27 Questions
What is the main difference between analogous and homologous traits?
Their evolutionary origin but not their function
What is the purpose of reconstructing a phylogenetic tree?
To determine the evolutionary relationships between organisms
What is a clade?
A group of organisms with a common ancestor
What is the difference between a monophyletic and a polyphyletic group?
A monophyletic group has a single origin, while a polyphyletic group has multiple origins
What is a synapomorphy?
A shared derived trait
What is the purpose of a cladogram?
To illustrate the evolutionary history of organisms
What is a paraphyletic group?
A group that includes a common ancestor but not all of its descendants
What is the difference between a phylogeny and a cladogram?
A phylogeny is a graphical representation of evolutionary relationships, while a cladogram is a branch diagram
What is the term for the process of mutation spreading through a population?
Trait bar
What is the primary limitation of the Biological Species Concept?
All of the above
What is the primary focus of the Morphological Species Concept?
Structural features
Which type of isolation occurs when individuals have different courtship behaviors?
Behavioral isolation
What is the result of hybrid infertility?
Sterile or weak offspring
What is the primary focus of the Ecological Species Concept?
Ecological niches
Which type of isolation occurs when individuals are ready to mate at different times?
Temporal isolation
What is the result of reduced hybrid viability?
Hybrid offspring that don't develop or survive
What is the primary characteristic of a species complex?
Unclear boundaries between species
What is the primary mechanism of gametic isolation?
Differences in receptor molecules
What is the primary reason for the sterility of second-generation hybrids in hybrid breakdown?
Incompatibility between the genomes of the two parent species
Which of the following is a characteristic of allopatric speciation?
A physical barrier divides the population, leading to reproductive isolation
What is the term for the evolution of many diverse adapted species from a common ancestor?
Adaptive radiation
What is the purpose of reinforcement in allopatric speciation?
To favor assortative mating and reduce hybrid offspring
What is the result of fusion in allopatric speciation?
The fusion of the two species back into one
What is the term for the process by which a species becomes reproductively isolated due to polyploidy?
Autopolyploidy
What is the primary force driving plant speciation according to the text?
Allopolyploidy
What is the term for the increased fitness of hybrid offspring?
Hybrid vigor
In what percentage of plant species has autopolyploidy led to the formation of new species?
80%
Learn the key differences between homology and analogy in evolutionary biology. Understand convergent evolution, cladograms, and phylogenies. Explore the methods of reconstructing evolutionary trees, including fossil analysis and phylogenetic analysis.
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