Honors Biology Exam Review

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Questions and Answers

What is a key component of a controlled experiment?

Use of multiple independent variables

Hypothesis and conclusion only

Randomly selected subjects

Independent variable and dependent variable (correct)

Which of the following statements best describes a scientific theory?

A widely accepted fact supported by minimal evidence

A conclusion based solely on personal belief

An unproven assumption about natural phenomena

A supported conclusion that is not widely accepted (correct)

Which of the following practices is NOT emphasized for success on the exam?

Reviewing key diagrams and vocabulary

Replicating experiments and peer evaluations

Focusing on definitions without context (correct)

Practicing calculation and unit analysis

What will happen if a student provides no work for calculation questions on the exam?

They receive no points for that question Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following will NOT be permitted during the exam?

Shared calculators among students Signup and view all the answers

How many multiple-choice questions should students expect on the exam?

75 to 100 questions Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of an incorrect conversion factor on the exam?

It results in a loss of 2 points Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following strategies is recommended for exam preparation?

Having a clear understanding of scientific inquiry Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of transcription in the central dogma of molecular biology?

Synthesis of RNA from DNA Signup and view all the answers

Which best defines evolution?

Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time Signup and view all the answers

What causes genetic variation within a population?

Mutation in DNA Signup and view all the answers

How do hydrogen bonds primarily form in water molecules?

Between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in different molecules Signup and view all the answers

Carbon's versatility in forming diverse organic molecules is due to its ability to:

Form four covalent bonds with other atoms Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of a nucleotide in nucleic acids?

Sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base Signup and view all the answers

How do saturated and unsaturated fatty acids differ structurally?

Saturated fatty acids contain single bonds with maximum hydrogen Signup and view all the answers

What is one key distinction between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells possess a nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary observation of cell theory?

Cells are the basic unit of life Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature distinguishes RNA from DNA?

RNA contains ribose sugar, while DNA contains deoxyribose Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes mutations?

Mutations can lead to changes in protein structure Signup and view all the answers

What does a phylogenetic tree illustrate?

The evolutionary relationships among species Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed between water molecules, due to their polarity?

Hydrogen bonds Signup and view all the answers

What defines a nucleotide in DNA?

A sugar, a phosphate group, and a nucleobase Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organelles is NOT a part of the endomembrane system?

Ribosome Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes the movement of water molecules toward a region of higher solute concentration?

Osmosis Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the first law of thermodynamics, what best explains the transformation of energy in photosynthesis?

Sunlight energy is converted into chemical energy Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the structure of a phospholipid?

It consists of two fatty acids and one phosphoric acid Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes passive transport?

It occurs along the concentration gradient Signup and view all the answers

What key feature distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?

Presence of a nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What best explains the term 'entropy' in the context of living organisms?

The inevitable tendency toward chaos and disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which nitrogen bases are complementary in DNA?

Adenine and Thymine Signup and view all the answers

What best describes exons in RNA processing?

Coding sequences that remain in the mature mRNA Signup and view all the answers

What defines the term 'central dogma' in molecular biology?

Information flows from DNA to RNA to protein Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of denaturing a protein?

Its structure changes, potentially affecting function Signup and view all the answers

What process involves the selective permeability of cell membranes?

Osmosis and facilitated diffusion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding metric prefixes is accurate?

Kilometers and millimeters differ by a factor of 1000 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Synthesis of proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the endomembrane system is responsible for packaging and further modifying new molecules?

Golgi apparatus Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond connects the nitrogen bases in a DNA molecule?

Hydrogen bonds Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nucleotides is formed from deoxyribose sugar?

Adenine Signup and view all the answers

Which nitrogen bases pair together in DNA through hydrogen bonding?

Adenine and Thymine Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'antiparallel' refer to in DNA structure?

One strand runs 5' to 3', the other runs 3' to 5'. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mRNA in the process of protein synthesis?

To transmit genetic information for protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What do exons and introns represent in gene structure?

Exons are coding, introns are non-coding sequences. Signup and view all the answers

In the endosymbiotic theory, what is proposed about mitochondria and chloroplasts?

They were once free-living prokaryotes taken up by a larger cell. Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a nucleotide distinguishes it from other nucleotides?

The nitrogen base Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lysosomes within a cell?

To break down waste materials Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes RNA compared to DNA?

