Bio 1100 Exam 1 Quiz & Flashcards for Success

Study Notes

Chapter 1: Characteristics of Living Things

All living organisms exhibit sensitivity, allowing them to respond to environmental changes.
Homeostasis is crucial for survival, maintaining stable internal conditions despite external fluctuations.
The five core concepts in biology include evolution, cells, genetics, homeostasis, and energy transfer.
Hierarchical organization categories include atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms.

Scientific Methodology

Deductive reasoning starts with a general principle to predict specific outcomes.
Inductive reasoning involves forming generalizations based on specific observations.
A hypothesis is a testable statement about the outcome of a study.
Predictions are specific outcomes expected based on the hypothesis.
Experiments are designed to test hypotheses under controlled conditions.

Chapter 2: Atoms and Elements

Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons; protons have a positive charge, neutrons are neutral, and electrons have a negative charge.
Atomic number identifies an element and is the number of protons in its nucleus.
Isotopes are variants of elements with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
Elements consist of one type of atom, while compounds are made of two or more different atoms.

Periodic Table and Chemical Bonds

The periodic table organizes elements by atomic number; the octet rule explains atom stability based on electron arrangements.
Twelve common elements in living organisms include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur.
The four most common elements in animals are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds are key types of chemical bonds, differing in the nature of electron sharing or transfer.

Electronegativity and Water Properties

Electronegativity refers to an atom's ability to attract electrons; determined by comparing the electronegativity values of atoms.
Water's polar hydrogen bonds lead to unique properties like cohesion (water molecules sticking together) and adhesion (water molecules attaching to other surfaces).
pH indicates acidity or basicity; pH lowers with increased hydrogen ion (H+) concentration.
Acids donate H+ ions in solution, while bases accept H+ ions.

Chapter 3: Macromolecules

Macromolecules include carbohydrates (monomer: monosaccharides, polymer: polysaccharides), nucleic acids (monomer: nucleotides, polymer: DNA/RNA), proteins (monomer: amino acids, polymer: polypeptides), and lipids (not strictly polymers).
Dehydration synthesis links monomers together, while hydrolysis breaks polymers apart.

Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Lipids

The basic structural units of carbohydrates are simple sugars or monosaccharides.
Nucleotides form nucleic acids; DNA contains deoxyribose, whereas RNA contains ribose.
Proteins have primary (amino acid sequence), secondary (local folding), tertiary (3D structure), and quaternary (multiple polypeptides) structures.
Peptide bonds link amino acids in proteins, formed through dehydration synthesis.
Triglycerides contain glycerol and fatty acids, while phospholipids have two fatty acids and a phosphate group.

Chapter 4: Cell Theory and Structure

Cell theory states that all living things are composed of cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
All cells (Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya) share features like a plasma membrane, genetic material, and ribosomes.
The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotes, while the nucleoid in prokaryotes is an area where genetic material is concentrated.
Animal and plant cells share organelles but differ in cell wall presence, chloroplasts, and large vacuoles in plant cells.

Organelles and Endosymbiosis

Key cell parts include the nucleus (houses DNA), ribosomes (protein synthesis), endomembrane system (protein and lipid processing), mitochondria (energy production), and chloroplasts (photosynthesis).
The endosymbiosis theory posits that some organelles originated from free-living bacteria incorporated into ancestral cells.
Evidence of endosymbiosis includes molecular similarities between mitochondria/chloroplasts and bacteria, as well as double membranes surrounding these organelles.

Chapter 5: Membrane Structure

The phospholipid bilayer forms the foundation of cell membranes, with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward.
Factors affecting membrane fluidity include fatty acid composition, temperature, and cholesterol content, influencing permeability and protein function.

Description

Prepare for your Biology 1100 Exam 1 with this comprehensive study guide focused on key concepts. Explore the characteristics of living things, the hierarchical organization of life, and the scientific method. Understand deductive and inductive reasoning, hypotheses, and predictions to excel in your exam.