Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is an example of a symplesiomorphy?
Which of the following is an example of a symplesiomorphy?
What is the difference between homology and homoplasy?
What is the difference between homology and homoplasy?
Which of the following is an example of a reversal?
Which of the following is an example of a reversal?
Which of the following terms describes the similar body shape of dolphins and sharks?
Which of the following terms describes the similar body shape of dolphins and sharks?
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Which of the following is an example of an analogy?
Which of the following is an example of an analogy?
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Which of the following is an example of homoplasy?
Which of the following is an example of homoplasy?
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A group that contains all descendants of a common ancestor is called a _____.
A group that contains all descendants of a common ancestor is called a _____.
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Which fossilization process involves the preservation of an organism in ice?
Which fossilization process involves the preservation of an organism in ice?
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Which of the following is NOT a requirement for successful fossilization?
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for successful fossilization?
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A paraphyletic group is defined as a group that includes _____.
A paraphyletic group is defined as a group that includes _____.
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The process of fossilization where minerals replace the original material of an organism is called _____.
The process of fossilization where minerals replace the original material of an organism is called _____.
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Which of the following examples best illustrates analogy?
Which of the following examples best illustrates analogy?
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Two species that share a common ancestor evolve similar traits independently. This process is known as _____.
Two species that share a common ancestor evolve similar traits independently. This process is known as _____.
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Flashcards
Phylogeny
Phylogeny
The evolutionary history and relationships among organisms, shown in a tree diagram.
Analogy
Analogy
Similarity in function or structure between different species not due to shared ancestry.
Homology
Homology
Similarity in structure or function due to shared ancestry among species.
Convergence
Convergence
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Monophyletic group
Monophyletic group
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Paraphyletic group
Paraphyletic group
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Types of fossils
Types of fossils
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Die of natural causes
Die of natural causes
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Apomorphy
Apomorphy
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Plesiomorphy
Plesiomorphy
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Homoplasy
Homoplasy
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Parallelism
Parallelism
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Reversals
Reversals
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Study Notes
Phylogeny and Evolutionary Relationships
- Phylogeny: The evolutionary history and relationships among organisms, often displayed as a tree-like diagram.
- Analogy: Similar function or structure in different species, not due to common ancestry. (e.g., bird wings and bat wings)
- Homology: Similar structure or function due to shared ancestry. (e.g., forelimbs of mammals)
- Homoplasy: Similar traits in different species not from a common ancestor.
- Convergence: Unrelated organisms evolve similar traits independently (e.g., dolphin and shark body shapes).
- Parallelism: Sister species evolving similar traits independently, making relatedness difficult to establish.
- Reversals: Changes reverting to a less derived state (e.g., development of a collarbone in primates).
Phylogenetic Groups
- Monophyletic: A group including all descendants of a common ancestor.
- Paraphyletic: A group containing some, but not all, descendants of a common ancestor.
- Polyphyletic: A group not including the most recent common ancestor of its members.
Fossil Types
- Molds: Impressions left in sediment, representing the shape of the organism.
- Carbonization: Organic material reduced to carbon, preserving the organism's outline.
- Permineralization: Minerals replacing cellular spaces in an organism.
- Replacement: Minerals replacing the original organism's material.
- Mummification: Preservation in dry conditions, preventing decay.
- Freezing: Preservation in ice, stopping decay.
- Amber: Preservation in hardened tree resin.
Fossilization Processes
- Natural Death: The organism must die from natural causes.
- Avoid Scavenging: The organism must avoid being eaten.
- Immediate Burial: Quick burial in sediment or ash is crucial.
- Undisturbed Burial: The burial site must remain undisturbed.
- Surviving Geological Events: The fossil must withstand subsequent geological changes.
Key Terms and Concepts
- Apomorphy: Derived characteristics.
- Synapomorphy: Shared derived characteristics.
- Plesiomorphy: Primitive characteristics.
- Symplesiomorphy: Shared primitive characteristics.
Concept Comparisons
- Analogy: Similar traits due to independent evolution. Example: Bird wings and bat wings.
- Homology: Similar traits due to shared ancestry. Example: Mammal forelimbs
- Homoplasy: Similar traits, but not from a shared ancestor.
- Convergence: Unrelated organisms evolving similar traits. Example: Dolphin and shark body shapes.
- Parallelism: Sister species evolving similar traits.
- Reversals: Returning to a less derived trait.
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Description
Test your knowledge of key concepts in evolutionary biology, including symplesiomorphy, homology, homoplasy, and fossilization processes. This quiz explores the intricacies of evolutionary relationships and fossil preservation. Perfect for students studying biology or preparing for exams.