RNA contains ribose sugar, DNA contains deoxyribose sugar. Signup and view all the answers

Which process is used for the conversion of units in scientific measurements?

Unit analysis using conversion factors Signup and view all the answers

What is the most distinguishing feature of the Golgi apparatus?

It is a stack of flattened membranes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells regarding their genetic material?

Prokaryotic cells contain their DNA in a nucleoid. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in a eukaryotic cell is responsible for isolating its genetic material?

Nucleus Signup and view all the answers

How do phospholipids orient themselves in a membrane structure?

Hydrophobic tails hide from water, while heads face the water. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of passive transport?

It occurs spontaneously without the use of energy. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of passive transport specifically refers to water movement across a membrane?

Osmosis Signup and view all the answers

What does 'down the concentration gradient' mean?

Movement from high to low concentration. Signup and view all the answers

In an isotonic solution, what happens to an animal cell?

It maintains normal shape and function. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a hypertonic solution on a plant cell?

The cell undergoes plasmolysis. Signup and view all the answers

What defines a concentration gradient?

A difference in the concentration of a substance across a space. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to an animal cell in a hypotonic solution?

It bursts due to excessive water intake. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about facilitated diffusion is correct?

It utilizes transmembrane proteins to assist movement. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the cell walls of prokaryotic cells?

They contain peptidoglycan in bacteria. Signup and view all the answers

Which property of cell membranes is primarily responsible for their selective permeability?

The hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions of phospholipids. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during osmosis in cell environments?

Water moves towards areas of low water concentration, not solutes. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Exam Review - Honors Biology

Exam Format:
- 75-100 multiple choice questions
- 25-35 calculation-based questions (metric conversions, unit analysis, graphing, diagrams)
- No aids permitted during exam
- Calculator permitted, but not shared
- Show all work for calculations; no work = no points.
- There will be a penalty if incorrect conversion factors are used.

Core Concepts & Chapter Review

Focus your study on the core concepts, asking questions and practicing with conversion factors, unit analysis, and significant figures.
Review material from labs, activities, quizzes, and tests, especially topics you need to master. Use the textbook or supplementary materials. Diagrams may appear on the exam; review those.
Review the vocabulary and figures of each chapter.
Utilize the core concepts to review the content of the chapters covered.

Chapter 1: Scientific Inquiry

Controlled Experiment Components: Observations, questions, hypothesis, independent variable, levels of treatment, dependent variable, standardized variables, control, evaluation of results, conclusions. Replicate with other organisms; results evaluation and publication are considered parts of the scientific process
Scientific Theory: A well-supported conclusion, based on multiple pieces of evidence, generally accepted.

Chapter 1: Thermodynamics and Cells

First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy is neither created nor destroyed, only transformed.
Second Law of Thermodynamics: Entropy (disorder) increases in the universe. Living things maintain order but increase entropy overall in the environment.
Cell as Simplest Biological Entity: Independently living entity that exhibits all characteristics of life (energy, reproduction, growth, development, adaptation).

Chapter 1: Cell Features

All Cells Share 3 Basic Features: (1) genetic material (DNA); (2) ribosomes (protein synthesis); (3) plasma membrane

Chapter 1: Cell Types

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells:
- Prokaryotic: Small size, no nucleus (nucleoid), no membrane-bound organelles, ancient, cell walls.
- Eukaryotic: Large size, nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, ribosomes. evolved from prokaryotes

Chapter 1: Domains of Life

Three Domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Chapter 1: Central Dogma

Central Dogma: DNA → DNA (replication), DNA → RNA (transcription), RNA → protein (translation), protein → trait (expression)
Metabolism: Set of chemical reactions in a cell that sustains life

Chapter 1.4 Evolution

Evolution: Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time, driven by mutations. Evolution occurs over millions of years.
Natural Selection Aspects: (1)Variation within a population, (2) favorable traits lead to (3) survival and reproduction, (4) traits must be in the DNA, (5) environment determines “best” traits for survival.
Source of Variation: Mutations of the DNA

Chapter 2: Chemical Bonds & Molecules

Polar Covalent Bonds: Unequal electron sharing between atoms (creates partial charges).
Water as a Polar Molecule: Unequal electron sharing creates a polar covalent bond. Hydrogen bonding between water molecules is essential.
Hydrogen Bonds (form from polar covalent bonds): Attraction between partially charged atoms of water molecules.
Carbon Versatility: Four valence electrons allow carbon to form strong, diverse bonds with numerous elements.

