Biology Exam

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the role of the independent variable in an experiment?

It remains constant throughout the experiment.

It is the factor that is manipulated by the researcher. (correct)

It is the same as the control group.

It is measured as a result of changes.

What distinguishes qualitative measurements from quantitative measurements?

Qualitative measurements cannot be tested, while quantitative can.

Qualitative measurements are numerical, while quantitative are descriptive.

Qualitative measurements involve colors and shapes, while quantitative involve counts and sizes. (correct)

Qualitative measurements are always subjective, whereas quantitative measurements are objective.

Which of the following statements is true regarding a null hypothesis?

It proposes a significant effect or relationship.

It assumes that no effect exists in the population. (correct)

It is always accepted if the research hypothesis is proven.

It usually represents a specific outcome predicted by observation.

In the context of cell theory, which statement is NOT a main component?

Cells are the smallest particle that cannot be divided further. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of the periodic table is indicated by its rows?

Elements in a row share the same valence electrons. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a component that all viruses possess?

A protein coat (capsid) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is categorized as exergonic?

Cellular respiration Signup and view all the answers

How does the lytic cycle of bacteriophages primarily differ from the lysogenic cycle?

The lytic cycle destroys the host cell immediately Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of intracellular receptors in cell signaling?

To transduce signals received from outside the cell Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about enzymes is accurate?

Enzymes are biological catalysts that lower activation energy Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason why aerobic respiration is considered more efficient than anaerobic respiration?

Aerobic respiration yields more ATP from glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by denaturation of enzymes?

Enzymes permanently losing their three-dimensional structure Signup and view all the answers

Which category of membrane proteins serve as receptors during cell signaling?

Receptor proteins Signup and view all the answers

In which location does glycolysis occur within a eukaryotic cell?

Cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Light Independent Reactions in photosynthesis?

They convert carbon dioxide into glucose Signup and view all the answers

What type of macromolecule do phospholipids belong to?

Lipids Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary difference between DNA and RNA?

RNA is usually single-stranded, while DNA is double-stranded. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can affect the stability of protein folding?

pH levels of the environment Signup and view all the answers

What type of transport requires energy and involves moving substances against their concentration gradient?

Active transport Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes a characteristic of eukaryotic cells?

They contain membrane-bound organelles. Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the process of a protein losing its structure and function due to environmental conditions?

Denaturation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of junction connects plant cells and allows for intercellular communication?

Plasmodesmata Signup and view all the answers

Which membrane protein is only temporarily attached to the membrane surface?

Peripheral protein Signup and view all the answers

What process describes the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane?

Osmosis Signup and view all the answers

What component of biological membranes plays a role in cell recognition?

Glycoproteins Signup and view all the answers

What occurs if the centromeres do not attach to the spindle fibers during cell division?

Chromosomes will not segregate correctly. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the Law of Segregation?

Two alleles for a trait separate during the formation of gametes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of nondisjunction during meiosis?

An organism will have an extra or missing chromosome. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines polyploidy?

Having more than two complete sets of chromosomes. Signup and view all the answers

What are polygenic traits characterized by?

Exhibit continuous variation. Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic disorder is an example of aneuploidy?

Down syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What does incomplete dominance result in?

A blending of traits is seen in the offspring. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of sex-linked traits?

They often have different expression patterns in males and females. Signup and view all the answers

Given the genotype ccWwtt, what is a possible phenotype?

Recessive traits expressed for c and t, dominant for W Signup and view all the answers

What is a recombinant phenotype?

A phenotype that arises from the combination of alleles from different parents Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of telomerase in linear chromosomes?

To protect chromosome ends from deterioration Signup and view all the answers

How does crossing over relate to genetic recombination?

It leads to the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of DNA ligase during replication?

To join Okazaki fragments together on the lagging strand Signup and view all the answers

Which of these scientists contributed to determining the structure of DNA?

Francis Crick Signup and view all the answers

In which direction does DNA replication occur?

5' to 3' direction Signup and view all the answers

What is a Barr Body?

A condensed inactive X chromosome found in female mammals Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a linkage map in genetics?

To show the arrangement of genes on a chromosome Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mutation is most likely to result in a malfunctioning protein?

Nonsense mutation Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of germ line mutations compared to somatic mutations?

