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Somatostatin is produced by neuroendocrine neurons of the ventromedial nucleus of the ______
hypothalamus
Somatostatin inhibits the secretion of growth hormone from ______ cells
somatotrope
Negative feedback occurs when a product feeds back to decrease its own production, bringing things back to ______
normal
The ______ gland secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone, or TRH
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TRH stimulates the pituitary gland to produce thyroid-stimulating hormone, or ______
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TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete its ______
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The anterior pituitary contains five types of endocrine cell, and they are defined by the hormones they secrete: somatotropes secrete ______
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Hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary are trophic hormones that directly affect growth either as ______ or hypertrophy on the tissue it is stimulating
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Tropic hormones are named for their ability to act directly on target tissues or other endocrine glands to release hormones, causing numerous cascading physiological responses. One such hormone is ______-releasing hormone
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Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is a hypophysiotropic hormone produced by neurons in the ______ that stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin from the anterior pituitary
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TRH is synthesized within parvocellular neurons of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. TRH synthesizing neurons of the paraventricular nucleus project to the medial portion of the external layer of the median ______
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The anterior pituitary contains non-endocrine folliculostellate cells which are thought to stimulate and support the endocrine cell populations. These cells have a role in ______ and support
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When the level of thyroid hormones is high enough, the hormones feedback to stop the hypothalamus from secreting TRH and the pituitary from secreting TSH. Without the stimulation of TSH, the thyroid gland stops secreting its hormones. This is an example of __________ feedback mechanism.
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The human body’s temperature regulatory center is the __________ in the brain.
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Blood vessels in the skin dilate (____________) to allow more blood from the warm body core to flow close to the surface of the body, so heat can be radiated into the environment.
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As blood flow to the skin increases, sweat glands in the skin are activated to increase their output of sweat (____________).
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When the brain’s temperature regulatory center receives data that body temperature is lower than the setpoint, it sets into motion the following responses: Blood vessels in the skin contract (____________) to prevent blood from flowing close to the surface of the body. This reduces heat loss from the surface.
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When the hypothalamus receives data from sensors in the skin and brain that body temperature is higher than the setpoint, it sets into motion responses such as blood vessel dilation and activation of sweat glands. This process illustrates the role of the hypothalamus in maintaining body temperature through __________ feedback mechanisms.
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Study Notes
Somatostatin and Hormonal Regulation
- Somatostatin is produced by neuroendocrine neurons in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus.
- It inhibits growth hormone secretion from somatotropic cells in the anterior pituitary.
- Negative feedback mechanisms reduce hormone production, helping to maintain homeostasis.
Thyroid Hormone Regulation
- The hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).
- TRH stimulates the pituitary gland to produce thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
- TSH prompts the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormones.
Anterior Pituitary Functions
- Anterior pituitary contains five types of endocrine cells, each defined by the hormones they secrete, including somatotropes which produce growth hormone.
- Hormones from the anterior pituitary are trophic, influencing growth and hypertrophy in target tissues.
- Tropic hormones, like TRH, induce other endocrine glands or tissues to secrete additional hormones.
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
- TRH is synthesized by parvocellular neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.
- These neurons project to the median eminence, facilitating communication with the anterior pituitary.
- High levels of thyroid hormones cause negative feedback, inhibiting TRH and TSH secretion, and subsequently reducing thyroid hormone production.
Temperature Regulation and Feedback Mechanisms
- The hypothalamus serves as the body’s thermal regulatory center.
- When body temperature rises, blood vessels in the skin dilate (vasodilation) to increase heat loss through radiation.
- Activated sweat glands help cool the body by increasing sweat output.
- When body temperature drops below the setpoint, blood vessels constrict (vasoconstriction) to reduce heat loss.
- The hypothalamus employs both positive and negative feedback mechanisms to maintain temperature homeostasis.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the hormonal regulation of thyroid hormones and the body's temperature control mechanisms through negative feedback loops. Explore how the hypothalamus plays a crucial role in maintaining body temperature.
