Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is an example of a symplesiomorphy?
Which of the following is an example of a symplesiomorphy?
- The presence of a backbone in mammals and amphibians (correct)
- The presence of feathers in birds and dinosaurs
- The presence of a four-chambered heart in birds and mammals
- The presence of wings in birds and bats
What is the difference between homology and homoplasy?
What is the difference between homology and homoplasy?
- Homology and homoplasy are both the result of shared ancestry.
- Homology is the result of convergent evolution, while homoplasy is the result of shared ancestry.
- Homology and homoplasy are both the result of convergent evolution.
- Homoplasy is the result of convergent evolution, while homology is the result of shared ancestry. (correct)
Which of the following is an example of a reversal?
Which of the following is an example of a reversal?
- The development of wings in birds
- The evolution of a four-chambered heart in mammals
- The development of a tail in humans
- The loss of limbs in snakes (correct)
Which of the following terms describes the similar body shape of dolphins and sharks?
Which of the following terms describes the similar body shape of dolphins and sharks?
Which of the following is an example of an analogy?
Which of the following is an example of an analogy?
Which of the following is an example of homoplasy?
Which of the following is an example of homoplasy?
A group that contains all descendants of a common ancestor is called a _____.
A group that contains all descendants of a common ancestor is called a _____.
Which fossilization process involves the preservation of an organism in ice?
Which fossilization process involves the preservation of an organism in ice?
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for successful fossilization?
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for successful fossilization?
A paraphyletic group is defined as a group that includes _____.
A paraphyletic group is defined as a group that includes _____.
The process of fossilization where minerals replace the original material of an organism is called _____.
The process of fossilization where minerals replace the original material of an organism is called _____.
Which of the following examples best illustrates analogy?
Which of the following examples best illustrates analogy?
Two species that share a common ancestor evolve similar traits independently. This process is known as _____.
Two species that share a common ancestor evolve similar traits independently. This process is known as _____.
Flashcards
Phylogeny
Phylogeny
The evolutionary history and relationships among organisms, shown in a tree diagram.
Analogy
Analogy
Similarity in function or structure between different species not due to shared ancestry.
Homology
Homology
Similarity in structure or function due to shared ancestry among species.
Convergence
Convergence
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Monophyletic group
Monophyletic group
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Paraphyletic group
Paraphyletic group
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Types of fossils
Types of fossils
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Die of natural causes
Die of natural causes
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Apomorphy
Apomorphy
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Plesiomorphy
Plesiomorphy
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Homoplasy
Homoplasy
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Parallelism
Parallelism
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Reversals
Reversals
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Study Notes
Phylogeny and Evolutionary Relationships
- Phylogeny: The evolutionary history and relationships among organisms, often displayed as a tree-like diagram.
- Analogy: Similar function or structure in different species, not due to common ancestry. (e.g., bird wings and bat wings)
- Homology: Similar structure or function due to shared ancestry. (e.g., forelimbs of mammals)
- Homoplasy: Similar traits in different species not from a common ancestor.
- Convergence: Unrelated organisms evolve similar traits independently (e.g., dolphin and shark body shapes).
- Parallelism: Sister species evolving similar traits independently, making relatedness difficult to establish.
- Reversals: Changes reverting to a less derived state (e.g., development of a collarbone in primates).
Phylogenetic Groups
- Monophyletic: A group including all descendants of a common ancestor.
- Paraphyletic: A group containing some, but not all, descendants of a common ancestor.
- Polyphyletic: A group not including the most recent common ancestor of its members.
Fossil Types
- Molds: Impressions left in sediment, representing the shape of the organism.
- Carbonization: Organic material reduced to carbon, preserving the organism's outline.
- Permineralization: Minerals replacing cellular spaces in an organism.
- Replacement: Minerals replacing the original organism's material.
- Mummification: Preservation in dry conditions, preventing decay.
- Freezing: Preservation in ice, stopping decay.
- Amber: Preservation in hardened tree resin.
Fossilization Processes
- Natural Death: The organism must die from natural causes.
- Avoid Scavenging: The organism must avoid being eaten.
- Immediate Burial: Quick burial in sediment or ash is crucial.
- Undisturbed Burial: The burial site must remain undisturbed.
- Surviving Geological Events: The fossil must withstand subsequent geological changes.
Key Terms and Concepts
- Apomorphy: Derived characteristics.
- Synapomorphy: Shared derived characteristics.
- Plesiomorphy: Primitive characteristics.
- Symplesiomorphy: Shared primitive characteristics.
Concept Comparisons
- Analogy: Similar traits due to independent evolution. Example: Bird wings and bat wings.
- Homology: Similar traits due to shared ancestry. Example: Mammal forelimbs
- Homoplasy: Similar traits, but not from a shared ancestor.
- Convergence: Unrelated organisms evolving similar traits. Example: Dolphin and shark body shapes.
- Parallelism: Sister species evolving similar traits.
- Reversals: Returning to a less derived trait.
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