Germ line mutations can be inherited Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a chromosomal mutation?

Duplication Signup and view all the answers

What process describes the reversion of a mutated gene back to its original state?

Back mutation Signup and view all the answers

In eukaryotes, what additional level of regulation exists compared to prokaryotes?

Enhancer elements Signup and view all the answers

What effect does DNA methylation typically have on gene expression?

Silences gene expression Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario describes the condition when both glucose and lactose are high in the regulation of the Lac operon?

Lac operon is fully repressed Signup and view all the answers

What role do enhancers serve in gene regulation?

Increase the likelihood of transcription Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Exam I Material

Studying Life (Sections 1.1-1.2): Understand the scientific method, know the parts of the method, understand and define hypothesis, null hypothesis, independent and dependent variables, and the importance of replicates. Be able to explain how to evaluate data to support or reject a hypothesis. Define inductive and deductive reasoning, give examples of each. Define qualitative and quantitative measurements. Given a scenario, identify the following: observation, hypothesis, null hypothesis, independent variable, dependent variable, experimental group, control group, constants, data, and conclusions. Explain the difference between the everyday understanding of “theory” and a theory in science. List the three domains of life and classify organisms into one of those domains. Define the following in terms of evolution: positive/negative feedback, feedback system and give examples. Define Biology, Natural Selection, independent variable, and dependent variable.

Chapter 2 - Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life

Define matter, atoms, and atomic number, atomic mass, isotopes. Define octet rule, valence number, and electronegativity. Differentiate between elements and compounds. Define the parts of an atom (protons, neutrons, and electrons).
Define valence electrons. Understand the periodic table (periods/groups). Define ionic, covalent, non-polar, polar, and hydrogen bonds. Define polar molecules and describe bonds within a molecule of water.
Articulate the important properties of water (adhesion, cohesion, why ice floats, and why salt dissolves and oil doesn't). Explain chromatography. Explain the pH scale (acidic, neutral, basic/alkaline).

Chapter 3 – Proteins Carbohydrates and Lipids & Chapter 4- Nucleic Acids (Section 4.1 ONLY)

Define and recognize by sight four ways in which carbon atoms have enormous variability in organic compounds. Be able to describe the binding capacities (valences) of C, H, O, N. Be prepared to explain each functional group. Be able to describe how a functional group will react with water, describe the functional properties, and give an example of each functional group in a biological molecule.
List and define the three types of isomers. List the four major types of organic molecules and macromolecules, for the images provided. Define monomers and polymers.

Chapter 5– The Cell (Sections 5.1 – 5.4)

Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Differentiate between plant and animal cells. Describe the arguments for the bacterial origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Identify as prokaryotic or eukaryotic, as plant or animal, and describe the structure and function of eukaryotic organelles. (e.g. nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles). Identify plasmodesmata and types of intercellular junctions in animal cells.

Chapter 6 – Membranes (Sections 6.1, 6.3 – 6.5)

Explain the components of biological membranes. Explain the function of phospholipids, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. Explain the difference between transmembrane, lipid anchor, and peripheral membrane proteins and why these are important. Define how things move through membranes without and with proteins, with and without energy.
Explain passive transport (simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion), active transport (endocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, exocytosis), pinocytosis, phagocytosis, and the fluid-mosaic model. List factors affecting fluidity.
Explain diffusion, osmosis, hypertonic/hypotonic/isotonic solutions and plasmolysis..

Chapter 7 – Cell Signalling (Sections 7.1 & 7.2 only)

List three methods of direct communication in animal and plant cells. Describe the three phases of cell signaling.
List three categories of membrane proteins that function as receptors in the process of cell signaling. Describe how intracellular receptors differ from membrane receptors in cell signaling.
List three responses that may result from cell signaling.

Chapter 16 Viruses (Section 16.3 ONLY)

Viruses: List the two components all viruses have and another component some viruses have. Explain why most scientists do not consider viruses to be alive. Explain the lytic cycle of bacteriophages.

