of reflex must synapse in the CNS?
Long reflex
Which receptors are activated by norepinephrine and epinephrine in the adrenergic system?
Alpha and beta receptors
What is an area of a nerve that houses neurotransmitters, but is not at the end like in the somatic nervous system?
Varicosity
What is the term for BP and HR increasing if a person stands up and changes the altitude of the head?
Orthostatic hypotension
Test your knowledge about hormones involved in regulating blood pressure, hormonal changes with aging, and their effects on the body. Questions cover topics such as angiotensinogen, thrombopoietin, hepcidin, and insulin sensitivity.
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