Homology vs Analogy in Evolutionary Biology

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What is the main difference between analogous and homologous traits?

Their structure but not their development
Their development but not their structure
Their function but not their evolutionary origin
Their evolutionary origin but not their function (correct)

What is the purpose of reconstructing a phylogenetic tree?

To compare the developmental biology of organisms
To determine the evolutionary relationships between organisms (correct)
To study the fossil record
To analyze the structure of organisms

What is a clade?

A group of organisms with similar physical traits
A group of organisms with similar evolutionary rates
A group of organisms with a common ancestor (correct)
A group of organisms with similar developmental pathways

What is the difference between a monophyletic and a polyphyletic group?

A monophyletic group has a single origin, while a polyphyletic group has multiple origins (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a synapomorphy?

A shared derived trait (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a cladogram?

To illustrate the evolutionary history of organisms (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a paraphyletic group?

A group that includes a common ancestor but not all of its descendants (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a phylogeny and a cladogram?

A phylogeny is a graphical representation of evolutionary relationships, while a cladogram is a branch diagram (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of mutation spreading through a population?

Trait bar (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary limitation of the Biological Species Concept?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Morphological Species Concept?

Structural features (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of isolation occurs when individuals have different courtship behaviors?

Behavioral isolation (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of hybrid infertility?

Sterile or weak offspring (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Ecological Species Concept?

Ecological niches (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of isolation occurs when individuals are ready to mate at different times?

Temporal isolation (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of reduced hybrid viability?

Hybrid offspring that don't develop or survive (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a species complex?

Unclear boundaries between species (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of gametic isolation?

Differences in receptor molecules (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the sterility of second-generation hybrids in hybrid breakdown?

Incompatibility between the genomes of the two parent species (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of allopatric speciation?

A physical barrier divides the population, leading to reproductive isolation (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the evolution of many diverse adapted species from a common ancestor?

Adaptive radiation (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of reinforcement in allopatric speciation?

To favor assortative mating and reduce hybrid offspring (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of fusion in allopatric speciation?

The fusion of the two species back into one (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which a species becomes reproductively isolated due to polyploidy?

Autopolyploidy (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary force driving plant speciation according to the text?

Allopolyploidy (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the increased fitness of hybrid offspring?

Hybrid vigor (D) Signup and view all the answers

In what percentage of plant species has autopolyploidy led to the formation of new species?

80% (C) Signup and view all the answers