Chapter 8 – Energy, Enzymes, Metabolism

List the first two laws of thermodynamics and explain how living things obey these laws. Categorize reactions (dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis, photosynthesis, and cellular respiration) as exergonic or endergonic. Explain how exergonic and endergonic reactions are coupled, energy intermediates, and the structure of ATP/ADP molecules.
Explain how the cycling of ATP/ADP provides energy for chemical, transport, and mechanical work in a cell. Explain how enzymes work to speed up a reaction and how structure relates to function. Explain how protein enzymes can be denatured. Interpret data from enzyme reaction experiments and explain the effect of different factors on rates of reactions (pH, temperature, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration). Define denaturation. Define inhibition (competitive and non-competitive).

Exam 3 Material (Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration)

Know where glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain occur in the cell. Know the inputs and outputs of each process. Calculate the number of ATP molecules produced in glycolysis for each glucose molecule. Explain complete aerobic cellular respiration (theoretical yield, why these aren't reached, why the cell requires oxygen and releases CO2, why aerobic is more effective than anaerobic). Explain what happens when a molecule accepts an electron (reduction/oxidation).

Chapter 10 –Photosynthesis

Determine which types of cells are capable of photosynthesis. Explain where in eukaryotic cells does photosynthesis occur. Define the reactants and products of the light-dependent and light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle). If given a diagram, be able to label the parts of a chloroplast and locate where photosynthesis takes place. Explain what would happen if a plant was exposed to extreme heat or dryness. Explain why plants have a variety of pigments. Explain how the color of light affects the rate of photosynthesis. List and define the differences between C3, C4, and CAM plants.

Chapters 11 - Mitosis / Meiosis Cell Division

Explain how binary fission differs from eukaryotic mitosis and identify similarities.
Identify stages of the eukaryotic cell cycle and interphase. Describe the stages of mitosis.
Explain the purpose of mitosis and the outcome of mitosis.
Explain the stages of meiosis.
Explain the relationship between homologous chromosomes and chromatids. Explain the purpose and outcome of meiosis.
Identify the genetic significance of crossing-over.
Define and give examples of nondisjunction, aneuploidy, and polyploidy in humans.

Chapter 12 – Mendel and the gene

Define genes, alleles, phenotype, genotype, true breeding, hybrid, homozygote, and heterozygote, and explain how they relate.
Work out simple monohybrid and dihybrid crosses to predict possible genotypes, phenotypes, and ratios. Explain the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment. Analyze pedigree charts to interpret information about genotypes and phenotypes. Explain how exceptions to Mendelian genetics (co-dominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, polygenic inheritance, and environmental effects) affect predictions about inheritance.

Chapter 13 – Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Describe the fundamental structure of a nucleotide. Describe how DNA replicates, and the role of the different enzymes in replication. Define and understand processes relating to DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Define telomeres and telomerase. Understand DNA repair (nucleotide excision repair). Know and understand Chargaff's rule. Understand the relationship between crossing-over, genetic recombination. Define purines and pyrimidines.

Chapter 14 - Gene Expression

Define and describe the Central Dogma. Describe the three stages of transcription (initiation, elongation, and termination). Explain how RNA processing occurs in eukaryotes. Describe the three stages of translation (initiation, elongation, and termination). Identify the components required for translation and their roles.

Chapter 15 - Mutations

Explain the definition and types of mutations (point mutations, silent mutations, missense mutations, nonsense mutations, substitutions, additions, deletions, frameshifts). Explain which mutations cause the most damage. Identify the difference between spontaneous and induced mutations, as well as germ-line and somatic mutations.

Last Chapter on Final Exam (Chapter 16 - Gene Regulation)

Explain the benefits of gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which includes the extra level of regulation in eukaryotes. Explain the difference between a repressible operon (e.g., tryptophan operon) and an inducible operon (e.g., lactose operon). Explain the situations (high glucose/high lactose, high glucose/low lactose, low glucose/low lactose, and low glucose/high lactose). Explain how the repressors/activators operate. Describe the parts of the core promoter region in eukaryotic genes (e.g., TATA box, initiation site).
Explain what activators and enhancers are. Describe the function of DNA methylation and acetylation. Describe the effect of chromatin remodeling on gene expression.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Prepare for your Biology Exam I by studying key concepts from Sections 1.1-1.2, focusing on the scientific method, hypothesis formulation, and the classification of organisms. You'll explore independent and dependent variables, data evaluation, and the nuances of inductive vs. deductive reasoning. This quiz aims to reinforce your understanding of fundamental biology principles and their applications in scientific research.