40 Questions
What is the primary effect of antidiuretic hormone on the kidneys?
Increases permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts
Which of the following hormones is responsible for regulating the balance of sodium and potassium in the blood plasma?
Aldosterone
What is the composition of approximately 90% of the cations in extracellular fluids?
Sodium ions
What is the effect of natriuretic peptides on water reabsorption in the kidneys?
Decreases water reabsorption
What is the primary function of parathyroid hormone in maintaining electrolyte balance?
Increases blood calcium levels
What is the primary function of the kidneys in maintaining blood plasma composition?
To regulate the volume and composition of blood plasma
Which of the following stimulates the thirst center in the hypothalamus?
Angiotensin II when blood pressure declines significantly
What happens to urine volume when there is minimal water loss?
Urine volume increases and becomes more dilute
What is the role of the kidneys in regulating electrolyte balance in the body?
To regulate the concentration of electrolytes in blood plasma
What is the term for the process by which the kidneys regulate water balance in the body?
Water balance
What is the effect of calcitonin on blood Ca+2 concentration?
Decreases it
What is the primary cause of acidosis in the blood?
Increased production of lactic acid and other metabolic byproducts
What is the characteristic of inflamed glomeruli in glomerulonephritis?
They are more permeable to formed elements and proteins
What is the normal pH range of healthy arterial blood?
7.35 - 7.45
What is the term for the inflammation of the renal pelvis and nephrons?
Pyelonephritis
What is the primary function of tubular secretion in the nephron?
Secretion of metabolic wastes and drugs into the tubular fluid
In the ascending limb of the nephron loop, what is the primary mechanism of solute reabsorption?
Passive diffusion of solutes into the interstitial fluid
What is the result of the accumulation of sodium and chloride ions in the interstitial fluid of the renal medulla?
Increased osmotic gradient, leading to increased water reabsorption
What is the primary function of aldosterone in the distal convoluted tubule?
Active reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions
What is the result of the reabsorption of sodium, potassium, and chloride ions in the ascending limb of the nephron loop?
The tubular fluid becomes isotonic to blood plasma
What is the primary function of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the kidney?
To increase the amount of water reabsorbed into the blood
What is the typical pH range of healthy urine?
4.8-7.5
Which structure in the urinary tract prevents the backflow of urine into the ureter?
Mucous layer of the ureter
What is the typical volume of urine produced by a healthy adult per day?
1.5-2.0 L/day
What is the term for the triangular area with three openings in the urinary bladder?
Trigone
What is the primary mechanism by which 65% of tubular fluid is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?
Active transport of glucose and amino acids
Which ions are passively reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?
Cl- and HCO3-
What is the primary mechanism by which water balance is maintained in body fluids?
Adjusting the rate of tubular reabsorption
Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?
Maintenance of blood pressure
What is the term for the sudden contraction of the urinary bladder and simultaneous relaxation of the urethral sphincter, resulting in the evacuation of urine?
Micturition reflex
What is the primary cause of excessive production of urine in diabetes insipidus?
Inadequate tubular reabsorption of water
What is the composition of kidney stones that cause painful symptoms when moving through a ureter?
Crystallization of uric acid, Ca+2, or Mg+2
What is the consequence of inadequate tubular reabsorption of water in the kidneys?
Diuresis or polyuria
What is the term for the cessation of urine production in renal failure?
Anuria
What is the primary function of hemodialysis in renal failure?
To remove excess nitrogenous wastes from the blood
What is the term for the toxic condition caused by excessive nitrogenous wastes in the blood?
Uremia
What is the primary cause of inflammation of the urethra?
Escherichia coli
What is the alternative to surgery for treating kidney stones?
Ultrasound therapy
What is the term for the reduction in urine production and failure to maintain healthy body fluid volume and composition?
Renal failure
What is the primary cause of painful symptoms when kidney stones move through a ureter?
Peristalsis of the ureter
Test your understanding of how hormones like antidiuretic hormone and natriuretic peptides regulate water and electrolyte balance in the body, including their effects on water reabsorption, glomerular filtration rate, and sodium reabsorption.
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