Chapter 2: Monomers & Polymers

Protein Monomers: 20 amino acids w/unique R-groups.

Chapter 2: Monomers (continued)

Nucleic Acid Monomers: Nucleotides composed of 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.

Chapter 2: DNA & RNA

DNA Structure Differences: Double helix, deoxyribose sugar, thymine (T) as a nitrogen base
RNA Structure Differences: Single-stranded, ribose sugar, uracil (U) instead of thymine

Chapter 3: Cells

Cell Theory: (1) All living things are composed of cells; (2) cells are the basic functional units of life, (3) cells originate from preexisting cells.

Chapter 3: Cell Structure

Major Distinctions (Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic): Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotes have both
Differences Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus whereas eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.

Chapter 3: Membrane Structure & Function

Phospholipid Structure: Hydrophobic tails (fatty acids) and hydrophilic heads (glycerol, phosphate); create bilayers and liposomes.
Selective Permeability: Membrane structure allows small, non-polar molecules through but blocks large and charged ones. Membrane proteins enhance (or block) certain substances from entering.
Passive Transport: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy expenditure.
Passive Transport Types: (1) Diffusion, (2) Osmosis, (3) Facilitated Diffusion (occurs through a membrane protein).
Concentration Gradient: Difference in concentration of molecules across a membrane. “Down” the gradient from high to low. “Against” gradient is low to high, requiring energy.
Water Movement: Water moves from low to high solute concentration (in general). Animal cell behavior in different tonicity solutions (isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic)
Endomembrane System: A network of membrane-bound organelles. Involved in protein synthesis, modification, and transport. Include nucleus, nuclear envelope, rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, transport vesicles, and lysosomes.
Mitochondria & Chloroplasts Origin (endosymbiotic theory): Mitochondria and chloroplasts have similarities with free-living prokaryotes (circular DNA and ribosomes).

Chapter 3: Organelles

Nucleus: Contains genetic material and produces RNA; replicated to prepare for cell reproduction.
Endoplasmic Reticulum: Synthesis and transport of molecules; rough ER has ribosomes for protein and smooth ER makes lipids and carbohydrates
Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, packages, and distributes molecules.
Transport Vesicles: Move molecules between organelles.
Lysosomes: Contain enzymes to break down molecules or “cell waste”.

Chapter 4: Nucleic Acids

Nucleotide Structure: Sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate, nitrogen base (A, T, C, G). Nucleotides bind covalently to form a polymer.
DNA Structure: Double helix; nucleotides arranged to form two strands
DNA Polarities: 5’ to 3’ on one strand paired with the opposite 3’ to 5’ on the second strand. The two strands are “antiparallel.”
Base Pairing: A with T (2 hydrogen bonds) and C with G (3 hydrogen bonds)
Genetic Information: Sequence of nucleotides in the DNA that encodes genetic information
mRNA Function: Carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes
Exons & Introns: Exons are the expressed parts; introns are the intervening sequences between exons.

Additional Topics

Metric Prefixes: Know their values relative to the base unit: EPTGMKHDBODCMMNPFA (largest to smallest)
Unit Analysis: Know how to convert units including imperial to metric.
Graphs: Graphs should have a title, properly labeled axes, consistent increments and a legend if necessary.
Labs: Proper lab gear/ safety equipment is necessary. Review Controlled Experiments and Macromolecules labs' positive and negative controls.

Other Information

Transcription and translation graph: Be familiar with the process.
Scientific Method: Review variables, and how to answer questions scientifically.
Scientific Notation: Review scientific notation (capital then lower case).
Phylogenetic trees: Understand the tree of life.
Hormones: Understand examples such as Tryptophan.
Math problems: Be prepared to answer the types of math problems in the course.
Organelles (Exons, Bonds, Polar Molecules, Hypertonic/Hypotonic conditions in cells, Alternative spicing, Gene expression, Denaturing of proteins) review these concepts.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Prepare for your Honors Biology exam with this comprehensive review quiz. Focus on core concepts, calculation methods, and essential vocabulary from Chapter 1: Scientific Inquiry. Test your understanding and readiness with questions that cover lab activities and diagrams.